Role of Toll-like receptor 4 and Janus kinase and signal transducer and activator of transcription signal transduction pathway in sepsis-induced brain damage

The Janus kinase and signal transducer and activator of transcription （JAK/STAT） signal transduction pathway is involved in sepsis-induced functional damage to the heart, liver, kidney, and other organs. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying sepsis-induced brain damage remain elusive. In the present study, we found severe loss of neurons in the hippocampal CA1 region in rats with sepsis-induced brain damage following intraperitoneal injection of endotoxin, The expression of toll-like receptor 4, tumor necrosis factor a, and interleukin-6 was significantly increased in brain tissues following lipopolysaccharide exposure. AG490 （JAK2 antagonist） and rapamycin （STAT3 antagonist） significantly reduced neuronal loss and suppressed the increased expression of toll-like receptor 4, tumor necrosis factor a, and interleukin-6 in the hippocampal CA1 region in sepsis-induced brain damaged rats. Overall, these data suggest that blockade of the JAK/STAT signal transduction pathway is neuroprotective in sepsis-induced brain damage via the inhibition of toll-like receptor 4, tumor necrosis factor a, and interleukin-6 exoression.

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 promotes the Warburg effect possibly by inducing pyruvate kinase M2 phosphorylation in liver precancerous lesions

BACKGROUND Study shows that signal transducer and activator of transcription 3(STAT3) can increase the Warburg effect by stimulating hexokinase 2 in breast cancer and upregulate lactate dehydrogenase A and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 in myeloma. STAT3 and pyruvate kinase M2(PKM2) can also be activated and enhance the Warburg effect in hepatocellular carcinoma. Precancerous lesions are critical to human and rodent hepatocarcinogenesis. However, the underlying molecular mechanism for the development of liver precancerous lesions remains unknown. We hypothesized that STAT3 promotes the Warburg effect possibly by upregulating p-PKM2 in liver precancerous lesions in rats.AIM To investigate the mechanism of the Warburg effect in liver precancerous lesions in rats.METHODS A model of liver precancerous lesions was established by a modified Solt-Farber method. The liver pathological changes were observed by HE staining and immunohistochemistry. The transformation of WB-F344 cells induced with Nmethyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and hydrogen peroxide was evaluated by the soft agar assay and aneuploidy. The levels of glucose and lactate in the tissue and culture medium were detected with a spectrophotometer. The protein levels of glutathione S-transferase-π, proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA), STAT3,and PKM2 were examined by Western blot and immunofluorescence.RESULTS We found that the Warburg effect was increased in liver precancerous lesions in rats. PKM2 and p-STAT3 were upregulated in activated oval cells in liverprecancerous lesions in rats. The Warburg effect, p-PKM2, and p-STAT3 expression were also increased in transformed WB-F344 cells. STAT3 activation promoted the clonal formation rate, aneuploidy, alpha-fetoprotein expression,PCNA expression, G1/S phase transition, the Warburg effect, PKM2 phosphorylation, and nuclear translocation in transformed WB-F344 cells.Moreover, the Warburg effect was inhibited by stattic, a specific inhibitor of STAT3, and further reduced in transformed WB-F344 cells after the intervention for PKM2.CONCLUSION The Warburg effect is initiated in liver precancerous lesions in rats. STAT3 activation promotes the Warburg effect by enhancing the phosphorylation of PKM2 in transformed WB-F344 cells.

Role of Activator Protein-1 in the Transcription of Interleukin-5 Gene Regulated by Protein Kinase C Signal in Asthmatic Human TLymphocytes

