Calibration of the simulation parameters of jujubes in dwarfing and closer cultivation in Xinjiang during harvest period

order to obtain accurate contact parameters of jujubes in dwarfing and closer cultivation in Xinjiang during the harvest period,based on the Hertz-Mindlin(no-slip)contact model in EDEM,the contact parameters,including the coefficient of restitution,static friction,and rolling friction,between jujube and machine components have been calibrated through physical and simulation test.The coefficient of restitution,static friction,and rolling friction between the jujubes and steel(jujube-steel)were calculated as 0.33,0.46,and 0.04,respectively.The coefficient of restitution,static friction,and rolling friction between the jujubes and polyvinyl chloride(PVC)(jujube-PVC)were calculated as 0.39,0.61,and 0.06,respectively.The optimum contact parameters among jujubes(inter-jujubes)were 0.23,0.33,and 0.04.The accumulation test was applied for comparing the simulation and testing values of jujube’s repose angle.In the results,the relative error was 1.27%which means the discrete element model and the contact parameters of jujube can be used for the discrete element simulation test.In addition,the results can be adequately used to simulate particle scale mechanics(grain commingling,flow/motion,forces,etc.)of jujube in harvest as well as the design and working mechanism study of post-harvest processing machinery and devices.

Differences in leaf cuticular wax induced by whole-genome duplication in autotetraploid sour jujube

Drought-resistant plants exhibit strong water retention capability.In this regard,the autotetraploid sour jujube leaves exhibit better water retention than diploid leaves.Morphological comparisons and physiological comparisons of diploid and autotetraploid leaves showed that the autotetraploid leaves had thicker leaf cuticles and more leaf wax accumulation than the diploid leaves,which could reduce cuticle permeability and improve the drought tolerance of leaves.In this study,the cuticular wax crystalloids on the adaxial and abaxial sides of young and mature jujube leaves were observed in the two ploidy types,and unique cuticular wax crystalloids covering a large area of the cuticle on autotetraploid sour jujube leaves may provide an advantage in reducing leaf non-stomata transpiration and improving plant drought tolerance.Based on the transcriptome,115 differentially expressed genes between diploids and autotetraploids were further analyzed and found to be involved in the accumulation of cuticular wax components,including terpenoids,fatty acids,and lipids,as well as ABC transporter and wax biosynthetic process.Finally,14 genes differentially expressed between glossy autotetraploid leaves and nonglossy diploid leaves,such as LOC107414787,LOC107411574 and LOC107413721,were screened as candidate genes by qRT-PCR analysis.This findings provided insights into how polyploidization improved drought tolerance.

Geographical origin identification of winter jujube(Ziziphus jujuba Dongzao')by using multi-element fingerprinting with chemometrics

Winter jujube(Ziziphus jujuba'Dongzao')is greatly appreciated by consumers for its excellent quality,but brand infringement frequently occurs in the market.Here,we first determined a total of 38 elements in 167 winter jujube samples from the main winter jujube producing areas of China by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer(ICP-MS).As a result,16 elements(Mg,K,Mn,Cu,Zn,Mo,Ba,Be,As,Se,Cd,Sb,Ce,Er,Tl,and Pb)exhibited significant differences in samples from different producing areas.Supervised linear discriminant analysis(LDA)and orthogonal projection to latent structures discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA)showed better performance in identifying the origin of samples than unsupervised principal component analysis(PCA).LDA and OPLS-DA had a mean identification accuracy of 87.84 and 94.64%in the testing set,respectively.By using the multilayer perceptron(MLP)and C5.0,the prediction accuracy of the models could reach 96.36 and 91.06%,respectively.Based on the above four chemometric methods,Cd,Tl,Mo and Se were selected as the main variables and principal markers for the origin identification of winter jujube.Overall,this study demonstrates that it is practical and precise to identify the origin of winter jujube through multi-element fingerprint analysis with chemometrics,and may also provide reference for establishing the origin traceability system of other fruits.

