Cost-profit analysis for Japan-Russia and Japan-South Korea interconnectors

This paper describes the results of cost-profit analysis related to interconnectors for Japan-Russia and JapanSouth Korea based on the Asia International Grid Connection Study Group 2^(nd) report. The Group has been established in 2016 for conducting research on international electric power networks in Asia from the viewpoint of technology, investment and legal framework. 2^(nd) report of the Group was published in June 2018, examining the profitability of an interconnectors between Japan and neighboring countries. The Group has calculated expected profit from operation of these interconnectors.The Group has categorized interconnector business into four models from the survey of preceding and current business on grids and interconnectors. To clarify profitability, expected internal rate of return(IRR) was calculated for each business model based on estimated investment cost for each route. When interconnector is dedicated to specific power plants or suppliers and electricity can be sold at Japan wholesale market at 2016-2017 price level, positive IRR levels are expected in case that Free on Board(FOB) price lower than 7 JPY/kWh. When the investment will be covered by electricity tariff by final consumers, tariff for consumers will just slightly increase by approximately 0.1 JPY/kWh.

Route designs and cost estimation for Japan-Russia and Japan-South Korea interconnections

This paper describes route designs and cost estimation for possible interconnections between Japan-Russia and between Japan-South Korea based on the Asia International Grid Connection Study Group 2^(nd) report. The Group has conducted a desktop study to design several cable routes as possible options. To optimize the route, the group studied a wide range of open data, regarding sea depth, fishery zones, geographic condition, available transmission capacity in connecting points inside Japan and so on. The result of desktop study shows that it is possible to keep sea depth for planned routes less than 300 m and length for most of designed routes is less than 600 km. Compare to existing undersea cables in Europe, proposed routes are not challenging from technical and geological viewpoints.The study shows that investment cost range, including cost for grid enhancement inside Japan, is from around 200 bn JPY to 600 bn JPY, depending on the routes. Annualized cost range is from around 8 to 24 bn JPY(for 25-year operation), which is not so large compare to 1800 bn JPY-average annual investment in transmission infrastructure by 10 power utilities in the past 23 years.

Differences in Self-Assessment Regarding Eating Behaviors among Female University Students Living in Japan, Korea, and Austria

Objective: To investigate cross-cultural differences in self-assessments of eating behaviors of female university students who bear responsibility for their own eating behaviors and who will, in the future, likely determine a family’s eating style. Design: A cross-cultural comparison. Setting: Japan, South Korea, and Austria. Subjects: Female university students from Japan (n = 276), Korea (n = 103), and Austria (n = 127). The survey comprised a questionnaire containing ten sections about eating behaviors (eating habits, regular meal times, and frequency of food intake) and eating attitudes. Results: Eating behaviors and attitudes differed significantly among the three cultures. Japanese students practiced healthier eating behaviors than did Korean and Austrian students, on the basis of their variety of food intake and regular consumption of three meals, but rated themselves lower on healthy eating behaviors. Austrian students tended to have more independent attitudes toward eating and food preparation (e.g., “I want to eat only my favorite dishes”) than Japanese or Korean students. Conclusions: Effects of cultural differences in psychological processes, such as self-cognition, emotion, motivation, and values, on self-assessment of eating behaviors is suggested.

An Inquiry into the Approach to Asian Regional Trade Integration Under the Belt and Road Initiative——The Case of the Alignment of a China-Japan-South Korea Free Trade Area

It has been five years since the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) was first introduced. Though there has been a growing body of literature on regional cooperation between covered countries, Japan and South Korea have been barely discussed. This paper starts with the consensus-based mechanism of a China-Japan-South Korea Free Trade Area (FTA) to probe the approach of its alignment with the BRI in terms of the sequence of “master plans,”“viability of cooperation,” and “embedding of rules.” This inquiry found that the three countries have a shared interest in cooperation in Central Asia to which China prefers a pragmatic approach, while Japan and South Korea an approach combining idealism with pragmatism. Given the huge potential of cooperation between the trio, it is suggested that a “Central Asia chapter” be incorporated in the negotiation framework of this trilateral FTA, and that the design feature three aspects;fundamental principles, specific rules, and an executive body with a view to functionally contributing to regional trade integration in Asia. This approach may also be applied to the alignment of other Asian areas with the BRI.