Summary: In order to explore the role of activator protein-1 (AP-1) in the transcription of interleukin-5 (IL-5) gene regulated by protein kinase C (PKC) signal in peripheral blood T lymphocytes from asthmatic patient, T lymphocytes were isolated and purified from peripheral blood of each asthmatic patient. The T lymphocytes were randomly divided into 4 groups: group A (blank control), group B (treated with PKC agonist phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)), Group C (treated with PMA and AP-1 cis-element decoy oligodeoxynucleotides (decoy ODNs)), and group D (treated with PMA and AP-1 mutant decoy ODNs). The ODNs were transfected into the T cells of group C and D by cation liposome respectively. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was employed to assess IL-5 mRNA expression, and electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) for the activation of AP-1. The results showed that the activation of AP-1 (88 003.58±1 626.57) and the expression of IL-5 mRNA (0.8300±0.0294) in T lymphocytes stimulated with PMA were significantly higher than these in blank control (20 888.47±1103.56 and 0.3050±0.0208, respectively, P< 0.01), while the indexes (23 219.83±1 024.86 and 0.3425±0.0171 respectively) of T lymphocytes stimulated with PMA and AP-1 decoy ODNs were significantly inhibited, as compared with group B (P< 0.01). The indexes (87 107.41±1 342.92 and 0.8225±0.0222, respectively) in T lymphocytes stimulated with PMA and AP-1 mutant decoy ODNs did not exhibit significant changes, as compared with group B (P>0.05). The significant positive correlation was found between the activation of AP-1 and the expression of IL-5 mRNA (P< 0.01). It was concluded that AP-1 might participate in the signal transduction of PKC-triggered transcription of IL-5 gene in asthmatic T lymphocytes. This suggests the activation of PKC/AP-1 signal transduction cascade of T lymphocytes may play an important role in the pathogenesis of asthma.

Influence of electroacupuncture on mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction in a rat model of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion

Following electroacupuncture at Baihui （DU 20） and Dazhui （DU 14） in a rat model of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion, extracellular-signal-regulated kinase expression in cerebral cortex and corpus striatum, serum glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase activity, and serum glutathione content were elevated, and neurobehavioral scores improved. However, these effects were antagonized by mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor PD98059. Results indicated that electroacupuncture reversed free radical chain reactions and oxidative stress injury caused by cerebral ischemia/reperfusion, thereby providing neuroprotection. This process could correlate with the mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction pathway.

Jianpi Qutan Fang(健脾祛痰方)induces anti-atherosclerosis and ameliorates endothelial cell injury in high-fat diet rats via an anti-inflammatory and inhibiting Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling pathway

OBJECTIVE:To investiage the possible mechanism underlying the effect of the Jianpi Qutan Fang(健脾祛痰方,JPQT)on Atherosclerosis(AS)which is the main pathological process of most cardiovascular diseases that affect millions of adults worldwide.METHODS:In the present study,rats were fed with a high-fat-diet(HFD)with vitamin D3 for 16 weeks and were orally administered atorvastatin treatment and different doses of JPQT.Histopathological changes and ultrastructural changes in the aorta were evaluated through hematoxylin-eosin staining and transmission electron microscopy(TEM),respectively.Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1(SOCS1)/Janus kinase 1(JAK1)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 1(STAT1)signaling pathways were detected through Western blotting.RESULTS:JPQT treatment decreased the lipid levels of triglyceride,low-density lipoprotein,and cholesterol,the inflammatory cytokine levels of interleukin 1 beta(IL-1β),IL-6 and IL-8 in rat serum,but increased high-density lipoprotein and IL-10 serum levels.JPQT treatment ameliorated pathological changes in the aorta of AS model rats.Moreover,JPQT upregulated SOCS1 protein expression and down-regulated phosphorylated protein expression levels of p-JAK1 and p-STAT1.CONCLUSION:These results suggest that JPQT induces anti-atherosclerosis effects through anti-inflammatory and inhibiting JAK/STAT signaling pathways in HFD fed rats.

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 regulation by novel binding partners

Signal transducers and activators of transcription(STATs) mediate essential signals for various biological processes,including immune responses,hematopoiesis,and neurogenesis. STAT3,for example,is involved in the pathogenesis of various human diseases,including cancers,autoimmune and inflammatory disorders. STAT3 activation is therefore tightly regulated at multiple levels to prevent these pathological conditions. A number of proteins have been reported to associate with STAT3 and regulate its activity. These STAT3-interacting proteins function to modulate STAT3-mediated signaling at various steps and mediate the crosstalk of STAT3 with other cellular signaling pathways. This article reviews the roles of novel STAT3 binding partners such as DAXX,zipperinteracting protein kinase,Krüppel-associated box-associated protein 1,Y14,PDZ and LIM domain 2 and signal transducing adaptor protein-2,in the regulation of STAT3-mediated signaling.

