Spectral Solutions of Linear and Nonlinear BVPs Using Certain Jacobi Polynomials Generalizing Third- and Fourth-Kinds of Chebyshev Polynomials

This paper is dedicated to implementing and presenting numerical algorithms for solving some linear and nonlinear even-order two-point boundary value problems.For this purpose,we establish new explicit formulas for the high-order derivatives of certain two classes of Jacobi polynomials in terms of their corresponding Jacobi polynomials.These two classes generalize the two celebrated non-symmetric classes of polynomials,namely,Chebyshev polynomials of third-and fourth-kinds.The idea of the derivation of such formulas is essentially based on making use of the power series representations and inversion formulas of these classes of polynomials.The derived formulas serve in converting the even-order linear differential equations with their boundary conditions into linear systems that can be efficiently solved.Furthermore,and based on the first-order derivatives formula of certain Jacobi polynomials,the operational matrix of derivatives is extracted and employed to present another algorithm to treat both linear and nonlinear two-point boundary value problems based on the application of the collocation method.Convergence analysis of the proposed expansions is investigated.Some numerical examples are included to demonstrate the validity and applicability of the proposed algorithms.

JACOBI POLYNOMIALS USED TO INVERT THE LAPLACE TRANSFORM

Given the Laplace transform F(s) of a function f(t), we develop a new algorithm to find on approximation to f(t) by the use of the dassical Jacobi polynomials. The main contribution of our work is the development of a new and very effective method to determine the coefficients in the finite series ex-pansion that approximation f(t) in terms of Jacobi polynomials. Some numerical examples are illustrated.

PHOTON-SUBTRACTED(-ADDED) THERMO VACUUM STATE AND THEIR APPLICATION IN JACOBI POLYNOMIALS

We construct photon-subtracted(-added)thermo vacuum state by normalizing them.As their application we derive some new generating function formulas of Jacobi polynomials,which may be applied to study other problems in quantum mechanics.This will also stimulate the research of mathematical physics in the future.

TWO-VARIABLE JACOBI POLYNOMIALS FOR SOLVING SOME FR ACTIONAL PA RTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Tw o variable Jacobi polynomials,as a two-dimensional basis,are applied to solve a class of temporal fractional partial differential equations.The fractional derivative operators are in the Caputo sense.The operational matrices of the integration of integer and fractional orders are presented.Using these matrices together with the Tau Jacobi method converts the main problem into the corresponding system of algebraic equations.An error bound is obtained in a two-dimensional Jacobi-weighted Sobolev space.Finally,the efficiency of the proposed method is demonstrated by implementing the algorithm to several illustrative examples.Results will be compared witli those obtained from some existing methods.

Nucleon/nuclei polarized structure function,using Jacobi polynomials expansion

We use the constituent quark model to extract polarized parton distributions and finally polarized nucleon structure function.Due to limited experimental data which do not cover whole （x,Q 2 ） plane and to increase the reliability of the fitting,we employ the Jacobi orthogonal polynomials expansion.It will be possible to extract the polarized structure functions for Helium,using the convolution of the nucleon polarized structure functions with the light cone moment distribution.The results are in good agreement with available experimental data and some theoretical models.

Operator Methods and SU(1,1) Symmetry in the Theory of Jacobi and of Ultraspherical Polynomials

Starting from general Jacobi polynomials we derive for the Ul-traspherical polynomials as their special case a set of related polynomials which can be extended to an orthogonal set of functions with interesting properties. It leads to an alternative definition of the Ultraspherical polynomials by a fixed integral operator in application to powers of the variable u in an analogous way as it is possible for Hermite polynomials. From this follows a generating function which is apparently known only for the Legendre and Chebyshev polynomials as their special case. Furthermore, we show that the Ultraspherical polynomials form a realization of the SU(1,1) Lie algebra with lowering and raising operators which we explicitly determine. By reordering of multiplication and differentiation operators we derive new operator identities for the whole set of Jacobi polynomials which may be applied to arbitrary functions and provide then function identities. In this way we derive a new “convolution identity” for Jacobi polynomials and compare it with a known convolution identity of different structure for Gegenbauer polynomials. In short form we establish the connection of Jacobi polynomials and their related orthonormalized functions to the eigensolution of the Schrödinger equation to Pöschl-Teller potentials.

Asymptotic Approximations of Jacobi Polynomials and Their Zeros with Error Bounds

Many fields require the zeros of orthogonal polynomials. In this paper, the middle variable was improved to give a new asymptotic approximation, with error bounds, for the Jacobi polynomials P (α,β) n(cosθ) (0≤θ≤π/2,α,β>-1), as n→+∞. An accurate approximation with error bounds is also constructed for the zero θ n,s of P (α,β) n(cosθ)(α≥0,β>-1).

