STUDY ON INDEX SYSTEM OF ASSESSMENT OF PUBLIC DISASTER PERCEPTION IN THE WESTERN CHINA

The study on humanity response to global environment change is a new direction in the research of global change science, of which an important aspect is to study the adaptation strategies of human being to environmental changes in different regions. One reasonable and scientific adaptation strategy is based on not only scientific assessment of the impact of environmental change on society, but also correct estimation of the public perception of environmental change, whereas the research on the latter is terribly weak. This paper intends to understand the personality difference in public perception of environment in the western China primarily by establishing the assessment index system of nation environmental perception and analyzing the results of questionnaire survey in some regions of Shaanxi Province. The conclusions are as follows: 1) The state of public perception of disaster is one of the foundations of constituting and enforcing reasonable adaptation strategy to environmental change. 2) The personality differences of public perception of disaster appear as follows: female disaster perception is stronger than male;the order of disaster perception from strong to weak from the point of age characteristics is 20-30, 0-20, 40-50, 30-40, 50-60, 60 year old or over in turns; the order of disaster perception from strong to weak from the point of educational characteristics is senior high school, college, illiterate, junior high school, primary school, in turns; the order of disaster perception from strong to weak from the point of occupation characteristics is student, farmer, teacher, worker and functionary, in turns; the order of disaster perception from strong to weak from the point of habitat characteristics is city, countryside, towns, and metropolis in turns.

Local perceptions of the conversion of cropland to forestland program in Jiangxi, Shaanxi, and Sichuan, China

Numerous land-use policies have been implemented in China in recent decades for ecological restoration and conservation to reduce environmental disasters and promote environmental sustainability.Many of these policies follow a top-down approach to implementation and as such,emphasize the hierarchical control within government structures.An understanding of local perceptions of land-use policies is important if the disconnect between policy makers and the target population is to be reduced and if program support is to improve.This study aimed to help improve local implementation,attitude toward,and engagement by examining the influence of socio-economic characteristics on the target population’s(local farmers)perception of the conversion of cropland to forestland program(CFPP)land use policy in Jiangxi,Sichuan,and Shaanxi provinces.It uses logistical regression models,with robust aspects of perception including confidence,support,transparency,prospects,fairness,and willingness to participate.Results indicate that social aspects as well as economic aspects are most important in influencing farmers’perceptions towards the CFPP.The farmers who have received technical support,rural male habitants,educated,and non-middle-aged farmers exhibit more positive perceptions of the program and are much more likely to support it,whereas farmers without any technical support or formal education,and female and middle-aged farmers are less likely to support the program.Importantly,this study also reveals the differences in responses,experiences and perceptions of the farmers living across different provinces.These empirical results provide insight into the influence of socio-economic characteristics on the perception of farmers towards land-use policies,which has important implications for designing targeted policy instruments and increasing farmer support for these policies.This knowledge can be harnessed and further evaluated in future research to improve citizen engagement,support,and understanding in order to help ecological restoration and conservation objectives be more effectively achieved.

Illness Narrative: Perceptions and Lived Experiences of Kidney Recipient Clients in Shanghai, China

Terminal kidney disease is a life threatening condition and cause for loss of hope to affected individuals. It affects the individuals physically as well as mentally. The advancement in medical knowledge and technology in transplant surgery has steadily increased the number of kidney recipients. This offers hope for the new lease of life and a wide range of perceptions and experiences with self, society and the new organ. There is minimal research on perceptions and lived experiences of kidney transplant recipients. This study explored the perceptions and lived experiences of individuals with a kidney problem living with a kidney transplant in Shanghai, China. Five in-depth interviews were conducted with five clients. The participant’s age ranged from 25 to 45 years. There were three females and two males. Content analysis using NVivo (11.0) software was applied in data analysis. The findings revealed improved quality of life among kidney recipients;however the clients had low knowledge levels on the condition as well as self care practices in the post transplant period. This caused a lot of psychosocial stress in the clients. The post kidney transplant management strategies should include effective education programs to increase awareness on the condition and self care practices so as to reduce factors associated with psychosocial stress in order to improve the quality of life for the clients in the post kidney transplantation period.