Janus激酶抑制剂在皮肤病中应用的研究进展

Janus激酶(JAK)抑制剂是一种抑制JAK/信号转导和转录激活因子(STAT)信号通路的药物,可选择性抑制JAK家族,近几年已成为治疗许多炎症性皮肤病的新方案。JAK/STAT通路是一种细胞内信号通路,细胞因子通过该通路引起疾病。使用JAK抑制剂可能是治疗此类疾病的有用策略。本文对JAK抑制剂治疗皮肤病的机制、疗效及不良反应进行综述。

大承气汤通过Janus激酶2/信号转导和转录激活子3信号通路对急性胰腺炎大鼠细胞因子水平的影响

目的观察大承气汤通过Janus激酶2/信号转导和转录激活子3(JAK2/STAT3)信号通路对急性胰腺炎(AP)大鼠细胞因子水平的影响。方法选取30只SD雄性大鼠,随机分为假手术组、模型组和治疗组,每组10只。假手术组大鼠开腹后仅翻动十二指肠,模型组和治疗组大鼠经胰胆管逆行注射5%牛磺胆酸钠,治疗组大鼠在造模后24 h灌胃10 g/kg大承气汤。比较各组大鼠腹水量、血清淀粉酶(AMY)、脂肪酶、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)水平;酶联免疫吸附法检测大鼠血清肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素6(IL-6)、IL-10水平;免疫发光法和免疫扩散法检测大鼠血清降钙素原(PCT)、C反应蛋白(CRP)水平;实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(qRT-PCR)和蛋白免疫印迹法(Western blot)检测大鼠血清磷酸化Janus激酶2(p-JAK2)和磷酸化信号转导和转录激活子3(p-STAT3)mRNA和蛋白表达。结果与假手术组比较,模型组大鼠腹水量显著升高(P<0.05);与模型组比较,治疗组大鼠腹水量显著降低(P<0.05)。与假手术组比较,模型组大鼠AMY、脂肪酶、ALT水平均显著升高(P<0.05);与模型组比较,治疗组大鼠AMY、脂肪酶、ALT水平均显著降低(P<0.05)。与假手术组比较,模型组大鼠血清炎症因子水平显著升高(P<0.05);与模型组比较,治疗组大鼠血清炎症因子水平显著降低(P<0.05)。与假手术组比较,模型组大鼠血清p-JAK2和p-STAT3 mRNA和蛋白表达显著升高(P<0.05);与模型组比较,治疗组大鼠血清p-JAK2和p-STAT3 mRNA和蛋白表达显著降低(P<0.05)。结论大承气汤通过抑制JAK2/STAT3信号通路降低AP大鼠细胞因子水平。

Galectin 2 regulates JAK/STAT3 signaling activity to modulate oral squamous cell carcinoma proliferation and migration in vitro

Background:Galectin 2(LGALS2)is a protein previously reported to serve as a mediator of disease progression in a range of cancers.The function of LGALS2 in oral squamous cell carcinoma(OSCC),however,has yet to be explored,prompting the present study to address this literature gap.Methods:Overall,144 paired malignant tumor tissues and paracancerous OSCC patient samples were harvested and the LGALS2 expression levels were examined through qPCR and western immunoblotting.The LGALS2 coding sequence was introduced into the pcDNA3.0 vector,to enable the overexpression of this gene,while an LGALS2-specific shRNA and corresponding controls were also obtained.The functionality of LGALS2 as a regulator of the ability of OSCC cells to grow and undergo apoptotic death in vitro was assessed through EdU uptake and CCK-8 assays,and flow cytometer,whereas a Transwell system was used to assess migratory activity and invasivity.An agonist of the Janus Kinase 2(JAK2)/Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3(STAT3)pathway was also used to assess the role of this pathway in the context of LGALS2 signaling.Results:Here,we found that lower LGALS2 protein and mRNA expression were evident in OSCC tumor tissue samples,and these expression levels were associated with clinicopathological characteristics and patient survival outcomes.Silencing LGALS2 enhanced proliferation in OSCC cells while rendering these cells better able to resist apoptosis.The opposite was instead observed after LGALS2 was overexpressed.Mechanistically,the ability of LGALS2 to suppress the progression of OSCC was related to its ability to activate the JAK/STAT3 signaling axis.Conclusion:Those results suggest a role for LGALS2 as a suppressor of OSCC progression through its ability to modulate JAK/STAT3 signaling,supporting the potential utility of LGALS2 as a target for efforts aimed at treating OSCC patients.

