Game changer:How Janus kinase inhibitors are reshaping the landscape of ulcerative colitis mana

Recent advancements in the treatment landscape of ulcerative colitis(UC)have ushered in a new era of possibilities,particularly with the introduction of Janus kinase(JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription inhibitors.These novel agents offer a paradigm shift in UC management by targeting key signaling pathways involved in inflammatory processes.With approved JAK inhibitors(JAKis),such as tofacitinib,filgotinib,and upadacitinib,clinicians now have powerful tools to modulate immune responses and gene expression,potentially revolutionizing the treatment algorithm for UC.Clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy of JAKis in inducing and maintaining remission,presenting viable options for patients who have failed conventional therapies.Real-world data support the use of JAKis not only as first-line treatments but also in subsequent lines of therapy,particularly in patients with aggressive disease phenotypes or refractory to biologic agents.The rapid onset of action and potency of JAKis have broadened the possibilities in the management strategies of UC,offering timely relief for patients with active disease and facilitating personalized treatment approaches.Despite safety concerns,including cardiovascular risks and infections,ongoing research and post-marketing surveillance will continue to refine our understanding of the risk-benefit profile of JAKis in UC management.

Navigating treatment resistance:Janus kinase inhibitors for ulcerative colitis

The management of refractory ulcerative colitis(UC)and acute severe UC(ASUC)is challenging due to the lack of standardized approaches in cases resistant to multiple treatments.In this editorial,I investigate the efficacy and safety of Janus kinase inhibitors,particularly upadacitinib and tofacitinib,in controlling severe and refractory disease.I highlight a notable case report by Xu et al,which explores the case of a patient with primary nonresponse to two classes of biologics and two fecal microbiota transplants who exhibited a remarkable response to upadacitinib.Furthermore,I discuss the use of tofacitinib in refractory UC and ASUC,either as monotherapy or in combination with biologics,which has shown promising response rates.Additionally,emerging evidence of upadacitinib efficacy in ASUC is presented.Overall,these cases emphasize the complex nature of managing refractory ASUC and the potential of small-molecule therapies to achieve remission.Further research is needed to refine treatment strategies for patients with treatment-resistant UC.

Risk of hepatitis B virus reactivation in oncological patients treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors:A case report and literature analysis

Hepatitis B virus(HBV)reactivation(HBVr)represents a severe and potentially life-threatening condition,and preventive measures are available through blood test screening or prophylactic therapy administration.The assessment of HBVr traditionally considers factors such as HBV profile,including hepatitis B surface antigen(HBsAg)and antibody to hepatitis B core antigen,along with type of medication(chemotherapy;immunomodulants).Nevertheless,consideration of possible patient’s underlying tumor and the specific malignancy type(solid or hematologic)plays a crucial role and needs to be assessed for decision-making process.

Advanced Lung Adenocarcinoma with EGFR 19-del Mutation Transformed into SCC after EGFR-tyrosine Kinase inhibitors Treatment:A Case report

BACKGROUND Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors(EGFR-TKIs)significantly improve the survival of patients with Epidermal growth factor receptor(EGFR)sensitive mutations in non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC).CASE SUMMARY A 67-year-old female patient in advanced lung adenocarcinoma suffered from drug resistance after EGFR-TKIs treatment.Secondary pathological tissue biopsy confirmed squamous cell carcinoma(SCC)transformation.Patients inevitably encountered drug resistance issues after receiving EGFR-TKIs treatment for a certain period of time,while EGFR-TKIs can significantly improve the survival of patients with EGFR-sensitive mutations in NSCLC.Notably,EGFR-TKIs resistance includes primary and acquired.Pathological transformation is one of the mechanisms of acquired resistance in EGFR-TKIs,with SCC transformation being relatively rare.Our results provide more detailed results of the patient’s diagnosis and treatment process on SCC transformation after EGFR-TKIs treatment for lung adenocarcinoma.CONCLUSION Squamous cell carcinoma transformation is one of the acquired resistance mechanisms of EGFR-TKIs in advanced lung adenocarcinoma with EGFR mutations.