Do farmers care about climate change? Evidence from five major grain producing areas of China

Using a logistic model,this paper empirically investigated farmers’perception of climate change and its determinants based on a field survey of 1 350 rural households across five major grain producing provinces in China.The results show:i)There is an apparent difference in perception levels for long-term temperature and precipitation changes.Specifically,57.4%of farmers perceived the long-term temperature change correctly,but only 29.7%of farmers perceived the long-term precipitation change correctly;ii)The factors influencing the farmers’perceptions are almost completely different between precipitation and temperature,the former are mostly agriculture related,while latter are mostly non-agriculture related,except for farm size;and iii)Farmers are not expected to pay more attention to long-term precipitation changes over the crop growing seasons,because less than 30%of farmers can correctly perceive long-term precipitation change.Therefore,to improve the accuracy of farmers’perceptions of climate change,the government is recommended to:i)enhance education and training programs;ii)speed up land transfer and expand household land farm size;iii)develop farmer cooperative organizations;iv)invest more in agricultural infrastructure,specifically in major grain producing regions;and v)improve the agricultural environment and increase farming income.

Consumers' perceptions on GM food safety in urban China

The debate about the safety of genetically modified （GM） food has attracted public attention in concurrence with the rapid development of agricultural biotechnology. This paper examines the consumers＇ perceptions on the safety of GM food in China. Based on a unique survey dataset, this study shows that consumers in urban China have significantly changed their perceptions on GM food safety. The percentage of consumers who perceived such food as unsafe for consumption increased by more than 30% in the 2002-2012 period. Approximately half of the consumers did not have an opinion on this issue. Major shifts have been occurred after 2010, likely because of the increasing influence of negative media reports on GM technology in recent years. Several individual and household＇s characteristics are shown to significantly affect consumers＇ perceptions on GM food safety, such as gender, education, food allergy experience and resident city size. The paper concludes with policy implications.

Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on rural poverty and policy responses in China

Given the sudden outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic,a timely study on the impacts of and policy response to the pandemic on rural poverty in China is critically important because China has aimed to completely eradicate extreme poverty by the end of 2020.This paper uses data from the latest round of a nationally representative household panel survey to examine the impacts of the pandemic on rural poverty in China.Our data show that 11.9%of sample households were ever officially registered as poor households between 2013 and 2019,and this poverty incidence fell to 2.7%by the end of 2019.In the middle February of 2020,23%of the households who have graduated from poverty since 2013 perceived that they would fall back into poverty due to the COVID-19.Among those never poor households,7.1%perceived that they would possibly fall into poverty due to the pandemic.Results from both descriptive and multivariate analyses consistently show the interruptions that the pandemic caused in off-farm employment is an important channel that led households to perceive of falling back into or falling into poverty.We also find households in the bottom four quintiles when ranked in terms of household income per capita are much more likely to perceive themselves of falling back into or falling into poverty during this pandemic than those in the richest quintile.Meanwhile,our results show that the education and age of household heads,as well as being from Hubei Province matter in explaining household perception about falling back into or falling into poverty in some cases but not all.The paper concludes with a set of policy responses that China has taken to mitigate the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on poverty alleviation.

An Evaluation of the Introduction of Modified Cropping Practices in Yunnan Province,China,Using Surveys of Farmers’ Households

Problems associated with land degradation are serious in China. Sloping land in South China has experienced a decline in crop productivity by 30-60% due to soil erosion and it has been predicted that most topsoil will be lost within the next 100 years if current erosion rates continue. Considering these situations, an agro-environmental research and development project （Sustainable Highland Agriculture in South-East Asia- SHASEA） was conducted in a catchment in Yunnan Province, China, to address the objectives of increasing crop productivity in sustainable and environmentally-friendly ways. A range of cropping practices was developed and implemented in a rural upland catchment （Wang Jia）. At the end of the project, farmers were surveyed to evaluate project effectiveness. All farmers from Wang Jia Catchment, who were involved in project implementation, were surveyed. A sample of farmers working in an adjacent catchment （not associated with the project） was surveyed for comparative purposes. Farmers had different perceptions of the cropping practices employed. Contour cultivation was preferred and likely to be adopted. Others practices such as straw mulching and intercropping were seen as less appropriate and unlikely to be adopted. Polythene mulch was recognized as effective, but likely to be adopted only if financial returns were favourable. The availability of relevant information had an important impact on the extent of technology testing by farmers and their willingness to adopt the practices in the future.