加味茵陈蒿汤辅助肝动脉化疗栓塞术对中晚期原发性肝癌患者中医证候和Janus激酶2/信号转导与转录激活因子3信号通路的影响

目的观察加味茵陈蒿汤辅助肝动脉化疗栓塞术(TACE)对中晚期原发性肝癌患者中医证候、Janus激酶2/信号转导与转录激活因子3(JAK2/STAT3)信号通路的影响。方法选取2020年6月至2022年6月福建省泉州滨海医院肿瘤科107例中晚期原发性肝癌患者为研究对象,按照简单随机化法分为对照组(n=53)和治疗组(n=54)。对照组予TACE,治疗组在对照组基础上加加味茵陈蒿汤治疗。统计2组实体瘤疗效、毒副反应及治疗前后中医证候(胁痛、痞块、腹胀)积分、JAK2/STAT3信号通路mRNA表达及其下游靶基因[B细胞淋巴瘤-XL基因(Bcl-XL)、细胞周期蛋白D1(Cyclin D1)、人髓细胞增生原癌基因(c-Myc)]蛋白表达、肝功能指标[天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、总胆红素(TBiL)、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)]。结果治疗组疾病控制率为79.63%(43/54),对照组疾病控制率为58.49%(31/53),治疗组疾病控制率高于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗后2组胁痛、痞块、腹胀评分,外周血JAK2、STAT3 mRNA表达,Bcl-XL、Cyclin D1、c-Myc蛋白表达,AST、TBiL、ALT水平均较本组治疗前降低(P<0.05),且治疗组均低于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗组Ⅰ~Ⅱ级肝肾功能异常发生率低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论加味茵陈蒿汤辅助TACE对中晚期原发性肝癌患者症状、肝功能及疗效的改善具有积极作用,可能机制与下调JAK2/STAT3信号通路有关。

Mitogen activated protein kinase signaling pathways participate in the active principle region of Buyang Huanwu decoction-induced differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells

Our preliminary studies confirmed that an active principle region of Buyang Huanwu decoction, comprising alkaloid, polysaccharide, aglycon, glucoside and volatile oil, can induce bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell differentiation into neurons. Mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling was identified as one of the key pathways underlying this differentiation process. The present study shows phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase and phosphorylated p38 protein expression was increased after differentiation. Cellular signaling pathway blocking agents, PD98059 and SB203580, inhibited extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase and p38 in mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways respectively, mRNA and protein expression of the neuronal marker, neuron specific enolase, and neural stem cell marker, nestin, were decreased in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells after treatment with the active principle region of Buyang Huanwu decoction. Experimental findings indicate that, extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase and p38 in mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways participate in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell differentiation into neuron-like cells, induced by the active principle region of Buyang Huanwu decoction.

Liuwei Dihuang Pill(六味地黄丸)Treats Postmenopausal Osteoporosis with Shen(Kidney) Yin Deficiency via Janus Kinase/Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription Signal Pathway by Up-regulating Cardiotrophin-Like Cytokine Factor 1 Expression

Objectives： To investigate the mechanism of Liuwei Dihuang Pill （六味地黄丸, LDP） in treating postmenopausal osteoporosis （PMOP） with Shen （Kidney） yin deficiency. Methods： In this study, 205 cases of PMOP were divided into the PMOP Shen-yin deficiency group （Group A）, PMOP Shen-yang deficiency group （Group B）, PMOP without Shen deficiency group （Group C）, and control group （Group N）. Real-time polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR） and Western blot techniques were used to observe the effects of LDP treatment on the cardiotrophin-like cytokine factor 1 （CLCF1）, ankyrin repeat and SOCS box containing 1 （ASB1）, and proldneticin 2 （PROK2） genes and the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription （JAK/STAT） signaling pathway. Results： The mRNA （P〈0.05） and protein （P〈0.01） expression levels of the CLCF1 gone in Group A were significantly lower than the corresponding levels in Group N. After LDP treatment for 3 months, the mRNA expression levels of the CLCF1 gone were obviously up-regulated （P〈0.01）. After 6-month treatment, the expression levels of CLCF1 mRNA and protein were significantly up-regulated （both P〈0.01）, and the average bone density of the top femur had significantly increased （P〈0.05）. In vitro, CLCF1 overexpression resulted in a significant increase in the total protein and phosphorylated protein levels of JAK2 and STAT3. Conclusions： The CLCF1 gone is an important gone associated with PMOP Shen-yin deficiency and the therapeutic effects of LDP may be mediated by up-regulation of CLCF1 gone expression and activation of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway.