Current guidelines for Helicobacter pylori treatment in East Asia 2022:Differences among China,Japan,and South Korea

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is highly prevalent in East Asia. The overallseroprevalence rate of H. pylori infection is 44.2% in China, 37.6%-43.2% in Japan,and 51.0% in South Korea. H. pylori can cause peptic ulcer disease and gastriccancer. East Asian countries have high rates of gastric cancer (age-standardizedincidence rate: 20-30 per 100000). The Kyoto global consensus report emphasizedthat H. pylori gastritis should be considered the main cause for the development ofgastric cancer. H. pylori treatment guidelines in China, Japan, and South Koreahave recently been revised according to data from each of those countries.However, emerging antibiotic resistance is an important barrier to H. pylorieradication. The recommended H. pylori treatment regimens differ among thosethree East Asian countries. In this review, recent guidelines and up-to-dateresearch on H. pylori treatment regimens from China, Japan, and South Korea arediscussed.

Secular Changes in Child Height in Japan and South Korea: Consumption of Animal Proteins and “Essential Nutrients”

Child height in Japan and South Korea increased dramatically over the past half century. At age 17 - 18 years, male students in Japan were 2 cm taller in the 1960s through 1970s, still barely taller in the 1980s than S. Korean students, but by the early 1990s they ceased to grow any taller in height, whereas their Korean peers kept increasing in height to overtake their Japanese peers by 3 cm in the mid-2000s. Economic growth was rapid in both countries, but S. Korea some two decades behind Japan. Per capita GDP in Japan was four times that in S. Korea in the mid-1980s and twice in the early-2000s. Food consumption increased conspicuously in both countries, with per capita net supply of animal products in Japan noticeably exceeding that in S. Korea in the early-2000s. However, per capita total caloric intake has been a few hundred kcal/day greater in S. Korea than in Japan since the end of 1970s, mainly from cereals. In particular, S. Koreans have consumed nearly twice as many vegetables as Japanese after the early 1980s. What may deserve attention is that Japanese youth, as compared to their older generations, drastically reduced their consumption of fruit and vegetables in the mid-1970s, whereas their S. Korean counterparts have maintained their consumption of these produce. These contrasts in food consumption patterns may have contributed to the differences in child height development in the two countries.

Clinical application of traditional herbal medicine in five countries and regions: Japan;South Korea;China's Mainland;Hong Kong, China;Taiwan, China

Objective:To study the characteristics of the clinical application of traditional herbal medicine in five countries and regions where traditional medicine(TM)is widely used:Japan;South Korea;China's Mainland;Hong Kong,China;Taiwan,China.And to analyze,from multiple angles,the variations in the methods of TM used in each countries and regions.Methods:Fifty commonly used traditional herbs(TOP50)from classical formulae were selected,and descriptive statistics,correlation analyses,and Friedman test were used to compare methods of clinical application and dosages in the countries and regions of interest based on a retrospective review of randomly-selected medical records.Results:There were significant differences in sequencing TOP50 among the five countries and regions(P<.01).The adherence to the classical formulae,from strong to weak was Japan;China's Mainland;Taiwan,China;Hong Kong,China;South Korea.There were also significant differences in TOP50 dosing regimens(P<.01).Overall dosages of TOP50 from high to low were:China's Mainland;Hong Kong,China;Taiwan,China;South Korea;Japan.Finally,there were significant differences in the dosage intervals(P<.01),with dosage intervals from maximum to minimum as follows:China's Mainland;Taiwan,China;Hong Kong,China;South Korea;Japan.Conclusions:The clinical dosages of traditional herbal medicine used in the China's Mainland are relatively large compared with those prescribed in the other four countries and regions,and the range of dosages in China's Mainland is more flexible.On the other hand,clinical dosages of TOP50 are the lowest in Japan,where the dosage range is also the narrowest,supporting the idea that Doctors of Kampo medicine are highly cautious and are likely to adhere strictly to classical formulae,while Hong Kong,China and Taiwan,China are in the middle.The dosage of TOP50 in South Korea is significantly lower than that used in the China's Mainland;Hong Kong,China and Taiwan,China where the adherence to the classical formulae was the lowest,albeit slightly higher than that in Japan.The methods of clinical application of traditional herbal medicine in the five countries and regions were affected by multiple factors,including history,geography,climate,and culture.