Generating Functions for Products of Special Laguerre 2D and Hermite 2D Polynomials

The bilinear generating function for products of two Laguerre 2D polynomials with different arguments is calculated. It corresponds to the formula of Mehler for the generating function of products of two Hermite polynomials. Furthermore, the generating function for mixed products of Laguerre 2D and Hermite 2D polynomials and for products of two Hermite 2D polynomials is calculated. A set of infinite sums over products of two Laguerre 2D polynomials as intermediate step to the generating function for products of Laguerre 2D polynomials is evaluated but these sums possess also proper importance for calculations with Laguerre polynomials. With the technique of operator disentanglement some operator identities are derived in an appendix. They allow calculating convolutions of Gaussian functions combined with polynomials in one- and two-dimensional case and are applied to evaluate the discussed generating functions.

DISCRETE GALERKIN METHOD FOR FRACTIONAL INTEGRO-DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

In this article, we develop a fully Discrete Galerkin（DG） method for solving ini- tial value fractional integro-differential equations（FIDEs）. We consider Generalized Jacobi polynomials（CJPs） with indexes corresponding to the number of homogeneous initial conditions as natural basis functions for the approximate solution. The fractional derivatives are used in the Caputo sense. The numerical solvability of algebraic system obtained from implementation of proposed method for a special case of FIDEs is investigated. We also provide a suitable convergence analysis to approximate solutions under a more general regularity assumption on the exact solution. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Solutions of Laplace Equation in n-Dimensional Spaces

The solutions of the Laplace equation in n-dimensional space are studied. The angular eigenfunctions have the form of associated Jacob/polynomials. The radial solution of the Helmholtz equation is derived.

THE MEAN VALUE THEOREM AND CONVERSE THEOREM OF ONE CLASS THE FOURTH-ORDER PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

For the formal presentation about the definite problems of ultra-hyperbolic equations, the famous Asgeirsson mean value theorem has answered that Cauchy problems are ill-posed to ultra-hyperbolic partial differential equations of the second-order. So it is important to develop Asgeirsson mean value theorem. The mean value of solution for the higher order equation hay been discussed primarily and has no exact result at present. The mean value theorem for the higher order equation can be deduced and satisfied generalized biaxial symmetry potential equation by using the result of Asgeirsson mean value theorem and the properties of derivation and integration. Moreover, the mean value formula can be obtained by using the regular solutions of potential equation and the special properties of Jacobi polynomials. Its converse theorem is also proved. The obtained results make it possible to discuss on continuation of the solutions and well posed problem.

Constrained multi-degree reduction of triangular Bézier surfaces

This paper proposes and applies a method to sort two-dimensional control points of triangular Bezier surfaces in a row vector. Using the property of bivariate Jacobi basis functions, it further presents two algorithms for multi-degree reduction of triangular Bezier surfaces with constraints, providing explicit degree-reduced surfaces. The first algorithm can obtain the explicit representation of the optimal degree-reduced surfaces and the approximating error in both boundary curve constraints and corner constraints. But it has to solve the inversion of a matrix whose degree is related with the original surface. The second algorithm entails no matrix inversion to bring about computational instability, gives stable degree-reduced surfaces quickly, and presents the error bound. In the end, the paper proves the efficiency of the two algorithms through examples and error analysis.

Photon number cumulant expansion and generating function for photon added-and subtracted-two-mode squeezed states

For the first time, we derive the photon number cumulant for two-mode squeezed state and show that its cumulant expansion leads to normalization of two-mode photon subtracted-squeezed states and photon added- squeezed states. We show that the normalization is related to Jacobi polynomial, so the cumulant expansion in turn represents the new generating function of Jacobi polynomial.

A new class of three-variable orthogonal polynomials and their recurrences relations

A new class of three-variable orthogonal polynomials, defined as eigenfunctions of a second order PDE operator, is studied. These polynomials are orthogonal over a curved tetrahedron region, which can be seen as a mapping from a traditional tetrahedron, and can be taken as an extension of the 2-D Steiner domain. The polynomials can be viewed as Jacobi polynomials on such a domain. Three-term relations are derived explicitly. The number of the individual terms, involved in the recurrences relations, are shown to be independent on the total degree of the polynomials. The numbers now are determined to be five and seven, with respect to two conjugate variables z, $ \bar z $ and a real variable r, respectively. Three examples are discussed in details, which can be regarded as the analogues of the Chebyshev polynomials of the first and the second kinds, and Legendre polynomials.

A Priori Error Estimates for Spectral Galerkin Approximations of Integral State-Constrained Fractional Optimal Control Problems

The fractional optimal control problem leads to significantly increased computational complexity compared to the corresponding classical integer-order optimal control problem,due to the global properties of fractional differential operators.In this paper,we focus on an optimal control problem governed by fractional differential equations with an integral constraint on the state variable.By the proposed first-order optimality condition consisting of a Lagrange multiplier,we design a spectral Galerkin discrete scheme with weighted orthogonal Jacobi polynomials to approximate the resulting state and adjoint state equations.Furthermore,a priori error estimates for state,adjoint state and control variables are discussed in details.Illustrative numerical tests are given to demonstrate the validity and applicability of our proposed approximations and theoretical results.

