Numerical Analysis on the Effect of n-Si on Cu(In, Ga)Se2 Based Thin-Films for High-Performance Solar Cells by 1D-SCAPS

We report the performances of a chalcopyrite Cu(In, Ga)Se2 CIGS-based thin-film solar cell with a newly employed high conductive n-Si layer. The data analysis was performed with the help of the 1D-Solar Cell Capacitance Simulator (1D-SCAPS) software program. The new device structure is based on the CIGS layer as the absorber layer, n-Si as the high conductive layer, i-In2S3, and i-ZnO as the buffer and window layers, respectively. The optimum CIGS bandgap was determined first and used to simulate and analyze the cell performance throughout the experiment. This analysis revealed that the absorber layer’s optimum bandgap value has to be 1.4 eV to achieve maximum efficiency of 22.57%. Subsequently, output solar cell parameters were analyzed as a function of CIGS layer thickness, defect density, and the operating temperature with an optimized n-Si layer. The newly modeled device has a p-CIGS/n-Si/In2S3/Al-ZnO structure. The main objective was to improve the overall cell performance while optimizing the thickness of absorber layers, defect density, bandgap, and operating temperature with the newly employed optimized n-Si layer. The increase of absorber layer thickness from 0.2 - 2 µm showed an upward trend in the cell’s performance, while the increase of defect density and operating temperature showed a downward trend in solar cell performance. This study illustrates that the proposed cell structure shows higher cell performances and can be fabricated on the lab-scale and industrial levels.

Flavor Amidst Plainness:An Examination of the Subjectivity of the“People’s Films”From the Perspective of Classical Aesthetics

The“People’s Films,”when examined from the perspective of classical aesthetics,present a unique visual style that creates artistic conceptions through sparse filming and deliver a scenery-based ideology through background shots,contributing to the overall aesthetic taste dominated by plainness.Chinese national aesthetic tastes,distinguished by implicitness,symbolism,and ethereality,have the magical power to present charming conceptions via plain and simple scenes,thus endowing the“People’s Films”with natural,plain,and harmonious frames that are unique to China.Behind the silent and plain scenes are representations of personal cultivation and essential values cherished by the Chinese people,which are achieved via the momentary presence and entirety of scenes photographed in the films,delivering an internal transcendence of people’s consciousness.

Depth Profile Study of Electroless Deposited Sb2S3 Thin Films Using XPS for Photovoltaic Applications

Sb2S3 has gained tremendous research recently for thin film solar cell absorber material because of their easy synthesis, unique electrical and optical properties. The stoichiometry and composition of electroless Sb2S3 thin films were analyzed using XPS depth profile studies. The surface layers were found nearly stoichiometric. On the other hand, the inner layer was rich in antimony composition making it more conductive electrically.

Influence of Thermal Treatments on In-depth Compositional Uniformity of Culn（S,Se）2 Thin Films

CuIn（S,Se）2 thin films were prepared by thermal crystallization of co-sputtered Cu-In alloy precursors in S/Se atmosphere. In-depth compositional uniformity is an important prereq- uisite for obtaining device-quality CuIn（S,Se）2 absorber thin films. In order to figure out the influence of heat treatments on in-depth composition uniformity of CuIn（S,Se）2 thin films, two kinds of reaction temperature profiles were investigated. One process is ＂one step profile＂, referring to formation of CuIn（S,Se）2 thin films just at elevated temperature （e.g. 500 ℃）. The other is ＂two step profile＂, which allows for slow diffusion of S and Se elements into the alloy precursors at a low temperature before the formation and re-crystallization of CuIn（S,Se）2 thin films at higher temperature （e.g. first 250 ℃ then 500 ℃）. X-ray diffrac- tion studies reveal that there is a discrepancy in the shape of （112） peak. Samples annealed with ＂one step profile＂ have splits on （112） peaks, while samples annealed with ＂two step profile＂ have relatively symmetrical （112） peaks. Grazing incident X-ray diffraction and en- ergy dispersive spectrum measurements of samples successively etched in bromine methanol show that CuIn（S,Se）2 thin films have better in-depth composition uniformity after ＂two step profile＂ annealing. The reaction mechanism during the two thermal processing was also investigated by X-ray diffraction and Raman spectra.

Thermal Expansion Coefficients of Thin Crystal Films

The formulas for atomic displacements and Hamiltonian of a thin crystal film in phonon occupation number representation are obtained with the aid of Green's function theory. On the basis of these results, the formulas for thermal expansion coefficients of the thin crystal film are derived with the perturbation theory, and the numerical calculations are carried out. The results show that the thinner films have larger thermal expansion coefficients.

