Land use change of Kitakyushu based on landscape ecology and Markov model

Based on four phases of TM images acquired in 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2005, this paper took Kitakyushu in Japan as a case study to analyze spatial change of land use landscape and corresponding effects on environmental issues guided by landscape ecology theory in virtue of combining technology of Remote Sensing with GIS. Firstly, land use types were divided into 6 classes （farmland, mountain, forestland, water body, urban land and unused land） according to national classification standard of land use, comprehensible ability of TM image and purpose of this study. Secondly, following the theory of landscape ecology analysis, 11 typical landscape indices were abstracted to evaluate the environmental effects and spatial feature changes of land use. Research results indicated that land use has grown more and more diversified and unbalanced, human activities have disturbed the landscape more seriously. Finally, transfer matrix of Markov was applied to forecast change process of land use in the future different periods, and then potential land use changes were also simulated from 2010 to 2050. Results showed that conversion tendency for all types of land use in Kitakyushu into urban construction land were enhanced. The study was anticipated to help local authorities better understand and address a complex land use system, and develop improved land use management strategies that could better balance urban expansion and ecological conservation.

River system in Japan from a landscape ecological aspect

The objective of this study was to elucidate characteristics associated with rivers by classification of major rivers in Japan into several types based on riparian conditions. As the results of principal component analysis (PCA) with use of parameters reflecting forms and artificial alterations of respective rivers, four major components such as “comprehensive riparian size', “intactness of water front', “continuity of streams' and “simplicity of landform in river basin' were extracted. Subsequently, cluster analysis was performed based on principal component scores, leading to successful classification of major rivers into 6 types. These findings disclosed that (1) the extracted principal components provide effective viewpoint for classification of rivers; (2) distribution of respective classes indicates area properties; and (3) the employed quantitative procedures were found effective for classification of major rivers.

Mangrove Forests Mapping in the Southern Part of Japan Using Landsat ETM+ with DEM

A regional map of mangrove forests was produced for six islands located in the southern part of Japan by integrating the spectral analyses of Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper plus (ETM+) images with a digital elevation model (DEM). Several attempts were applied to propose a reliable method, which can be used to map the distribution of mangrove forests at a regional scale. The methodology used in this study comprised of obtaining the difference between Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), band ratio 5/4, and band 5, from Landsat ETM+, and integrating them with the topographic information. The integration of spectral analyses with topographic data has clearly separated the mangrove forests from other vegetation. An accuracy assessment was carried out in order to check the accuracy of the results. High overall accuracy ranging from 89.3% to 93.6% was achieved, which increased the opportunity to use this methodology in other countries rich in mangrove forests.

The relationship between income inequality and obesity in all 47 prefectures of Japan: Ecological study

The link between income inequality and obesity inJapanwas evaluated. Income inequality of all 47 prefectures of Japan as expressed by Gini coefficient was obtained from National Statistics Center, Japan. The rate of obesity (%) was also obtained from National NutritionSurvey,Japan. The effect of income inequality on obesity was evaluated by ecological study. Income inequality as expressed by Gini coefficient was 0.31 ± 0.01 and the rate of obesity was 31.6% ± 5.6%. Gini coefficient was significantly and positively correlated with the rate of obesity (r = 0.490, p = 0.0005). Income inequality was might be associated with the rate of obesity inJapan.

Relationship between Road Traffic Accidents and Drinking Habits in All 47 Prefectures of Japan

We evaluated the road traffic accidents and drinking habits in all 47 prefectures of Japanby ecological study. Data on traffic accidents were obtained from Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications,Japan. Drinking habits were also obtained from Ministry of Health Labour and Welfare and The General Insurance Association of Japan. The effect of drinking on road traffic accidents was evaluated by ecological study. Road traffic accidents were 15442.0 ± 14404.9 deaths due to road traffic accidents were 103.5 ± 57.5 and injured subjects due to road traffic accidents were 19068.3 ± 17433.6 in 2010 inall 47 prefectures of Japan. Drinking habits was significantly and negatively correlated with injured subjects due to road traffic accidents. However, road traffic accidents due to drinking was positively correlated with injured subjects due to road traffic accidents (r = 0.492, p = 0.0004). In conclusion, drinking habits and road traffic accidents due to drunk driving were closely linked to injured subjects due to road traffic accidents inJapan.

Daily step counts were associated with suicide in all 47 prefectures of Japan

The link between suicide and daily step counts was evaluated in all 47 prefectures of Japan by ecological study. The crude rate of suicide was significantly and negatively correlated with daily step counts. However, the association between the age-adjusted rate of suicide and daily step counts was noted only in men. These results suggest that increasing daily step counts may be useful for preventing suicide, especially in men, in Japan.