Spectral Matrix Conditioning in Cylindrical and Spherical Elliptic Equations

In the spectral solution of 3-D Poisson equations in cylindrical and spherical coordinates including the axis or the center,it is convenient to employ radial basis functions that depend on the Fourier wavenumber or on the latitudinal mode.This idea has been adopted by Matsushima and Marcus and by Verkley for planar problems and pursued by the present authors for spherical ones.For the Dirichlet boundary value problem in both geometries,original bases have been introduced built upon Jacobi polynomials which lead to a purely diagonal representation of the radial second-order differential operator of all spectral modes.This note details the origin of such a diagonalization which extends to cylindrical and spherical regions the properties of the Legendre basis introduced by Jie Shen for Cartesian domains.Closed form expressions are derived for the diagonal elements of the stiffness matrices as well as for the elements of the tridiagonal mass matrices occurring in evolutionary problems.Furthermore,the bound on the condition number of the spectral matrices associated with the Helmholtz equation are determined,proving in a rigorous way one of the main advantages of the proposed radial bases.

On the solution of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus(HIV)infection model using spectral collocation method

In this research work,we study the Human Immunodeficiency Virus(HIV)infection on helper T cells governed by a mathematical model consisting of a system of three first-order nonlinear differential equations.The objective of the analysis is to present an approximate mathematical solution to the model that gives the count of the numbers of uninfected and infected helper T cells and the number of free virus particles present at a given instant of time.The system of nonlinear ODEs is converted into a system of nonlinear algebraic equations using spectral collocation method with three different basis functions such as Chebyshev,Legendre and Jacobi polynomials.Some factors such as the production of helper T cells and infection of these cells play a vital role in infected and uninfected cell counts.Detailed error analysis is done to compare our results with the existing methods.It is shown that the spectral collocation method is a very reliable,efficient and robust method of solution compared to many other solution procedures available in the literature.All these results are presented in the form of tables and figures.

REGULARITY AND EXPLICIT REPRESENTATION OF（0，1，…，m－2，m） INTERPOLATION ON THE ZEROS OF（1－x^2）P_（n－2）^（α，β）（x）

Necessary and sufficient conditions for the regularity and q-regularity of (0,1,…,m-2,m)interpolation on the zeros of (1-x2)P_(n-2)￣(α,β)(x) (α,β>-1) in a manageable form are established,where P_(n-2)￣(α,β)(x) stands for the (n-2)th Jacobi polynomial. Meanwhile, the explicit representation of the fundamental polynomials, when they exist, is given. Moreover, we show that under a mild assumption if the problem of (0,1,…,m-2,m) interpolation has an infinity of solutions then the general form of the solutions is fo(x)+Cf(x) with an arbitrary constant C.

Spectral Elliptic Solvers in a Finite Cylinder

New direct spectral solvers for the 3D Helmholtz equation in a finite cylindrical region are presented.A purely variational(no collocation)formulation of the problem is adopted,based on Fourier series expansion of the angular dependence and Legendre polynomials for the axial dependence.A new Jacobi basis is proposed for the radial direction overcoming the main disadvantages of previously developed bases for the Dirichlet problem.Nonhomogeneous Dirichlet boundary conditions are enforced by a discrete lifting and the vector problem is solved by means of a classical uncoupling technique.In the considered formulation,boundary conditions on the axis of the cylindrical domain are never mentioned,by construction.The solution algorithms for the scalar equations are based on double diagonalization along the radial and axial directions.The spectral accuracy of the proposed algorithms is verified by numerical tests.

A novel algorithm for explicit optimal multi-degree reduction of triangular surfaces

This paper introduces the algebraic property of bivariate orthonormal Jacobi polynomials into geometric approximation. Based on the latest results on the transformation formulae between bivariate Bernstein polynomials and Jacobi polynomials, we naturally deduce a novel algorithm for multi-degree reduction of triangular B^zier surfaces. This algorithm possesses four characteristics： ability of error forecast, explicit expression, less time consumption, and best precision. That is, firstly, whether there exists a multi-degree reduced surface within a prescribed tolerance is judged beforehand; secondly, all the operations of multi-degree reduction are just to multiply the column vector generated by sorting the series of the control points of the original surface in lexicographic order by a matrix; thirdly, this matrix can be computed at one time and stored in an array before processing degree reduction; fourthly, the multi-degree reduced surface achieves an optimal approximation in the norm L2. Some numerical experiments are presented to validate the effectiveness of this algorithm, and to show that the algorithm is applicable to information processing of products in CAD system.