Spiritual care perceptions, spiritual health and their relationships with spiritual care competence among clinical nurses in China: A cross-sectional quantitative study

Objective:To investigate the status quo of spiritual care competence and assocaited influencing factors among clinical nurses in China,and examine the relationships among spiritual care perceptions,spiritual health and spiritual care competence,and the mediating role of spiritual health between spiritual care competence and spiritual care perceptions,in order to provide reference for the construction of spiritual care education intervention program to improve the spiritual care competence of clinical nurses in China.Methods:A total of 1454 clinical nurses from 17 hospitals in Tianjin were selected by convenience sampling method,and were investigated with sociodemographic characteristics questionnaire,the Chinese version of Spiritual Care Competence Scale(C-SCCS),the Chinese Version of the Spiritual Care-Giving Scale(C-SCGS)and the Spiritual Health Scale Short Form(SHS-SF).Results:The scores of spiritual care competence of nurses was(57.52±16.02).The results of multiple linear regression showed that nurses'spiritual care competence was influenced by 9 sociodemographic characteristics such as educational background and nursing age,as well as spiritual care perceptions and spiritual health factors,which accounted for 67.2%of the total variation.And spiritual care competence was positively correlated with spiritual care perceptions(r=0.639,P<0.01)and spiritual health(r=0.596,P<0.01).Besides,spiritual health played a mediating role between between other two variables,accounting for 27.5%of the indirect effect.Conclusions:The scores of spiritual care competence of clinical nurses was in the lower middle level,which needs to be further improved.It is recommended that nurse managers and educators should pay attention to the spiritual care education of nurses,and improve spiritual care perceptions and spiritual health level of nurses in multiple ways,at multiple levels,so as to improve their spiritual care competence and to maximize the satisfy spiritual care needs of patients.

Perceptions regarding ELT at the tertiary level in mainland, China

As the title of the thesis suggests, the purpose of this research project was to investigate perceptions of English language education for English majors at the tertiary level on China＇s mainland. The study investigated perceptions held by teachers and students at universities in Beijing, Shanghai and Shenzhen regarding their preferences for various ELT methods and the effectiveness of methods used. Teachers and students were also asked to evaluate the relative importance of the four skills （listening, speaking, reading and writing）. Other areas investigated included teachers and students perceptions of their interaction within classrooms and factors selected by teachers, students and administrators as contributing to effective language learning and teaching in their settings. It is hoped that insights from this research can assist in a more successful transition to communicative, more student-centered and skill-integrated language teaching approaches suitable within university-level language education settings on China＇s mainland.

Spiritual health, empathy ability and their relationships with spiritual care perceptions among nursing students in China: A cross-sectional correlational study

Objective:To investigate the status quo of spiritual care perceptions and associated factors among nursing students in China,and explore the relationships among spiritual care perceptions,spiritual health and empathy ability,in order to provide reference for the construction of spiritual care education intervention program to improve the spiritual care perceptions and competence of nursing students in China.Methods:A cross-sectional and correlational design was undertaken and a convenience sample of 3615 nursing students selected from 11 universities and colleges in Hebei Shijiazhuang and Tianjin,China from January to July 2021.Participants provided data on sociodemographic by completing the sociodemographic characteristics questionnaire,the Chinese Version of the Spiritual Care-Giving Scale(C-SCGS),Spiritual Health Scale Short Form(SHS-SF)and Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy-Nursing Student(JSPE-NS).Results:The scores of spiritual care perceptions and spiritual health were 172.44±26.23 and 97.54±12.37,respectively,both in the middle level.The score of empathy ability was 102.92±19.65,lower than the average.Spiritual care perceptions of nursing students were positively correlated with spiritual health(r=0.635,P<0.01)and empathy ability(r=0.547,P<0.01).Conclusions:The level of spiritual care perceptions of nursing students in China needs to be improved.It is suggested that nurse managers and educators should pay attention to the spiritual care education of nursing students,by perfecting the spiritual care education system to improve their spiritual health level and empathy ability in multiple ways and levels,like clarifying and standardizing educational objectives,breaking through the traditional single evaluation system,and formulating scientific comprehensive evaluation standards and systems.,so as to improve their spiritual care perceptions and competence level.