Effects of Qingshen granules on Janus Kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling pathway in rats with unilateral ureteral obstruction

OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effects of Qingshen granules(QSG) on janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription(JAK/STAT) signaling pathway in a rat model of unilateral ureteral obstruction(UUO).METHODS: Sixty male Sprague-Dawley rats wererandomly divided into six groups, with 10 animals in each group: the untreated sham-operated normal control group; the untreated UUO model control group, the high dose QSG-treated(16 gdm dose QSG-·kg-1-1) UUO group; the mediutreate·d(8 g·kg-1·d-1) UUO group; the low dose QSG-treated(4 g·kg-1·d-1) UUO group; and the valsartan-treated group(20 mg·kg-1·d-1). The two untreated control groups received physiological saline(1 m L/100 g per day). All the rats were sacrificed after a 4-week course of treatment. Serum creatinine and leptin; protein expressions of leptin receptor(OB-R), p-JAK2, p-STAT3, nuclear factors-κBp6(NF-k Bp65), and monocytechemotatic protein-1(MCP-1); m RNA of JAK2, STAT3, calcium-dependent adhesion(E-cadherin), alphasmooth muscle actin(α-SMA) in the kidney tissues;and the expressions of type ronectin(FN) and the pⅣat collagen(Col-homorphologyⅣ)and fib in kidney tissues were treated.RESULTS: Compared with the normal group, the BUN, Scr, and serum leptin levels and the expressions of MCP-1, p-JAK2, p-STAT3, NF-k Bp65 and OB-R in renal tissues, and the m RNA expressions of leptin, JAK2 protein, STAT3 protein, α-SMA protein in model group were significantly higher(P < 0.01)in the UUO model group. These parameters were significantly reduced in all the QSG-treated groups and the valsartan-treated group than the UUO model group(P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), with the lowest levels found in the medium dose QSG-treated group(P < 0.05). However, the expression levels of E-cadherin, FN, and Col-Ⅳ in the renal tissues were contrary to the expressions described above. Se-vere pathological injury was evident in the renal tissues of UUO model rats, which was alleviated in the QSG-treated and valsartan-treated groups, with the least damage found in the medium dose QSG-treated group.CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that the leptin-mediated JAK/STAT signaling pathway is involved in the process of renal interstitial fibrosis in UUO rats. QSG inhibited the activity of the signaling pathway, reduced the activity of NF-k B and inflammatory effect, and the transdifferentiation in the renal tubular epithelial cells. Treatment with QSG may delay the renal fibrosis and protect the renal function from damage following UUO in rats.

Structural and biochemical basis of FLS2-mediated signal activation and transduction in rice

The receptor-like kinase FLAGELLIN-SENSITIVE 2(FLS2)functions as a bacterialflagellin receptor local-ized on the cell membrane of plants.In Arabidopsis,the co-receptor BRI1-ASSOCIATED RECEPTOR KI-NASE 1(BAK1)cooperates with FLS2 to detect theflagellin epitopeflg22,resulting in formation of a signaling complex that triggers plant defense responses.However,the co-receptor responsible for recog-nizing and signaling theflg22 epitope in rice remains to be determined,and the precise structural mecha-nism underlying FLS2-mediated signal activation and transduction has not been claried.This study pre-sents the structural characterization of a kinase-dead mutant of the intracellular kinase domain of OsFLS2(OsFLS2-KDD1013A)in complex with ATP or ADP,resolved at resolutions of 1.98 A˚and 2.09 A˚,respectively.Structural analysis revealed that OsFLS2 can adopt an active conformation in the absence of phosphorylation,although it exhibits only weak basal catalytic activity for autophosphorylation.Subse-quent investigations demonstrated that OsSERK2 effectively phosphorylates OsFLS2,which reciprocally phosphorylates OsSERK2,leading to complete activation of OsSERK2 and rapid phosphorylation of the downstream substrate receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases OsRLCK176 and OsRLCK185.Through mass spectrometry experiments,we successfully identied critical autophosphorylation sites on OsSERK2,as well as sites transphosphorylated by OsFLS2.Furthermore,we demonstrated the interaction between OsSERK2 and OsFLS2,which is enhanced in the presence offlg22.Genetic evidence suggests that OsRLCK176 and OsRLCK185 may function downstream of the OsFLS2-mediated signaling pathway.Our study reveals the molecular mechanism by which OsFLS2 mediates signal transduction pathways in rice and provides a valuable example for understanding RLK-mediated signaling pathways in plants.