GST family genes in jujube actively respond to phytoplasma infection

Jujube witches’broom(JWB)caused by phytoplasma has a severely negative effect on multiple metabolisms in jujube.The GST gene family in plants participates in the regulation of a variety of biotic and abiotic stresses.This study aims to identify and reveal the changes in the jujube GST gene family in response to phytoplasma infection.Here,70 ZjGSTs were identified in the jujube genome and divided into 8 classes.Among them,the Tau-class,including 44 genes,was the largest.Phylogenetic analysis indicated that Tau-class genes were highly conserved among species,such as Arabidopsis,cotton,chickpea,and rice.Through chromosome location analysis,37.1%of genes were clustered,and 8 of 9 gene clusters were composed of Tau class members.Through RT-PCR,qRT-PCR and enzyme activity detection,the results showed that the expression of half(20/40)of the tested ZjGSTs was inhibited by phytoplasma infection in field and tissue culture conditions,and GST activity was also significantly reduced.In the resistant and susceptible varieties under phytoplasma infection,ZjGSTU49-ZjGSTU54 in the cluster IV showed opposite expression patterns,which may be due to functional divergence during evolution.Some upregulated genes(ZjGSTU45,ZjGSTU49,ZjGSTU59,and ZjGSTU70)might be involved in the process of jujube against JWB.The yeast two-hybrid results showed that all 6 Tauclass proteins tested could form homodimers or heterodimers.Overall,the comprehensive analysis of the jujube GST gene family revealed that ZjGSTs responded actively to phytoplasma infection.Furthermore,some screened genes(ZjGSTU24,ZjGSTU49-52,ZjGSTU70,and ZjDHAR10)will contribute to further functional studies of jujube-phytoplasma interactions.

Utilization of Changyun Jujube, a Cultivar with Resistance to Witches Broom Disease

In 2021,the Shanting District Fruit Industry Service Center conducted an application test of a treatment for jujube witches broom disease using Changyun jujube.The results demonstrated that when diseased Changhong jujube plants were grafted with Changyun jujube in the spring using bark or cleft grafting,the majority of the new shoots of Changyun jujube exhibited no symptoms of witches broom disease,while a few exhibited symptoms of the disease.With the growth of new shoots,the symptoms of witches broom disease gradually abated,returning to normal growth and development.Similarly,the symptoms of witches broom disease on the rootstock below the grafting mouth also gradually abated,returning to normal.The Changyun jujube rootstock was utilized as the intermediate rootstock to grafting the jujube cultivars Qiyuexian and Fucuimi.The two cultivars were subsequently affixed with branch bark from the witches broom disease.The two cultivars did not exhibit any symptoms of witches broom disease,thus providing an opportunity to investigate potential treatments for this disease in jujube.Finally,the cultivation techniques of the Changyun jujube were presented.

Current Status of Clinical Application and Basic Research on Draba nemerosa Hebecarpa Jujube Lung-Diarrhoea Soup

The clinical application and basic research of Draba nemerosa Hebecarpa jujube diarrhoea lung soup focus on respiratory diseases and circulatory diseases, and its clinical application is more compared with the basic research, and Draba nemerosa Hebecarpa jujube diarrhoea lung soup is mostly used in the form of “Draba nemerosa Hebecarpa Hebecarpa jujube diarrhoea lung soup with additional subtractions or other formulas combining Draba nemerosa Hebecarpa Hebecarpa Hebecarpa jujube diarrhoea lung soup” in the clinical application. This article will focus on the main mechanisms of Draba nemerosa Hebecarpa jujube diarrhoea lung soup and its main components in the treatment of respiratory and circulatory diseases, and will give a review of the basic research on Draba nemerosa Hebecarpa Hebecarpa jujube diarrhoea lung soup as follows.

早脆王种子萌发特性研究

以早脆王杂交枣(Ziziphus jujubes Mill.)种子为材料,研究了破壳和浸种处理、枣种子粗提物、植物生长调节剂处理对其萌发的影响,探讨了制约早脆王杂交种子发芽的原因,找出了适合促进枣树发芽的方法。结果表明,早脆王种子发芽困难主要原因是木质化内果皮机械阻碍,其次枣树种子中存在发芽抑制物质。破壳后的种子直播,早脆王种子出苗率达到50%;经浓硫酸浸泡后的枣核吸水率明显提高,12h可达到饱和。3种植物生长调节剂对枣种子萌发效果不同,其中,采用0.2mg/L的GA3浸种36h是促进早脆王种子萌发的最佳方法,萌发率可达85.71%。

Oxidation Resistance of Flavonoids in Chinese Jujube Stone

[Objective] The aim was to study on the oxidation resistance of flavonoids in Chinese jujube stone. [Method] The extract of flavonoids from Chinese jujube stone was added to fresh rapeseed oil and lard to explore the oxidation resistance of flavonoids; the removal rates of it to O2-·,DPPH· and ·OH were also studied. [Result] The flavonoids from Chinese jujube stone had good oxidation resistance on rapeseed oil and lard,and the effects showed dose-dependent; citric acid and vitamin C appeared synergistic effects to the flavonoids; in free-radical reaction experiment,the flavonoids from Chinese Jujube stone also showed strong scavenging ability on O2-·,DPPH· and ·OH,in addition,the scavenging ability increased with concentration increasing. [Conclusion] The result of this study had provided theoretical basis for the further development and utilization of Chinese jujube resource.