基于AHP和熵值法China Daily头版封面插画视觉感知评价研究

为了探索报纸插图视觉中哪些因素对读者产生影响,提升阅读者的视觉感知水平,以China Daily头版封面插画为例,从内容层、形式、功能感知三个维度,建构出审美艺术性、创意趣味性、风格独特性、符号内涵性、标题内容区分度、色调内容协调度、色调舒适度、明度舒适度、纯度舒适度、图形大小舒适度、图形造型舒适度、构图留白舒适度等24个指标。结合问卷调查,利用层次分析法和熵值法进行统计分析。研究得出:读者对于China Daily封面插画的感知评价由高到低依次为形式层感知、功能层感知、内容层感知;构图留白舒适度、阅读动态性、叙事直观性等因素对读者视觉感知影响较大;从优化读者文化继承性、字体设计协调度、主题明确性等方面入手,有助于提升读者的视觉阅读体验。

中国文化情境下价值感知对农户混农林低碳增汇措施采纳的影响

混农林是高效利用自然资源、减缓气候变化的生态农业模式,农户的混农林低碳增汇措施对其贡献“双碳”目标具有重要影响。基于陕南秦巴山区864份调研数据,运用多元Probit模型以及调节效应模型探讨中国文化情境下价值感知对农户混农林低碳增汇措施采纳的影响,并分析不同措施之间的关联效应以及社会权威的调节作用。结果表明:(1)农户的减少含碳要素投入与减少非合意产出、减少含碳要素投入与提高经营强度、减少含碳要素投入与加强森林保护以及提高经营强度与加强森林保护措施之间均存在互补效应;(2)功利感知对各低碳增汇措施均具有显著正向影响,合群感知对减少含碳要素投入具有显著正向影响,颜面感知对减少含碳要素投入和提高经营强度具有显著正向影响;(3)社会权威在合群感知、颜面感知与减少含碳要素投入,功利感知、颜面感知与提高经营强度,功利感知与加强森林保护的关系中起负向调节作用。建议政府从中国本土文化特征入手,激发农户响应“双碳”目标的内生力量,同时发挥不同措施与技术之间的协同效应,推动农林减排增汇的长效开展。

Improve access to the EU market by identifying French consumer preference for fresh fruit from China

Most previous studies have investigated country-of-origin effect for agricultural products from the economically developed country, but few have focused on the impact of country-of-origin on agricultural products from economically developing countries. Using a national online survey in France, we determine French consumers＇ perceptions and preferences for fresh fruit from China. Results of ordered logit models show that fresh fruit from China was perceived as low quality and unsafe. Respondents who care about country-of-origin were less likely to purchase fresh fruit from China, while those who care about brand were more likely to buy Chinese fresh fruit. Risk perception and quality perception both had a significant impact on the purchase of Chinese fresh fruit. Results of latent class models obtained with key consumer demographics show that heterogeneous preferences exist among different consumer groups. The results provide critical information to both China and other economically developing countries in their efforts to improve market penetration in economically developed countries.