Gossypol acetic acid regulates leukemia stem cells by degrading LRPPRC via inhibiting IL-6/JAK1/STAT3 signaling or resulting mitochondrial dysfunction

BACKGROUND Leukemia stem cells(LSCs)are found to be one of the main factors contributing to poor therapeutic effects in acute myeloid leukemia(AML),as they are protected by the bone marrow microenvironment(BMM)against conventional therapies.Gossypol acetic acid(GAA),which is extracted from the seeds of cotton plants,exerts anti-tumor roles in several types of cancer and has been reported to induce apoptosis of LSCs by inhibiting Bcl2.AIM To investigate the exact roles of GAA in regulating LSCs under different microenvironments and the exact mechanism.METHODS In this study,LSCs were magnetically sorted from AML cell lines and the CD34+CD38-population was obtained.The expression of leucine-rich pentatricopeptide repeat-containing protein(LRPPRC)and forkhead box M1(FOXM1)was evaluated in LSCs,and the effects of GAA on malignancies and mitochondrial RESULTS LRPPRC was found to be upregulated,and GAA inhibited cell proliferation by degrading LRPPRC.GAA induced LRPPRC degradation and inhibited the activation of interleukin 6(IL-6)/janus kinase(JAK)1/signal transducer and activator of transcription(STAT)3 signaling,enhancing chemosensitivity in LSCs against conventional chemotherapies,including L-Asparaginase,Dexamethasone,and cytarabine.GAA was also found to downregulate FOXM1 indirectly by regulating LRPPRC.Furthermore,GAA induced reactive oxygen species accumulation,disturbed mitochondrial homeostasis,and caused mitochondrial dysfunction.By inhibiting IL-6/JAK1/STAT3 signaling via degrading LRPPRC,GAA resulted in the elimination of LSCs.Meanwhile,GAA induced oxidative stress and subsequent cell damage by causing mitochondrial damage.CONCLUSION Taken together,the results indicate that GAA might overcome the BMM protective effect and be considered as a novel and effective combination therapy for AML.

Mechanism of Yanghe Pingchaun granules on airway remodeling in asthmatic rats based on IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 signaling axis

Objective: To investigate the effects of Yanghe Pingchuan Granules on airway remodeling in asthmatic rats, and to explore the mechanism of Interleukin-6/Janus kinase 2/ Signal transducing activator of transcription 3(IL-6/JAK2/STAT3) signal axis. Methods: We separated 42 healthy male SD rats into two groups, a control group (7) and a model group (35).The model group was sensitized with a combination of ovalbumin (OVA) and aluminum hydroxide for 2 weeks, while the control group was given an equal amount of physiological saline.After 2 weeks, the modeling group was randomly divided into Model group, Yanghe Pingchuan Granules high, medium and low dose groups and Dexamethasone group, each group consisted of 7 animals. After 4 weeks, OVA atomization and gavage were used for stimulation and treatment. Yanghe Pingchuan Granules high, middle and low groups were given 15.48, 7.74, 3.87 g∙kg-1 Yanghe Pingchuan Granules daily, dexamethasone group was given 0.0625 mg∙kg-1 dexamethasone daily, and the other groups were given the same amount of normal saline. HE, PAS and Masson staining were used to observe the lung histopathological changes in rats. The levels of interleukin-6, IL-23 and IL-17A were detected by ELISA. The expression levels of JAK-2, P-JAK2, STAT3 and P-STAT3 in lung tissues were detected by Western blot. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to detect the mRNA expression levels of IL-6, JAK2 and STAT3 in rat lung tissue. Results: The lung tissue structure of the model group was severely damaged compared to the control group, accompanied by a great many of inflammatory cell infiltration, goblet cell hyperplasia, subepithelial collagen fiber deposition and airway epithelial thickening were more obvious. The expressions of IL-6, IL- 23 and IL-17A in serum were significantly increased (P<0.01), the protein expression levels of JAK-2, P-JAK2, STAT3 and P-STAT3 and the mRNA expression levels of IL-6, JAK2 and STAT3 in lung tissue were significantly increased (P<0.01);Compared with the model group, inflammatory cell infiltration, goblet cell proliferation, subepithelial collagen fiber deposition and airway epithelial thickening were significantly reduced in each administration group, and the expressions of IL-6, IL-23 and IL-17A in serum were significantly decreased (P< 0.01). The protein expression levels of JAK-2, P-JAK2, STAT3 and P-STAT3 and mRNA expression levels of IL-6, JAK2 and STAT3 in lung tissue were significantly decreased (P<0.01). Conclusion: Yanghe Pingchuan Granules can significantly alleviate airway remodeling in asthmatic rats, and its mechanism may be through inhibiting the IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 signal axis.