Advances in MET tyrosine kinase inhibitors in gastric cancer

Gastric cancer is among the most frequently occurring cancers and a leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally.Because gastric cancer is highly heterogenous and comprised of different subtypes with distinct molecular and clinical characteristics,the management of gastric cancer calls for better-defined,biomarker-guided,molecular-based treatment strategies.MET is a receptor tyrosine kinase mediating important physiologic processes,such as embryogenesis,tissue regeneration,and wound healing.However,mounting evidence suggests that aberrant MET pathway activation contributes to tumour proliferation and metastasis in multiple cancer types,including gastric cancer,and is associated with poor patient outcomes.As such,MET-targeting therapies are being actively developed and promising progress has been demonstrated,especially with MET tyrosine kinase inhibitors.This review aims to briefly introduce the role of MET alterations in gastric cancer and summarize in detail the current progress of MET tyrosine kinase inhibitors in this disease area with a focus on savolitinib,tepotinib,capmatinib,and crizotinib.Building on current knowledge,this review further discusses existing challenges in MET alterations testing,possible resistance mechanisms to MET inhibitors,and future directions of MET-targeting therapies.

Optimal sequential therapy using tyrosine kinase inhibitors as the first-line treatment in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma: A nationwide multicenter study

Objective:The purpose of the study was to identify the best sequence of therapy beginning with a tyrosine kinase inhibitor(TKI)as the first-line therapy for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma(mRCC)in terms of overall survival(OS),progression-free survival(PFS),and rates of discontinuation and adverse effects during the treatment period.Methods:This is a retrospective,nationwide multicenter study of patients with mRCC after diagnosis at 10 different tertiary medical centers in Korea from January 1992 to December 2017.We focused on patients at either“favorable”or“intermediate”risk according to the International mRCC Database Consortium criteria,and they were followed up(median 335 days).Finally,a total of 1409 patients were selected as the study population.We generated a Cox proportional hazard model adjusted for covariates,and the different therapy schemes were statistically tested in terms of OS as well as PFS.In addition,frequencies of discontinuation and adverse events were compared among the therapy schemes.Results:Of the primary patterns of treatment sequences(24 sequences),“sunitinib epazopanib”and“sunitinibeeverolimuseimmunotherapy”showed the most beneficial results in both OS and PFS with significantly lower hazards than“sunitinib”,which is the most commonly treated agent in Korea.Considering that the“TKIeTKI”structure showed relatively higher discontinuation rates with higher adverse effects,the overall beneficial sequence would be“sunitinibeeverolimuseimmunotherapy”.Conclusion:Among several sequential therapy starting with TKIs,“sunitinibeeverolimuse immunotherapy”was found to be the best scheme for mRCC patients with“favorable”or“intermediate”risks.

Present and prospect of transarterial chemoembolization combined with tyrosine kinase inhibitor and PD-1 inhibitor for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma

In this editorial,we comment on the article(World J Gastrointest Oncol 2024;16:1236-1247),which is a retrospective study of transarterial chemoembolization(TACE)combined with multi-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor(TKI)and programmed cell death protein-1(PD-1)inhibitor for the treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).Herein,we focus specifically on the mechanisms of this triple therapy,administration sequence and selection of each medication,and implications for future clinical trials.Based on the interaction mechanisms between medications,the triple therapy of TACE+TKI+PD-1 is proposed to complement the deficiency of each monotherapy,and achieve synergistic antitumor effects.Although this triple therapy has been evaluated by several retrospective trials,it is still controversial whether the triple therapy achieves better clinical benefits,due to the flawed study design and heterogeneity in medications.In addition,the administration sequence,which may greatly affect the clinical benefit,needs to be fully considered at clinical decision-making for obtaining better prognosis.We hope that this editorial could contribute to the design and optimization of future trials.

Navigating the complex terrain of hepatitis B virus reactivation in the era of Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors

In this editorial,we offer a summary of the risk associated with hepatitis B reactivation(HBVr)in the setting of both solid and hematologic malignancies treated with Bruton tyrosine kinase(BTK)inhibitors,with insights derived from current studies.Furthermore,we emphasize the critical need for a framework regarding robust risk evaluation in patients undergoing such treatments.This framework is essential for identifying those at increased risk of HBVr,enabling healthcare providers to implement proactive measures to prevent reactivation and ensure the safe administration of BTK inhibitor therapy.