A case study of WebGIS technology for distance learning between Korea and Japan

Recently, some case study of distance learning by internet line are widely carried out. Until now, the cultural or friendship exchange was a main purpose using distance learning program. In our research group, a distance learning which connected 3 sites (Nagasaki and Omura and Kagoshima in Japan) was tried as a domestic example[1]. In this case, internet exclusive line and portable telephone were utilized for DVTS technical support of distance learning. Nowadays, the international distance learning for education is also beginning. Our research group also tried international distance learning between Kwangju city of Korea and Nagasaki city of Japan using DVTS techniques with the tools of WebGIS education materials.

Comparative Analyses of Height Growth Velocities of School Boys in South Korea and Japan in the Past 50 Years

The paper compares the height growth velocities of male schoolchildren in South Korea and Japan over the period 1961-2018. Growth in height was measured with the same birth cohorts, not by comparing mean height of ascending ages in the same year. Starting from a lower economic base and mean height in the 1960s, high school males aged 17 in South Korea became 3 cm taller in mean height than their Japanese peers in the mid-2000s versus 2 - 3 cm shorter in the 1960s through 1970s. Children in Japan ceased to grow taller by the end of the 1980s, not because they quit taking more animal-sourced foods, meat and milk, but because they had drastically steered away from fruit and vegetables in their diets since the end of the 1970s. Having largely converged economically with Japan, South Korean children ceased to grow any taller in the mid-2000s. More importantly, it was discovered in this study that successive cohorts in South Korea started to fall gradually but steadily in height growth velocity from 1st graders in middle school, aged 12 years to 3rd graders in high school, and aged 17 years, to be once again 3 cm below their Japanese peers in the early-2010s. Analysis of Korea Household Expenditure Surveys classified by age groups of household head, decomposed by the author, revealed that children under 20 years of age in South Korea began to steer away from fruit and, particularly, vegetables in their at-home consumption in the mid-1990s, to average only 15% of the level of older adults in their 50s in the mid-2010s. These results lend supports to the importance of fruit and vegetables as determinants in height and its growth velocities in two genetically similar nations over time and stages of economic growth.

Factors associated with the nurses’intent to stay in China,Japan,and Korea:an integrative review

Objective:Nurse’s dimission and attrition are globally considered as a public health issue.However,few studies have focused on the nurse shortage from the perspective of intent to stay,as previous studies have focused only on why they left.The purpose of this study was to conduct an integrative review of the factors connected with why nurses in China,Japan,and Korea stay in their current workplace.Methods:The review was done using three databases namely CNKI,Wanfang,and Web of science.The relevant studies published by Chinese,Japanese,and Koreans from 2010 were also included in this review.Literature screening and data extraction were performed by the two researchers,and the qualitative research methods were used for analysis.Results:A total of 17 studies were analyzed in this review and of these two were qualitative and 15 were quantitative.Three themes and six sub-themes emerged from the synthesization of the data of 17 studies,which will help us to find the factors for nurses’intent to stay.The three aspects such as professional characteristics,nurses’individual characteristics,and organizational factors are the main contributing factors of nurses’intent to stay.Conclusions:This integrated review has thrown some important factors about nurses’intent to stay.It is increasingly clear that when(1)nurses have a good professional status,(2)nurses could enjoy a good working relationship,(3)the workplace could meet the needs of personal development,and(4)nurses have good organizational support and excellent leaders,they are inclined to stay in their current jobs.Managers need to adopt targeted measures to improve nurses’intent to stay and to provide a practical reference for health care institutions and managers in different countries and areas to increase the retention rate of nurses and to alleviate the current situation of nurse shortage.

Is Seeing Believing？A Critical Analysis of Japanese Colonial Photographs of Korea

In order to assess Roland Barthes＇ argument that interpretation of photography depends on cultural codes embeddedtherein, a collection of photos from the Japanese Government-General of Ch6sen （GGC）, which controlled Korea1910-1945, were examined. These colonial images and associated text, commonly in English, were aimed primarilyat the West, with which the Japanese sought alignment. Of the three common categories of GGC photos, ＂scientific＂or ＂anthropological＂ images corresponded with portrayals by Western colonial powers of the supposed inferiornature of subjugated peoples and cultures. Individuals in such pictures tend to lose their identities and are reducedto a stereotype, less human than the observer. ＂Before and after＂ photos depicted alleged GGC progress in suchareas as education and infrastructure. Pictures of ＂happy colonial subjects＂ conveyed an impression of Koreansenjoying the benevolence of the new administration. While this photojournalism favorably impressed someWesterners, others employed images of the 1919 Korean uprising, and its suppression, to discredit the Japanese.The overall assessment demonstrates the polemical manipulation of photography.