高迁移率族蛋白B1诱导巨噬细胞Janus激酶/信号转导及转录激活子通路活化的研究

目的 初步探讨高迁移率族蛋白B1(HMGB1)致炎效应的信号转导机制。方法 清洁级雄性Wistar大鼠,取其腹腔巨噬细胞,培养3 d后以10 mg/L HMGB1刺激。刺激完毕后直接在培养瓶中裂解细胞,分别采用免疫沉淀、免疫印迹法和凝胶阻滞分析等技术观察不同时间点Janus激酶2(JAK2)、信号转导及转录激活子-1(STAT1)以及STAT3的活化情况。结果 HMGB1可诱导大鼠腹腔巨噬细胞STAT1、STAT3在短时间内(2 h)活化,其中STAT3活化最为迅速,10 min即可达到活化高峰。但:HMGB1不能在短时间内(2 h)诱导JAK2活化。结论 JAK/STAT途径可能参与了HMGB1致炎效应的信号转导机制。

葛根素对非酒精性脂肪性肝病大鼠肝脏瘦素受体mRNA和磷酸化Janus激酶2/磷酸化信号转导与转录激活因子3的影响

Objective:To observe the effects of puerarin on the expressions of leptin receptor mRNA and phosphorylated Janus kinase 2 / phosphorylated signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (P-JAK2/P-STAT3) proteins in the liver of rats with non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFLD). Methods: A rat model of NAFLD was successfully established by feeding high-fat diet. All SD rats were randomly divided into blank control group, untreated group, simvastatin-treated group and puerarin-treated group. After four-week treatment, the levels of hepatic triglyceride and total cholesterol were analyzed by using an automatic biochemical analyzer. The pathology of the liver tissue was observed by light microscopy. Serum leptin level was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the expressions of leptin receptor mRNA and P-JAK2/P-STAT3 proteins in the liver of NAFLD rats were quantified by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot analysis respectively. Results: Puerarin significantly decreased the levels of hepatic triglyceride and total cholesterol in NAFLD rats. Fat degeneration and inflammatory reaction in liver tissues of NAFLD rats were ameliorated after puerarin treatment. The serum leptin level was increased and the expressions of leptin receptor mRNA and P-JAK2/P-STAT3 proteins were up-regulated in puerarin-treated group. Conclusion: Puerarin can effectively attenuate liver lipid disorder and inflammation by improving the leptin resistance and enhancing the expressions of leptin receptor mRNA and P-JAK2/P-STAT3