Clinical significance of upregulated Rho GTPase activating protein 12 causing resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors in hepatocellular carcinoma

BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is a major health challenge with high incidence and poor survival rates in China.Systemic therapies,particularly tyrosine kinase inhibitors(TKIs),are the first-line treatment for advanced HCC,but resistance is common.The Rho GTPase family member Rho GTPase activating protein 12(ARHGAP12),which regulates cell adhesion and invasion,is a potential therapeutic target for overcoming TKI resistance in HCC.However,no studies on the expression of ARHGAP12 in HCC and its role in resistance to TKIs have been reported.AIM To unveil the expression of ARHGAP12 in HCC,its role in TKI resistance and its potential associated pathways.METHODS This study used single-cell RNA sequencing(scRNA-seq)to evaluate ARHGAP12 mRNA levels and explored its mechanisms through enrichment analysis.CellChat was used to investigate focal adhesion(FA)pathway regulation.We integrated bulk RNA data(RNA-seq and microarray),immunohistochemistry and proteomics to analyze ARHGAP12 mRNA and protein levels,correlating with clinical outcomes.We assessed ARHGAP12 expression in TKI-resistant HCC,integrated conventional HCC to explore its mechanism,identified intersecting FA pathway genes with scRNA-seq data and evaluated its response to TKI and immunotherapy.RESULTS ARHGAP12 mRNA was found to be highly expressed in malignant hepatocytes and to regulate FA.In malignant hepatocytes in high-score FA groups,MDK-[integrin alpha 6(ITGA6)+integrinβ-1(ITGB1)]showed specificity in ligand-receptor interactions.ARHGAP12 mRNA and protein were upregulated in bulk RNA,immunohistochemistry and proteomics,and higher expression was associated with a worse prognosis.ARHGAP12 was also found to be a TKI resistance gene that regulated the FA pathway.ITGB1 was identified as a crossover gene in the FA pathway in both scRNA-seq and bulk RNA.High expression of ARHGAP12 was associated with adverse reactions to sorafenib,cabozantinib and regorafenib,but not to immunotherapy.CONCLUSION ARHGAP12 expression is elevated in HCC and TKI-resistant HCC,and its regulatory role in FA may underlie the TKI-resistant phenotype.

Advanced lung adenocarcinoma with EGFR 19-del mutation transforms into squamous cell carcinoma after EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor treatment

In this editorial we comment on the article by Ji et al.We focus specifically on the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor(EGFR-TKI)treatment and the development of drug resistance to EGFR-TKIs.

Janus激酶抑制剂治疗斑秃新进展

斑秃是一种慢性、免疫性、炎症性疾病,确切病因未明。重度斑秃难以治疗,严重影响患者生活质量。近年来,越来越多证据表明Janus激酶(JAK)抑制剂具有治疗斑秃的潜力,许多病例报道及大型病例系列研究证实JAK抑制剂治疗斑秃的疗效。2022年6月美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)批准了巴瑞托尼用于治疗成人重度斑秃。JAK抑制剂通过JAK-信号传导及转录激活因子(STAT)通路阻断细胞因子的细胞内传递,从而抑制多种促炎细胞因子,还可能直接作用于毛囊上皮细胞,促进毛囊周期进入生长期。对于重症、激素治疗无效以及合并其他免疫性疾病的斑秃患者是一个新的选择。该文主要阐述JAK抑制剂的作用机制和口服及外用JAK抑制剂治疗成人以及儿童斑秃的现状。

Rapid remission of refractory synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, and osteitis syndrome in response to the Janus kinase inhibitor tofacitinib: A case report

BACKGROUND Synovitis,acne,pustulosis,hyperostosis,and osteitis(SAPHO)syndrome is a rare autoinflammatory disease for which clinical treatment has not been standardized.Janus kinase(JAK)inhibitors represent a novel therapeutic option for rheumatoid arthritis,psoriatic arthritis,and some other autoinflammatory diseases.However,the clinical utility of JAK inhibitors in treating SAPHO syndrome has not been thoroughly investigated.In this study,we describe a patient with SAPHO syndrome who failed to respond to conventional treatment but demonstrated a remarkable and rapid response to the JAK inhibitor tofacitinib.CASE SUMMARY A 62-year-old female patient presented with swelling and pain at the sternoclavicular joints,back pain that limited her activities,arthralgia in the right knee,and cutaneous lesions.Her symptoms were unresponsive to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs,disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs,Tripterygium wilfordii hook f,and bisphosphonates.SAPHO syndrome was diagnosed in accordance with dermatological and osteoarticular manifestations and abnormal inflammatory factors.Multiple image studies have illustrated bone lesions and pathological fractures of vertebral bodies.Oral treatment with tofacitinib at 5 mg twice daily with methotrexate and bisphosphonates was initiated.The patient reported that her pain symptoms were relieved after 3 d and her cutaneous lesions were reduced after 4 wk of treatment.Vertebral lesions were improved after 6 mo on tofacitinib.No serious adverse effects were noted.CONCLUSION JAK inhibitor therapy may be a promising strategy to treat SAPHO syndrome.