高效液相色谱法测定酸枣仁样品中的皂苷A和B的含量

采用索式提取法提取相同产地32种酸枣(Zizyphus jujube)仁中的皂苷A、B,并以高效液相色谱(HPLC)法测定其含量。结果表明,不同品种酸枣仁皂苷A及B含量有一定差异,以8号酸枣仁皂苷A含量最高,14号酸枣仁皂苷A含量最低,26号酸枣仁皂苷B含量最高,14号酸枣仁皂苷B含量最低,26号和1002号的酸枣仁皂苷A的含量差异不大,但酸枣仁皂苷B的含量有较大差异。以酸枣仁皂苷A和B能够较为全面评价酸枣仁的皂甙水平。

酸枣种子性状及营养成分分析

以不同产地的15种酸枣（Ziziphus acidojujuba C.Y.Cheng et M.J.Liu）种子为试材,研究了种子性状和营养成分的分布规律.结果表明,酸枣种子基本为卵圆形,大部分果核核型指数在1.2～1.3之间,占总资源的40.00％;出仁率多为13％～20％,占总资源的80％,最高值为24.56％.酸枣核仁中同样含有较高的营养成分,可溶性蛋白质含量多在70～80 mg/100 g（FW）之间,维生素C含量最高的分布在300～400mg/100 g（FW）之间.应用隶属函数值法筛选出种子特征优良程度较高的3种酸枣类型,即SX9、SX10和SX11.

不同枣品种的RAPD分析

采用RAPD分子技术对11个枣(Ziziphus jujube Mill.)品种进行遗传关系鉴定。结果表明,12个引物共扩增出70条谱带,平均每个引物扩增出5.83条;其中多态性条带57条,多态性比例为81.4%。聚类分析结果表明,11个品种中,野枣与其他10个品种亲缘关系较远,其次是台湾青枣;龙枣与沾化冬枣、胎里红与以色列枣、灰枣与酸枣之间亲缘关系较近。

不同栽植密度对骏枣果实产量和品质的影响

以3年生骏枣(Zizyphus jujube cv.Jun zao)为试验材料,研究不同栽植密度下骏枣产量及果实品质的变化,考察合理的栽植模式。结果表明,在骏枣成熟期,不同栽植模式之间产量差异明显,模式M3(4 995株/hm2)的产量最高,为7 528.8 kg/hm2;随着栽植密度的增加,果实可溶性糖含量先升高后降低,维生素C含量变化不明显。综合各项指标,模式M3处理效果为佳。

Identification of Pigments from Jujube Fruit Skin

[Objective]The aim was to identify the composition of pigments from Jujube fruit skin.[Method]Pigments were extracted from＇Lubei Dongzao＇,＇Lajiao Zao＇,＇Chengwu Dongzao＇,＇Dabailing＇and identificated by using high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry（HPLC-MS）.[Result]The results showed that eight flavanols and four to five flavonols were detected,no anthocyanins was detected.The contents of flavonoids were differnt in four varieties.The contents of flavanols（11 mg/g） and flavonols（1.78 mg/g） in＇Dabailing＇ were one-time higher than other varieties.Quercetin 3 rutinoside was the major flavonol.[Conclusion]The research provided theoretical basis for further study on mechanism of Jujube pigment turnning into the red.

超声波辅助提取壶瓶枣多糖工艺优化

为有效提取壶瓶枣(Zizyphus jujube cv.Huping)多糖,研究了超声波功率、超声时间和料水质量比对多糖得率的影响以及超声波辅助提取壶瓶枣多糖的最佳工艺条件。结果表明,壶瓶枣多糖提取的最佳工艺条件为超声波功率180 W、超声时间22 min、料水质量比1∶10,此条件下多糖得率为11.32%。

不同品种枣黄酮及多糖体外抗氧化性评价

采用超声法提取3个品种枣(Zizphus jujube Mill)中黄酮、多糖并测定其含量,以维生素C作为阳性对照,测定其黄酮及多糖的还原力与对羟基自由基、超氧阴离子自由基及DPPH自由基的清除能力,比较其体外抗氧化性能。结果表明,小米枣黄酮、多糖含量分别为0.96、7.24 mg/g,明显高于其余两个品种;不同品种枣黄酮及多糖的抗氧化性均与浓度呈正相关,且同一品种枣黄酮抗氧化性强于多糖;不同品种枣抗氧化性与黄酮及多糖的含量呈正相关;小米枣黄酮浓度为1.00 mg/m L时,其对超氧阴离子、DPPH、OH自由基的清除率分别为77.37%、58.81%、56.98%,均低于维生素C。小米枣中的黄酮、多糖化合物具有良好的抗氧化性能,为其在抗衰老、抗肿瘤等方面的应用研究提供了相关理论依据。