Impacts of a Japan–South Korea power system interconnection on the competitiveness of electric power companies according to power exchange prices

In many regions,international power system interconnections provide economic,energy-security,environmental,and technical benefits.In contrast,such interconnections remain scarce in Northeast Asia.In 2016,after approving a joint memorandum of understanding between major electric power companies from China,Japan,South Korea,and Russia,related initiatives regained momentum in the region.Nevertheless,the corresponding developments in Japan remain limited,mainly owing to the lack of involvement of Japanese electric power companies.This study represents a pioneering attempt to provide an economic assessment based on power exchange prices of a power system interconnection between Japan and South Korea regarding the competitiveness of electric power companies in terms of competitive business segments and strategic consequences.We found that although the position of Japanese generators may slightly deteriorate,that of the supply segment would substantially improve,thus suggesting that more opportunities than threats are derived from the interconnection.This promising outcome may foster the adoption of an interconnection with South Korea considering the positive economic and business perspectives in Japan.Furthermore,realizing the interconnection may improve the energy security and air quality in the region.

China,Japan and South Korea Discuss New Opportunities Brought About by the RCEP

This year marks the 50th an­niversary of the normaliza­tion of diplomatic relations between China and Japan,and is also the 30th anniversary of the establishment of formal diplomatic rela­tions between China and South Korea.The signing of the RCEP has opened up new developmental opportunities for all three countries.The fifth China-Japan-Korea Business Conference was recently held in Zhejiang.Around 400 business del­egates from the three countries gath­ered in Shaoxing City to discuss how to further cooperation and achieve better development under the frame­work of the RCEP。

Why Do Immigration Policies Differ Between Japan and Korea

Foreign immigrants to South Korea are transforming the demographic map of the nation. Survey findings have revealed that the rapid influx of foreigners into South Korea since the year of 2000 has brought about a population increase that has surpassed initial government predictions. In contrast, Japan continues to restrict foreign nationals, in spite of sharp decreasing of national population. But why did such a difference in the respective policies of Japan and South Korea regarding foreign workers and immigration, and citizenship, suddenly come into existence after the year of 2000？ This paper addresses this single question, and answers to the question that the differences of political opportunity structures around immigration policies in these two countries matter. Firstly, in Japan, the business sectors which want to have more immigrants have difficulties in reestablishing the strong relations with ruling parties but South Korean business still keeps the smooth relations with conservative governments. Secondly, Japanese labor unions regard immigrants as a serious threat against their members＇ jobs, but immigrant issues are understood as one of the human rights issues against which unions have to work. Thirdly, anti-immigrants groups in Japan are given chances to bring their message through traditional media such as TVs, but the doors of traditional media are closed for the groups in South Korea.

China Forges Closer Cultural Ties with Japan and South Korea

China’s cultural dxchanges with foreign countries have advanced from separate and shortterm prog5rams inta conprehensive and largescale alal activities the 2000 ferlin asia-pacific week highlighting chinese culture has just wuond up successfully china culture year will be heid in france in

中日韩自由贸易协议对中国农业的经济与环境影响研究--基于可计算局部均衡模型的分析

在2010年中日韩领导人会议上,三国政府表示将推动中日韩自由贸易协议(CJKFTA:China-Japan-Korea Free Trade Agreement)的签署,加快三国贸易自由化进程。我国农产品在三国贸易中占有比较优势,在出口增加的同时,也可能拉动国内生产规模的扩大,造成环境影响。为了提高我国政府在中日韩区域经济一体化谈判进程中对农业环境问题的重视程度,并为其提供环境决策依据,需要定量分析CJKFTA对中国农业的环境影响。采用"贸易-经济-环境"链式反应评价方法(CRAM)及其框架下的可计算局部均衡(CPE)模型,能够利用更具时效性的数据,深入到微观产业乃至产品层面,比较直观而清晰地定量分析一项贸易政策的经济、环境影响。按照贸易自由化程度的不同,设置了低、中、高三种政策情景,对CJKFTA下与农产品相关的贸易政策进行分析。模拟结果表明:CJKFTA的实施将会促进我国农业的发展,表现为农产品贸易量和产量的增长;同时也可能对环境产生一定程度的负面影响,包括COD、TN、TP、农药、农膜、温室气体等污染物排放量的增加,以及水资源消耗量的增大。因此,如何出台配套政策以缓冲CJKFTA下中国农业的不利环境影响,是值得关注和重视的课题。