Janus激酶抑制剂治疗儿童难治性特应性皮炎二例

特应性皮炎是一种常见的慢性炎症性皮肤病,严重影响患者的生活质量。近几年,多种新型生物制剂和小分子口服药物已被批准用于治疗特应性皮炎。Janus激酶抑制剂通过抑制多种Th2细胞介导的炎症、表皮屏障功能受损、瘙痒信号传导等途径,对特应性皮炎起到治疗作用。本文报道了两例难治性特应性皮炎儿童患者成功使用JAK抑制剂治疗的案例。

3种口服Janus激酶抑制剂治疗特应性皮炎的临床综合评价

目的 对乌帕替尼、阿布昔替尼和巴瑞替尼3种口服Janus激酶抑制剂(JAKi)治疗特应性皮炎进行临床综合评价。方法从安全性、有效性、经济性、适宜性、可及性、创新性6个维度进行评价。使用Meta分析评价3种口服JAKi的安全性和有效性;检索国内外药物经济学研究并计算各JAKi治疗费用以评价经济性;结合文献和药品说明书等评价适宜性;使用问卷调查评价3种口服JAKi的可及性;从JAKi的作用机制角度阐述其创新性。结果 安全性方面,乌帕替尼30 mg组上呼吸道感染发生率[OR=1.47,95%CI(1.04,2.08),P=0.03]和鼻咽炎发生率[OR=1.44,95%CI(1.06,1.95),P=0.02]显著高于安慰剂组;巴瑞替尼4 mg组的鼻咽炎发生率显著高于安慰剂组[OR=2.24,95%CI(1.39,3.61),P=0.000 8]和巴瑞替尼2 mg组[OR=0.48,95%CI(0.31,0.74),P=0.001]。有效性方面,3种口服JAKi无论剂量如何,有效性均显著优于安慰剂组,且乌帕替尼和阿布昔替尼的有效性呈剂量依赖性(P<0.000 1)。经济性方面,巴瑞替尼的年治疗费用最低(13 870.0元),但其在我国没有获批AD适应证;其次为乌帕替尼(27 192.5元)。3种JAKi的总体适宜性较好,但均不适用于重度肝损伤患者。巴瑞替尼的可获得率最高(59.4%),但在我国医保体系下乌帕替尼的可负担性较好。3种JAKi中,乌帕替尼与阿布昔替尼的创新性更优。结论 3种口服JAKi治疗特应性皮炎的安全性可控,有效性良好;考虑到医保报销问题,建议我国患者优先使用乌帕替尼。

Janus激酶抑制剂在皮肤病中应用的研究进展

Janus激酶(JAK)抑制剂是一种抑制JAK/信号转导和转录激活因子(STAT)信号通路的药物,可选择性抑制JAK家族,近几年已成为治疗许多炎症性皮肤病的新方案。JAK/STAT通路是一种细胞内信号通路,细胞因子通过该通路引起疾病。使用JAK抑制剂可能是治疗此类疾病的有用策略。本文对JAK抑制剂治疗皮肤病的机制、疗效及不良反应进行综述。

Janus激酶抑制剂Momelotinib的合成

Momelotinib是Janus激酶的选择性抑制剂,用于治疗中高风险骨髓纤维化。为了解决现有合成方法存在的成本高、反应条件严苛、收率偏低和废料对环境污染严重等问题,以1-氟-4-硝基苯为起始原料,经取代、还原、Pinner、与DMF-DMA缩合、环合、水解和酰化反应合成目标化合物Momelotinib,总收率为55.04%,纯度为99.45%。Momelotinib的化学结构经~1H NMR、^(13)C NMR和MS(ESI)确证。上述合成路线试剂成本低、操作简便、收率高且绿色环保,适合工业化生产。