枣树生长发育前期高效叶面肥料的筛选

本试验就叶面肥料对枣树生长发育前期的影响进行了研究,结果表明:叶面施肥可增加枣树叶片厚度、叶面积、百叶重、花序数、枣吊长度及叶片数等。各种叶面肥的效果不尽相同,其中,"植物氨基酸液肥"的效果最好,"植物营养活力液"次之;矿质肥也有一定的效果。本文就枣树年周期中发育前期的发育特点及适宜的叶面肥料进行了讨论,并总结了叶面肥对不同指标的影响顺序。

Measurement of Coordinate Parameter by Multi-baseline Digital Close-range Photogrammetry System and Data Analysis for Jujube

[Objective] The aim was to explore the measurement of coordinate parameter by multi-baseline digital close-range photogrammetry system.[Method] The 3-dimensional coordinate of 8-year-old Jujube was measured by using Lensphoto multi-baseline digital close-range photogrammetry system,and through comparing with measured data of Total Station,the error and accuracy of photogrammetry data were analyzed.[Result] The absolute error of X,Y and Z coordinate was 0-0.014,0-0.018 and 0-0.004 m respectively,and the relative error of X,Y and Z coordinate was less than 0.145%.The significance test of pairs for the photogrammetry data and measured data of Total Station indicated that the space coordinate data of stumpage were accurately measured by using the multi-baseline digital close-range photogrammetry method,and the photogrammetry data meet the need of space coordinate measurement for virtual plant growth simulation.[Conclusion] This study had provided theoretical basis for the growth measurement of virtual plant growth simulation.

木枣果实生长过程中细胞壁酶活性变化的研究

以不同生长期木枣(Ziziphus jujube Mill.)果实为材料,测定果实纤维素酶(Cx-cellulase)、β-半乳糖苷酶(β-Gal)、果胶甲酯酶(PME)和多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)等4种细胞壁酶的活性,探究其与木枣果实生长发育的相关性。结果表明,在整个生长过程中,Cx-cellulas酶活性相对平稳上升,β-Gal酶活性从全红期到完熟期迅速达到最大值,PME活性从半红期到全红期迅速下降;PG酶活性在完熟期明显升高;推测Cx-cellulase与木枣果实膨大相关,是木枣软化的重要物质之一;PME在启动木枣果实的转色中起作用;β-Gal和PG则在木枣果实成熟期起关键作用。

壳聚糖、海藻酸钠、百里香酚及其复合物对灵武长枣采后主要病原真菌的抑制作用

研究了壳聚糖、海藻酸钠、百里香酚及其复合物对灵武长枣(Zizphus jujube Mill cv.Lingwu changzao)采后主要病原真菌黑根霉、皮落青霉、链格孢、粉红聚端孢的抑菌效应,并确定其最低抑菌浓度。结果表明,3种抑菌剂及其复合物对4种供试菌均有不同程度的抑制作用;其对4种供试菌的最低抑菌浓度由小到大为壳-百复合物、海-百复合物、百里香酚、壳聚糖、海藻酸钠,复合物的抑菌效应比含有相同有效浓度的单体抑菌效应有明显提高。

Breeding of Ferment Bacteria and Control of Methanol and Higher Alcohols in Jujube Wine

Jujube wine is a health drink with local characteristics and is worth pro- moting. Jujube wine fermentation can be divided into alcoholic fermentation and mal- olactic fermentation. Yeast is the key of alcoholic fermentation while lactic acid bac- teria is the key of malolactic fermentation, and therefore the breeding of yeast and lactic acid bacteria is crucial for the quality of jujube wine. Besides, the control of methanol is a major problem in production, and the control of higher alcohol is also difficult. Thus, we summarized the research related with the breeding of yeast and lactic acid bacteria, and the control of methanol and higher alcohols, and proposed that breeding specialized yeast and lactic acid bacteria was the future research di- rection. Moreover, the production mechanism of methanol and higher alcohols was investigated, and the content of methanol and higher alcohols was effectively con- trolled on the basis of quality guarantee, providing references for the production technology of jujube wine.