How the African Public Views China＇s Aid to Africa

As a vital part of China's foreign relations,China's aid to Africa has scored great achievements.Based on data from the Afrobarometer Survey in 2010 and data from the database of China's aid to Africa in 2000-2010 co-created by the US Center for Global Development and AidData,this paper dissects the macro-and micro-level determinants of the African public's perception of the effectiveness of aid from China through an empirical analysis.As descriptive statistics reveal,the African public has a highly positive view of aid from China despite country differences.According to our further analysis of a multilevel model,aid recipients with higher levels of democracy and economic development have a more favorable view of aid from China,while the size and sector of aid from China are not correlated with public favorability.At the micro-level,age,gender,education,race and media consumption are positively correlated with the public perception of aid.In conclusion,China must refocus its future aid programs on livelihood and welfare that directly benefit local people,rather than simply increasing the amount of aid.In delivering its commitments to Africa,China must also attach importance to public communication and "telling the China story " in its international affairs to improve its national image and gain more recognition by the African people.

从侵略到保全:佐藤信渊思想转变及其实质——以《存华挫狄论》为中心

江户中期,日本通过与荷兰等欧洲国家的接触,视野渐趋朝向西方,对中华文化的崇拜感有所减弱。江户后期,日本人开始贬低清朝,抛弃以中国为中心的“华夷秩序”,甚至提出了“侵略清朝论”。然而,从佐藤信渊的《存华挫狄论》可以看出,鸦片战争后他对中国的态度由征服清朝转向了保全清朝。佐藤信渊在《存华挫狄论》中所指出的清朝应对鸦片侵略中的十六次“失策”存在误解,“保全清朝论”的实质是借助清朝遏制西方列强的侵略态势,进而维护日本自身利益。

主动健康视角下上海市55岁以上人群轻度认知障碍疾病认知及就诊意愿研究

背景主动健康是实施健康中国战略的重要措施。轻度认知障碍(MCI)是认知障碍疾病早期发现和干预的重要切入点,是实现脑健康的关键环节。目的了解上海市55岁以上社区人群对MCI的认知情况、就诊意愿及影响因素,调动人群对MCI的主动健康干预,全面实现健康中国建设。方法2021年10—12月,随机抽取上海市城区、郊区各一区(城区为杨浦区、郊区为嘉定区),每区随机抽取1~2家社区卫生服务中心(杨浦区为大桥社区卫生服务中心、定海社区卫生服务中心,嘉定区为嘉定镇街道社区卫生服务中心),按纳入标准对社区卫生服务中心门诊候诊居民进行现场面对面问卷调查。MCI疾病认知度调查问卷内容包括:(1)一般人口学特征;(2)社区人群MCI疾病认知水平;(3)社区人群疾病就诊意愿。采用Logistic回归分析探讨社区人群MCI就诊意愿的影响因素。结果本调查共发放问卷970份,回收有效问卷951份,有效回收率98.04%。(1)55岁以上社区人群对MCI的认知问卷得分为(14.55±5.24)分。51.3%(488/951)的社区人群知晓“轻度认知障碍”的概念,获知途径以媒体途径为主[61.7%,301/488];59.9%(570/951)的人群认为“年纪大了都会出现轻度认知障碍”;14.1%(134/951)的人群参加过相关筛查活动;6.2%(59/951)的人群曾因记忆障碍或怀疑有认知障碍而就诊。(2)对社区人群的MCI就诊意愿进行单因素及多因素分析发现,认知障碍家族史、对MCI的认识与理解及个人相关经历是社区人群MCI就诊意愿的影响因素(P<0.05)。结论55岁以上社区人群MCI疾病认知水平较差,疾病就诊意愿不强烈。MCI相关知识知晓不佳、对MCI的理解存在偏差及相关实践经历缺乏的人群就诊意愿差。建议多角度宣传,提高社区人群MCI疾病认知度;提供全方位支持,提高主动健康可及性,探索促进主动健康的有效途径。

美国情报界对华威胁认知论析--以《美国情报界年度威胁评估》报告为分析对象

[研究目的]分析美国情报界对中国的威胁认知与评估,有助于理解美国对华战略竞争及其未来前景,为维护我国国家安全具有重要意义。[研究方法]以历年《美国情报界年度威胁评估》报告为分析对象,采用案例研究法和文献分析法,探讨美国情报界对华威胁认知、影响因素、危害后果与中方应对。[研究结论]随着美国外部安全环境和中美关系的变化,美国情报界日益视中国为“首要威胁”,对中国国家利益构成愈加严峻的挑战。中国应基于对美国情报界对华威胁认知趋势及其危害的全面分析,制定应对之策。