疏风宣肺解毒方药对流感病毒性肺炎小鼠Janus激酶信号转导与转录激活因子通路的影响

目的：观察疏风宣肺解毒方对流感病毒性肺炎小鼠肺组织Janus激酶信号转导与转录激活因子（JAK-STAT）通路的调控作用。方法将60只小鼠按随机数字表法分为正常组、模型组、达菲对照组和疏风宣肺方高、中、低剂量组，每组10只。应用0.05 mL的4LD50流感病毒肺适应株FM1滴鼻感染小鼠，建立小鼠流感病毒性肺炎模型；正常组以0.05 mL生理盐水滴鼻。制模成功2 h后，正常组、模型组灌服蒸馏水；达菲对照组灌服达菲（磷酸奥司他韦）2.5 g·mL-1·d-1；疏风宣肺方高、中、低剂量组分别灌服疏风宣肺解毒方药（由菊花、桑叶、杏仁、桔梗、连翘、柴胡等组成，颗粒剂），按照人与小鼠体表面积换算给药剂量，以加倍量为高剂量，折半量为低剂量，每日1次，每次0.2 mL。连续给药4 d后取小鼠肺组织，采用基因芯片技术检测小鼠JAK-STAT通路相关差异基因的表达，筛选差异表达基因的标准为：上调基因P＜0.05，且log2比值＞1，下调基因P＜0.05，且log2比值＜-1。应用实时荧光定量反转录-聚合酶链反应（RT-qPCR）测定肺组织Janus激酶（JAK）、γ干扰素（IFN-γ）的mRNA表达水平。结果与正常组比较，模型组差异表达基因STAT5〔log2（正常组/模型组）＝2.32〕、白细胞介素-4受体亚单位〔IL4RA，log2（正常组/模型组）＝4.77〕、白细胞介素-12受体〔IL12R， log2（正常组/模型组）＝1.58〕、 JAK〔log2（正常组/模型组）＝2.41〕均明显上调，干扰素（IFN）明显下调〔log2（正常组/模型组）＝-1.45〕；与模型组比较，达菲对照组〔log2（达菲对照组/模型组）＝1.51〕、方药各组〔log2（方药低剂量组/模型组）＝1.46，log2（方药中剂量组/模型组）＝1.72，log2（方药高剂量组/模型组）＝1.40〕差异表达基因IFN明显上调，STAT5〔log2（达菲对照组/模型组）＝-2.06，log2（方药低剂量组/模型组）＝-1.41， log2（方药中剂量组/模型组）＝-2.10，log2（方药高剂量组/模型组）＝-1.89〕、IL4RA〔log2（达菲对照组/模型组）＝-2.52，log2（方药低剂量组/模型组）＝-1.85，log2（方药中剂量组/模型组）＝-2.74，log2（方药高剂量组/模型组）＝-1.39〕、IL12R〔log2（达菲对照组/模型组）＝-1.48，log2（方药低剂量组/模型组）＝-0.10，log2（方药中剂量组/模型组）＝-1.58，log2（方药高剂量组/模型组）＝-0.53〕、JAK〔log2（达菲对照组/模型组）＝-1.44， log2（方药低剂量组/模型组）＝-0.88，log2（方药中剂量组/模型组）＝-1.74，log2（方药高剂量组/模型组）＝-0.53〕明显下调，模型组JAK mRNA表达较对照组明显升高（2-ΔΔCt：3.17±0.94比1.01±0.13，P＜0.05）， IFN-γ mRNA表达较对照组明显降低（2-ΔΔCt：0.15±0.48比1.01±0.12，P＜0.05）；与模型组比较，达菲对照组和疏风宣肺方高、中剂量组JAK mRNA表达均明显降低（2-ΔΔCt：2.02±0.63、1.19±0.30、1.59±0.67比3.17±0.94，均P＜0.05），达菲对照组和疏风宣肺方高、中、低剂量组IFN-γ mRNA表达升高（2-ΔΔCt：0.61±0.12、0.41±0.13、0.85±0.14、0.78±0.20比0.15±0.48，均P＜0.05）。结论疏风宣肺解毒方可通过调节JAK-STAT通路和升高IFN-γ水平，调节辅助性T细胞1/2（Th1/2）的平衡，减轻肺组织免疫病理损伤。

Janus激酶抑制剂AG490对人视网膜母细胞瘤HXO-RB_(44)细胞JAK2/STAT3信号通路的影响

目的:研究Janus激酶(Janus kinase,JAK)抑制剂AG490对人视网膜母细胞瘤HXO-RB44细胞株体外抗增殖及细胞周期的作用,探讨其对JAK2/信号转导与转录激活因子3(signal transducer and activator of transcription 3,STAT3)信号通路蛋白表达的影响。方法:本实验分为实验组和对照组,实验组又根据不同浓度(6.25,12.50,25.00,50.00,100.00,200.00μmol/L)的AG490处理分为6个不同浓度的实验组。采用细胞的活力测定法检测各组细胞增殖状态。应用流式细胞术对各组中细胞凋亡及周期进行分析。采用Western印迹检测处理后STAT3,p-STAT3及血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)蛋白的表达。结果:AG490处理HXO-RB44细胞株48 h后,随着药物浓度的增加,细胞抑制率增加,细胞存活率下降(均P<0.05)。除6.25μmol/L实验组外,其余5组与对照组两两比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。流式细胞术显示:随着AG490药物浓度的增加,细胞凋亡率呈逐渐增高趋势,与对照组相比,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。其中,50.00和100.00μmol/L实验组G1期细胞比例显著增多,相应地处于S期的细胞比例减少。Western印迹显示:随着AG490药物浓度的增加,STAT3和p-STAT3蛋白的表达量逐渐下降,与对照组相比,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05);VEGF表达量逐渐下降,与对照组相比,6.25和12.50μmol/L实验组的VEGF差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05),其余各实验组差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论:JAK抑制剂AG490能抑制HXORB44细胞株生长及增殖,促进细胞的凋亡增加;并通过阻断JAK2/STAT3信号通路而下调STAT3,p-STAT3和VEGF的表达,从而抑制HXO-RB44细胞株的增殖,加速其凋亡。