Mangroves Restoration and Observation in Kaohsiung Jhong-Dou Wetland

The ecosystems of Kaohsiung are rich and diverse. Examples of ecosystems include the tropical rainforest ecology, marine ecology of the coastal forests, and the estuary type ecology of mangrove forests. The Jhong-Dou Wetland Park is situated in the Jhong-Dou Redevelopment Zone, 2.5km from the Lover River Estuary. This area is defined by brackish aquatic environments--a mixture of fresh and salt water, and fulfills the criteria for mangrove restoration. It is expected that the current restoration project will recreate an epitome of the once-diverse, co-existing mangrove species of Kaohsiung＇s past, and improves upon the functions of environmental education. The initial mangrove species planned for restoration are the existing Kandelia obovata, Rhizophora stylosa, Avicennia marina and the Lumnitzera racemosa populations of the Kaohsiung area. These plants will be placed in experimental habitats that correspond to the unique micro-climates required for the growth of each species, and the mangrove-associated plants will also be restored concurrently in the terrestrial environments behind the mangrove forests. The process of restoration will be monitored by academia, as well as providing reference for subsequent mangrove environment restoration efforts. The main purpose of this research in these four mangrove species of this wetland park is to understand their adaptation to the rehabilitating environment, and be able to feedback these information to the design and maintenance team of the park. The research method is to observe and record their growing status, also execute a survey on the nearby mangrove habitation. The observation has started on December 1 st of 2010, and still has been continued carry on since then. From the research result, it shows that the A vicennia marina （Forsk.） Vierh. and Lumnitzera racemosa Willd. are the two species that had been well adapted to this wetland park. It was recommended to the Kaohsiung City Government that the restoration of the extinct Ceriops tagal and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza can be achieved through foreign species exchanges （the species must be identified before introduction）, and that plans for monitoring the flora and fauna in the park should be drafted to record the ecological alterations of the Jhong-Dou Wetlands. This will pronounce the ecological importance of Kaohsiung on a global, geographical scale. Lastly, the Government should draw up plans of mangrove forest maintenance in order to sustain the ecological and landscape recreational functions of the Jhong-Dou Wetland Park.

Ecological Relationship between Mud Crab Scylla serrata (Forskal) and Mangroves and the Pattern of Utilization

The ecological relationship between mud crab Scylla serrata(Forskal)and mangroveswas described in this paper.Mangrove swamps are important reproductive places for mud crabs,where zoeae,megalopae,juveniles from 1st to 14th instar,adult crabs and ovigerous female crabswere found.Mangrove roots and the leaf litter are the shelters of the mud crab.The zoeae andmegalopae of mud crab can normally grow and develop on the plankton and debris that are well-supplied in mangrove swamps.There are a lot of Phascolesoma,Mollusca and Crustacea whichconstitute the delicious foods of the mud crab in mangrove swamps.The larger crabs have apreference for Ostrea,Balanus and Vignadula which usually amply adhere and endanger themangroves,so the mud crab is helpful for the development of the mangrove communties.Finallya pattern of ecological culture of the mud crab in mangrove swamps was suggested.

The Mangroves of the East of Madagascar: Ecological Potentials and Pressures

With 213,000 ha of remaining mangroves in 2016, Madagascar has about 4260 ha of mangrove on its Eastern coast. The purpose of this article is to provide essential data on the spatial distribution of this ecosystem of Eastern Madagascar, its ecological potentials and the pressures on its resources. Five Eastern Mangrove sites were selected, from South to North, because of their accessibility and their spatial position: Foulpointe, Sainte Marie, Manompana, Mananara Nord and Rigny. Eastern mangroves regenerate quite well, with a regeneration rate of over 500%. Their height and basal area range respectively between 1.7 - 12 m and 7 - 42 m2·ha-1. The aboveground biomass perfacies can go up to 47 t·ha-1, or even more, at the level of the large homogeneous mangrove of Mananara and Rigny (>70 t·ha-1), whereas this one does not exceed 10 - 20 t·ha-1 in the sporadic mangroves of Foulpointe and Manompana. The carbon sequestration capacity of the aboveground biomass is estimated at more than 5 - 20 t·ha-1, along a South-North gradient, equivalent to a minimum sequestration potential of 21,300 to 85,200 t for the whole East. Despite these ecological potentials and the low annual clearance rates observed for some sites, this ecosystem is subject to anthropogenic pressures linked to urbanization, timber harvesting and irrational exploitation of fishery resources.