Influences of Risk Perception and Sense of Place on Landslide Disaster Preparedness in Southwestern China

The effects of risk perception and sense of place on disaster preparedness have been widely reported.However, most studies have only demonstrated weak relationships and it is unknown whether these are applicable to China. This study investigated such relationships in hazard-threatened areas of the Three Gorges Reservoir area in southwestern China. Data were collected from 348 farming households in landslide-prone areas. Binary logistic and Tobit regression models were constructed to determine whether risk perception and sense of place influence landslide preparedness. The results show that:(1)Farming households' awareness of the need to prepare for disasters was relatively low, and disaster preparedness behaviors were mainly based on self-learning. Among the348 sampled households, 67% exhibited no disaster preparedness behavior, and only 2% adopted four of the five types of disaster preparedness behaviors. About a quarter of farming households consciously learned disaster-related knowledge.(2) Risk perception and sense of place had important influences on disaster preparedness. Respondentswho received higher scores on the perception of the probability of a landslide, the threat of a landslide, and the place dependence variables were more likely to adopt a greater number of disaster preparedness behaviors.Respondents with higher scores on the perception of controllability in the case of a landslide were less likely to adopt a greater number of disaster preparedness behaviors.Additionally, individual and household socioeconomic characteristics—education, loss, distance from hazard site,information acquisition channel, and housing material—were all related to household disaster preparedness behavior. This study contributes to the current literature by improving the understanding of the relationships of risk perception and sense of place to disaster preparedness in farming households threatened by geological disasters in southwestern China.

中国国家公园体制试点区“投射-感知”形象差异及优化路径研究

基于“投射-感知”和木桶等理论,以网络游记文本为研究对象,运用网络文本分析和成分距离分析等方法,将中国国家公园体制试点区的官方投射形象与游客感知形象进行对比,并采用二维四象模型对其形象进行优化路径探究。研究发现:1)中国国家公园体制试点区“投射-感知”形象差异明显,投射类高频词主要涵盖生态与自然保护等方面,感知类高频词主要包括旅游体验和设施设备感受等方面;基于高频词特性研判,将10个试点区归纳为生态环境类、空间布局类、服务品质类和功能价值类4个形象主类目,且不同试点区“投射-感知”形象构成不同的组合类型。2)关系链方面,官方投射和游客感知社会网络语义呈现“核心—次核心”发散状的网络结构特征,分别构成“国家-公园-生态-保护”和“景色-景区-景点”2条关系链。3)形象结构差异方面,空间布局主类目成分差异较大,其作为木桶短板影响试点区整体形象的塑造。为此,中国国家公园体制试点区形象存在较大提升空间,应从“整体-局部”视角出发,针对不同国家公园体制试点区的“投射-感知”差异区域,采取因地制宜的优化对策。

Pre‑rainy Season Rainstorms in South China—Risk Perception of the 11 April 2019 Rainstorm in Shenzhen City

With the acceleration of urbanization in South China, rainstorms and floods are threatening the safety of people in urban areas. The 11 April 2019(4·11 hereafter)rainstorm in Shenzhen City was a typical pre-rainy season rainstorm that caused great damage, yet such pre-rainy season events have not attracted sufficient attention in research.Risk perception of the public may indirectly affect their disaster preparedness, which is important for disaster management. In this study, we conducted a questionnaire survey that considered demographic factors and the level of risk perception, knowledge of risk, impact of the 4·11 rainstorm event on public risk perception, and degree of trust in the government. We used a two-factor model of risk perception to evaluate the factors that influenced public risk perception of the 4·11 rainstorm in Shenzhen. The main conclusions are: The 4·11 rainstorm improved public awareness of both risk and impact through the medium term, but the public’s perceived low probability of disaster occurrence and lack of knowledge of the pre-rainy season rainstorm phenomenon led to serious losses during this event. Although the public has high trust in the Shenzhen government, the management of rainstorm disasters in the pre-rainy season needs to be further improved.