GB2763-2021食用菌中农药种类和最大残留限量变化及与CAC和欧美日韩国家标准比较分析

旨在评估我国食用菌农药残留限量控制水平,打破或跨越技术性贸易壁垒,促进食用菌产业高质量发展和保障出口安全。收集GB2763标准中食用菌农药残留种类及最大限量和食用菌国家、行业标准,以及CAC、欧盟、美国、日本和韩国食用菌农药残留限量标准,分析我国食用菌农药残留控制种类和限量历史变迁,GB2763-2021基本特征。以GB2763-2021为例,比较分析与CAC和欧盟美日韩食用菌分类、农药残留控制种类及限量差异。我国食用菌和/或蘑菇(鲜)农药残留控制种类从2种(2003)、17种(2012)、20种(2015),发展到68种(2021),分为临时和常规限量2种,限量值0.01mg/kg的33种,占48.5%。食用菌分类与欧盟、美国、日本、韩国不同,残留农药的数量、限量值差异明显,整体控制水平高于CAC、美国和韩国,与欧盟、日本还存在相当差距。不同国家的不同食用菌在不同年代,其农药残留控制种类及限值不同,呈复杂性、多样性、动态性、差异性。我国食用菌中的农药残留控制水平发展较快,其残留限量趋近于发达国家的“一律标准”。应借鉴发达国家的食用菌分类及农药最大残留限量值设定方法,以提高我国食用菌产业的国际竞争力。

19世纪初叶面对西洋宗教的朝鲜、日本与中国--以“黄嗣永帛书”为中心

从李朝朝鲜时代著名的"黄嗣永帛书"事件说起,这里叙述的是19世纪初叶朝鲜、日本和中国在应对西洋宗教时呈现出种种不同的历史现象。重心是想通过19世纪初面对西洋宗教时的不同策略,观看同属于所谓"东亚"的三国在政治、社会与宗教上的差异,以及这些差异是如何导致面对西洋宗教时策略的差异的,因为这种差异还会多多少少影响到此后三国面对西洋"坚船利炮"时的不同态度。同时,还特别讨论了三个问题:一是如何重新评价近代史研究中的所谓"冲击—反应"模式;二是同样面对西方"冲击",需要追问为什么东亚诸国会各有各的"反应";三是如何在全球史背景中,重新审视近世"东海"即中国、日本以及朝鲜之间,由于加入了西洋因素而变得复杂和交错的历史。

美国在日韩邦交正常化谈判中的作用(1951-1965)

日韩邦交正常化谈判(1951-1965)历时长达14年之久,不可避免地受到国际环境的影响,尤其受到美国东北亚战略的影响。反之,日韩会谈也从一个侧面反映了东北亚冷战格局的演变。探讨美国在日韩邦交正常化谈判中的作用,可以分析美国为什么“搭台”以及如何“搭台”的。

日韩包容性生育支持政策的探索与成效反思

为应对生育率下降危机,日本和韩国分别就生育政策进行转型,其包容性生育支持政策对我国优化生育支持措施具有借鉴意义。日韩的包容性生育支持政策可归纳为经济支持、保育支持和就业支持三大类,涵盖税收减免、经济补贴、住房优惠、托育服务、就业帮扶等方面,这些政策在一定程度上缓解了女性的工作和育儿冲突,减轻了家庭育儿负担。但截至目前,日韩的生育支持政策并未真正解决两国生育率不断下降的问题,亦未扭转日益严重的生育危机。我国正处于生育政策转型的关键时期,应借鉴日韩两国的经验,吸取两国的教训,立足人口发展规律,把握好政策前瞻性与灵活性,加强财政保障生育支持的普惠性,在社会层面多维度鼓励生育,培育积极的婚育观念和社会风尚,加快构建以人为本的生育配套支持体系,从而积极应对低生育水平和少子化社会的困境。