Adjustment of Payments for Ecological Benefits in Traditional Agricultural Areas: Case Study on SADO Island, Japan

To date, theories of eco-compensation and biological restoration have been popular, and some models in developed countries are treated as good examples. Here, we not only focus on Japan, but also pay more attention to challenges during this process. Based on a long-term field study on Sado Island, a less developed region in Japan, we attempt to describe how the government carries out environmental remediation towards the reintroduction of ibis （Species name） into the wild, and the conflict between ibis habitat restoration and farm management. We discuss the underlying reasons for this conflict and the negative effect on regional development. We follow policy improvements of the local government and related supplementary help carried out to fix the mismatch between the payment for ecological benefits and that lost by farmers in the pre-period. We conclude that the coordination of interest among different social groups is the key for success in ecological restoration and compensatory measures have to be made to meet the actual needs of the local groups. This case study in Japan can be applied to similar regions with poor environments and urgent environment restoration needs in China.

The impact of rapid urban expansion on coastal mangroves:a case study in Guangdong Province,China

Mangroves serve many important ecological functions and consequently represent a dominant coastal ecosystem.However,coastal regions are very susceptible to ecological damage due to their high population density,urban expansion being one of the most important influencing factors.Accordingly,it is vital to ascertain how urban expansion endangers mangrove ecosystems.This study used the decision-tree classification method based on classification and regression tree(CART)algorithm to extract areas of mangrove and built-up land from Landsat images.A correlation analysis was performed between the change in the area of mangroves and the change in the area of built-up land at the cell scale.This study aimed to reveal the magnitude of the influence of urban expansion on mangrove forests in different periods and in different regions,and to identify the places that are seriously affected by urban expansion.The results demonstrate that this approach can be used to quantitatively analyze the impact of urban expansion on mangrove forests,and show that larger areas of mangrove were affected by urban expansion in the past 30 years.The effects of urban expansion were stronger over time,with approximately 12%of cells containing mangroves showing a negative correlation between the increase in the area of built-up land and the change in the area of mangrove forests to different degrees from 2005 to 2015.The same quantitative analysis was also carried out in three subregions of Guangdong Province,namely western Guangdong Province,the Pearl River Delta,and eastern Guangdong Province.It was found that the situations in these three regions were very different due to discrepancies in the distribution of mangroves,the rate of urban expansion,and the awareness of the local government regarding environmental protection.These results can assist in the management of coastal cities and the protection of mangrove ecosystems.

Invaders’ control on post-disturbance succession in coastal mangroves

Aims In recent years,coastal mangroves have been frequently affected by large disturbances(cyclones,hurricanes,flooding and tsunamis)and post-disturbance vegetation is often dominated by small stature mangrove,mangrove-associate and non-mangrove species potentially affecting ecosystem functioning.Knowledge on the processes of mangrove vegetation development and recovery(succession)following normal and large disturbances will benefit practitioners in designing robust ecosystem management/restoration plans.Here we propose a conceptual model of disturbance-mediated succession in mangroves.Methods Based on field observations and species’life history traits,we develop conceptual models of mangrove succession under normal disturbance regime and recently experienced increased frequency of large disturbances.We evaluate our conceptual models by conducting a scenario testing experiment.Important Findings We suggest two predominant processes affecting mangrove succession after disturbance:propagule limitation due to damage of seed producing mature trees and dispersal barrier resulting from biological invasion associated with large disturbance.We argue that large disturbances affect mature trees more than the small-stature non-tree(shrubs,herbs and climbers)species creating a larger propagule shortage for mangrove tree species than non-tree species.Secondly,large disturbances facilitate invasion of free-floating aquatics,which may interfere with the flow-facilitated propagule dispersal and seedling establishment of mangrove species.In a scenario testing experiment,we have shown that similar levels of disturbance impact vegetation development and recovery differently depending on the presence or absence of invasive species.We conclude that since biological invasion is one of the major drivers of post-disturbance mangrove succession,the dimension of biological invasion should be included in prediction,management and restoration of mangrove forests.