Janus激酶抑制剂治疗白癜风的机制与临床应用进展

白癜风是一种常见的色素脱失性皮肤病,其发病及发展是由遗传、氧化应激、炎症和环境因素共同作用的结果。既往常规治疗包括遮盖、外用皮质类固醇、外用钙调磷酸酶抑制剂、口服皮质类固醇、光疗和外科手术等,但均存在不同的局限性。近年来,随着对白癜风发病机制研究的深入,Janus激酶(Janus kinase,JAK)抑制剂在白癜风的治疗方面展现出了巨大的潜力。研究发现,JAK抑制剂通过抑制JAK-STAT信号通路,能够调节免疫反应、促进黑素细胞再生与迁移,从而改善白癜风患者的皮损状况。多项临床试验也证实了JAK抑制剂治疗白癜风的有效性及安全性。然而,其长期疗效及潜在不良反应仍需进一步研究和探讨。总体而言,JAK抑制剂为白癜风的治疗提供了新的策略和方向。本文综述了JAK抑制剂在白癜风治疗中的研究进展,包括其作用机制、临床应用及疗效评价等方面,供临床使用参考。

Janus激酶抑制剂在皮肤病中的应用进展

Janus激酶-信号转导子和转录激活子(JAK-STAT)信号通路在炎症免疫性疾病及肿瘤的发病机制中发挥重要作用。JAK抑制剂作为一种小分子靶向药物,很可能是治疗此类疾病的新方法。文章主要阐述其在皮肤科领域中的应用进展。

大承气汤通过Janus激酶2/信号转导和转录激活子3信号通路对急性胰腺炎大鼠细胞因子水平的影响

目的观察大承气汤通过Janus激酶2/信号转导和转录激活子3(JAK2/STAT3)信号通路对急性胰腺炎(AP)大鼠细胞因子水平的影响。方法选取30只SD雄性大鼠,随机分为假手术组、模型组和治疗组,每组10只。假手术组大鼠开腹后仅翻动十二指肠,模型组和治疗组大鼠经胰胆管逆行注射5%牛磺胆酸钠,治疗组大鼠在造模后24 h灌胃10 g/kg大承气汤。比较各组大鼠腹水量、血清淀粉酶(AMY)、脂肪酶、丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)水平;酶联免疫吸附法检测大鼠血清肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素6(IL-6)、IL-10水平;免疫发光法和免疫扩散法检测大鼠血清降钙素原(PCT)、C反应蛋白(CRP)水平;实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(qRT-PCR)和蛋白免疫印迹法(Western blot)检测大鼠血清磷酸化Janus激酶2(p-JAK2)和磷酸化信号转导和转录激活子3(p-STAT3)mRNA和蛋白表达。结果与假手术组比较,模型组大鼠腹水量显著升高(P<0.05);与模型组比较,治疗组大鼠腹水量显著降低(P<0.05)。与假手术组比较,模型组大鼠AMY、脂肪酶、ALT水平均显著升高(P<0.05);与模型组比较,治疗组大鼠AMY、脂肪酶、ALT水平均显著降低(P<0.05)。与假手术组比较,模型组大鼠血清炎症因子水平显著升高(P<0.05);与模型组比较,治疗组大鼠血清炎症因子水平显著降低(P<0.05)。与假手术组比较,模型组大鼠血清p-JAK2和p-STAT3 mRNA和蛋白表达显著升高(P<0.05);与模型组比较,治疗组大鼠血清p-JAK2和p-STAT3 mRNA和蛋白表达显著降低(P<0.05)。结论大承气汤通过抑制JAK2/STAT3信号通路降低AP大鼠细胞因子水平。

Janus激酶抑制剂治疗系统性红斑狼疮的研究进展

系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)的发生涉及固有免疫和获得性免疫系统的免疫细胞和细胞因子数量和功能异常。细胞因子介导的异常免疫反应通过共同的Janus激酶/信号传导及转录激活因子(JAK/STAT)信号通路,使JAK/STAT通路成为重要的治疗新靶点。JAK抑制剂可调控JAK/STAT信号通路,抑制免疫细胞的异常激活和引发的炎症反应,已被批准用于治疗类风湿关节炎、银屑病等自身免疫性疾病。动物及临床试验显示,JAK抑制剂治疗SLE和狼疮性肾炎可能具有巨大潜力。本文系统综述了JAK/STAT通路在SLE发病中的作用、JAK抑制剂治疗SLE和狼疮性肾炎的作用机制及临床应用。