国际战略传播:日本的理念、能力建设及启示

日本的国际战略传播建构以推进体系机制建设和强化传播能力为中心,旨在提升与安保战略的适配度,强化舆论战、思想战能力,维护国家利益、塑造国家形象,进而推进其价值观外交。日本国际战略传播能力、传播生态及其体系机制构建的关键,是建立一套由首相官邸领导和外务省主导的能够充分培养外宣人才,承接官民两轨外宣渠道需求、增容社交网络资源,广域多维、高效协同的现代传播体系。其策略为有效利用传统媒体与新媒体以及文化符号系统,实施分众化、在地性和植入式传播,以宣传日本的政策主张、文化魅力等,塑造有利日本的文化心理和国际舆论环境。日本加速构建国际战略传播,推动其传统外宣向主体性、主导型外宣转化,实现外宣战略、外交战略和国家战略三位一体的转变。

厦门下潭尾红树“实验林”研究成果分析和启示

为了研究林鹏院士2005年在厦门市下潭尾开展的红树林“实验林”对厦门市红树林红树林生态修复工作的指导作用,本研究分析了该“实验林”的乡土种秋茄(Kandelia obovata)和引进种无瓣海桑(Sonneratia apetala)生态恢复影响、乡土种与引进种不同搭配种植模式的生态效果,以及其各阶段植被演变的状况。结果表明,无瓣海桑在厦门海域扩散能力差,未见生态入侵的危害,并有逐渐生态归化趋势;通过加强监控、扬长避短,因地制宜、分区施策、适地适树,合理规划,可以充分发挥外来植物的正面作用。

规制日本向海洋处置核污染水的相关国际法理剖析

日本向海洋处置核污染水问题,违反了《伦敦倾废公约》及其《1996年议定书》有关风险预防、防止与减少及控制海洋环境污染、加强国际合作、开展海洋环评、可持续发展等规定,也暴露出国际法中相关规定在应对此类问题上存在规则不严密、适用局限性以及约束力度不足等缺陷。为了全面、有效规制日本向海洋处置核污染水,《伦敦倾废公约》及其《1996年议定书》需要进一步做出有针对性的修订与完善,切实加强履约工作,充分发挥国际法作用,以维护海洋生态环境安全。

万宁市小海红树林生境适宜性评价及修复分析

【目的】定量分析评估复杂环境条件与红树林分布特征之间的交互作用,探索一定区域尺度上红树林生境适宜性及适生区空间分布格局。【方法】以万宁市小海为研究区,选取水文动力、水质底质、地形高程3个大类环境变量,通过层次分析法搭建评价结构模型,结合德尔菲法获得各指标权重,并将各环境指标经归一化处理后基于GIS技术获取小海红树林适生区的空间分布。【结果】影响小海红树林生长分布的主要环境变量为水深高程、潮位、潮差、盐度等因子;研究区港北口门附近区域红树林生境适宜性较高,面积约121.6 hm 2;西南侧及东南侧区域适宜性适中,面积约328.5 hm 2;南侧及中间部分区域适宜性较低,面积约137.2 hm 2。【结论】小海区域的气候、水质和水文动力条件均较适宜红树林存活、生长,相当一部分清退的养殖塘具备红树林种植修复的基本生态条件,但需进行生境改造,并依据生态位原理合理搭配红树物种,以期达到修复效果。

日本核污染水排海的生态环境损害及其赔偿机制

日本排海的核污染水直接接触核电站反应堆堆芯,含有大量的放射性核素。排海后的核污染水不仅在海洋中迅速扩散,还在洋流、季风等综合作用下伴随海洋风暴、洋流等运动进入全球的水文循环,威胁人体健康,对生态环境也造成极大损害。探索日本排海核污染水的生态环境损害机理、构建生态环境损害赔偿机制,可为运用更严厉的生态环境损害赔偿责任来约束日本核污染水排海行为提供依据。为此,结合水文循环理论,解析核污染水排海的生态环境损害机理,明确环境要素损害、生物要素损害以及生态系统服务功能损害原理;借鉴美国自然资源损害制度建设经验,解析生态环境损害赔偿的关键要素,研究提出日本核污染水排海生态环境损害赔偿机制。研究表明:日本核污染水放射性核素种类多、放射性强、污染效应长、处理难度高,排海后不仅会使海洋生物受到核污染水污染的影响而大量死亡的威胁,还对大气环境、水环境、土壤环境、生物环境、地质环境等环境要素,植物、动物、微生物等生物要素,以及生态系统服务功能带来损害风险,影响生物圈的能量转化、物质提供和自我调节能力,可能危及全球生态安全,威胁人体健康和人类安全。现有案例经验启示:损害赔偿的求偿,确定法律依据是基础、证明行为有损害是前提、赔偿责任认定是根本、外交加诉讼是相对有效的途径。构建日本核污染水排海的生态环境损害机制,以日本政府和东京电力公司为赔偿主体,以受到损害的国家和受损害的自然资源所有权人为赔偿对象,赔偿涵盖修护和重建损失的费用、修复期间的价值减少部分、鉴定评估等费用,聘请国际专家、组建律师团队适时向国际法院提起诉讼。基于研究结果认为:通过建立全球生态环境损害救济联盟,建立国际监测网络、开展责任追溯调查、提升基础研究能力等,构建科学完善的核污染水排放的生态环境损害赔偿保障机制,可有效救济生态环境权益,维护国际、国家主体合法权益,为日本核污染水排海相关利益方确定生态环境损害边界及诉讼决策制定提供支撑。

广西典型沙生红树林总初级生产力变化特征及其对气象因子的响应

红树林是海岸带生态系统中单位面积总初级生产力最高的植被生态系统。广西红树林总面积位居全国第二位,研究红树林GPP变化特征,深入探究其对气象因子的敏感性,以期为全面了解红树林碳循环动态和制定相应气候变化适应策略提供科学依据,为红树林的保育管理和生态修复提供参考。目前,尚未见有基于涡度相关技术开展广西红树林GPP研究的相关成果。以广西北海市沙生红树林为研究对象,研究区同时也是红树林生态修复区,采用涡度相关技术结合冠层实景观测技术,系统分析红树林GPP的月平均日变化特征、季平均日变化特征、月累积变化特征及年累积变化特征,并利用单因子相关分析和多因子通径分析,研究光合有效辐射、气温、地表5 cm温度、饱和水汽压差和降雨量在日、月尺度与GPP的响应模型。结果表明,GPP的平均日变化曲线在月和季尺度上呈倒“U”型分布,月累积年内呈现“双峰一谷”的变化趋势,春季和秋季为波峰,夏季为波谷;红树林冠层植被指数的分析表明,夏季波谷是由于虫害爆发导致GPP下降。2019-2022年GPP年累积分别为1.28×10^(3)、1.29×10^(3)、1.36×10^(3)、1.38×10^(3)g∙m^(-2)∙a^(-1)(以C计,下同),年累积量均值为1.33×10^(3)g∙m^(-2)∙a^(-1),GPP呈缓慢增加的趋势,但GPP显著小于东南沿海观测站点,这与研究区的土壤类型、群落结构以及观测站区域外部扰动有关。对红树林GPP产生直接影响最大的气象因子为光合有效辐射和气温,产生间接影响最大的因子为地表5 cm温度。综上,北海沙生红树林GPP与东南沿海相比较弱,随着生态修复工作的实施,GPP缓慢递增,但病虫害对红树林GPP影响较大,应及时开展病虫害防治工作,有利于红树林碳汇功能的提升。

Mangrove wetlands distribution status identification, changing trend analyzation and carbon storage assessment of China

This research investigates the ecological importance,changes,and status of mangrove wetlands along China’s coastline.Visual interpretation,geological surveys,and ISO clustering unsupervised classification methods are employed to interpret mangrove distribution from remote sensing images from 2021,utilizing ArcGIS software platform.Furthermore,the carbon storage capacity of mangrove wetlands is quantified using the carbon storage module of InVEST model.Results show that the mangrove wetlands in China covered an area of 278.85 km2 in 2021,predominantly distributed in Hainan,Guangxi,Guangdong,Fujian,Zhejiang,Taiwan,Hong Kong,and Macao.The total carbon storage is assessed at 2.11×10^(6) t,with specific regional data provided.Trends since the 1950s reveal periods of increase,decrease,sharp decrease,and slight-steady increases in mangrove areas in China.An important finding is the predominant replacement of natural coastlines adjacent to mangrove wetlands by artificial ones,highlighting the need for creating suitable spaces for mangrove restoration.This study is poised to guide future mangroverelated investigations and conservation strategies.

红树林生态重建效果预测研究新模式

红树林是生态文明建设的组成部分,对实现碳中和目标意义重大,近年来实施了大量的保护和修复工程。然而,目前缺少一种预测方法来比选有效的保护措施,以指导红树林的生态重建工作。因此,提出了一种“数值模拟模型+分类模型”的研究新模式。在模式应用中,模拟了广东省柘林湾一年的水沙动力环境。通过考虑淹没时间、相对峰值底床切应力和底床高程变化,描述了红树定植过程中所受到的胁迫,对4种条件下笠港潮汐汊道内侧滩涂红树林的生态重建效果做出了预测。结果表明,恢复汊道水深会轻微改变区域的水动力和泥沙冲淤环境,导致生态重建成功率降低了3.12%;提高区域底床高程会显著减小流速并加剧外侧冲刷,提高0.5m和1.0m的高程分别使生态重建成功率提升了16.43%和32.75%。