Effect of concentration of cadmium sulfate solution on structural,optical and electric properties of Cd_(1-x)Zn_(x)S thin films

Cd_(1-x)Zn_(x)S thin films were deposited by chemical bath deposition(CBD)on the glass substrate to study the influence of cadmium sulfate concentration on the structural characteristics of the thin film.The SEM results show that the thin film surfaces under the cadmium sulfate concentration of 0.005 M exhibit better compactness and uniformity.The distribution diagrams of thin film elements illustrate the film growth rate changes on the trend of the increase,decrease,and increase with the increase of cadmium sulfate concentration.XRD studies exhibit the crystal structure of the film is the hexagonal phase,and there are obvious diffraction peaks and better crystallinity when the concentration is 0.005 M.Spectrophotometer test results demonstrate that the relationship between zinc content x and optical band gap value E_(g) can be expressed by the equation E_(g)(x)=0.59x^(2)+0.69x+2.43.Increasing the zinc content can increase the optical band gap,and the absorbance of the thin film can be improved by decreasing the cadmium sulfate concentration,however,all of them have good transmittance.At a concentration of 0.005 M,the thin film has good absorbance in the 300-800 nm range,80%transmittance,and band gap value of 3.24 eV,which is suitable for use as a buffer layer for solar cells.

Artificial network prediction on degradable properties of coal-filled films

Utilized degradable data of coal-filled films from the accelerated UV chamber ageing degradation experiments, and on the basis of control factors’ analysis, presented a predicting model on degradable properties of this film in photo-degradation according to back-propagation artificial neural network (BP ANN). 4 controlling factors in films degrada-tion, including temperature, the time of UV irradiation, the concentration and the type of coals were used as input parameters in the ANN model. While the degradable properties after film degradation, including the mechanical properties and carbonyl index, were used as output parameters. It was carried out by the neural network toolbox of Matlab 6.5 soft-ware and Visual Basic 6.0. Discussed partition of sample data and model’s parameters, and then selected the best configuration of ANN network. The accurate scope of predicting results was analyzed. This model has a high precision in predicting on properties of the coal-filled film degradation.

Influence of Ag and Sn incorporation in In_2S_3 thin films

Ag- and Sn-doped In2S3 thin films were deposited on glass substrates using the thermal evaporation technique. The doping was realized by thermal diffusion. The influences of Ag and Sn impurities on the electrical, structural, morphological, and optical properties of the In2S3 films were investigated. In all deposited samples, the x-ray diffraction spectra revealed the formation of cubic In2S3 phase. A significant increase in the crystallite size was observed after Ag doping,while the doping of Sn slightly decreased the crystallite size. The x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy verified the diffusion of Ag and Sn into the In2S3 films after annealing. The optical study illustrated that Ag doping resulted in a reduction of the optical band gap while Sn doping led to a widening of the gap. Optical properties were investigated to determine the optical constants. Besides, it was found that the resistivity decreases significantly either after Ag or Sn incorporation. The study demonstrates that the Sn-doped In2S3 thin films are more suitable for buffer layer application in solar cells than the Ag-doped In2S3 thin films.

Determination of reduced Young s modulus of thin films using indentation test

The flat cylindrical indentation tests with different sizes of punch radius were investigated using finite element method （FEM） aimed to reveal the effect of punch size on the indentation behavior of the film/substrate system. Based on the FEM results analysis, two methods was proposed to separate film＇s reduced Young＇s modulus from a film/substrate system. The first method was based on a new weight function that quantifies film＇s and substrate＇s contributions to the overall mechanical properties of the film/substrate system in the flat cylindrical indentation test. The second method, a numerical approach, including fitting and extrapolation procedures was put forward. Both of the results from the two methods showed a reasonable agreement with the one input FE model. At last, the effect of maximum indentation depth and the surface micro-roughness of the thin film on the reduced Young＇s modulus of the film/substrate system were discussed. The methods proposed in the present study provide some new conceptions on evaluating other properties of thin films, e.g. creep, for which a flat-ended punch is also employed.

Optical and electrical characterizations of nanoparticle Cu_2S thin films

Copper sulfide thin films are deposited onto different substrates at room temperature using the thermal evaporation technique. X-ray diffraction spectra show that the film has an orthorhombicchalcocite （7-Cu2S） phase. The atomic force microscopy images indicate that the film exhibits nanoparticles with an average size of nearly 44 nm. Specrtophotometric measurements for the transmittance and reflectance are carried out at normal incidence in a spectral wavelength range of 450 nm-2500 nm. The refractive index, n, as well as the absorption index, k is calculated. Some dispersion parameters are determined. The analyses of el and e2 reveal several absorption peaks. The analysis of the spectral behavior of the absorption coefficient, c~, in the absorption region reveals direct and indirect allowed transitions. The dark electrical resistivity is studied as a function of film thickness and temperature. Tellier＇s model is adopted for determining the mean free path and bulk resistance.

Effect of substrate temperature and oxygen plasma treatment on the properties of magnetron-sputtered CdS for solar cell applications

Cadmium sulfide(CdS)is an n-type semiconductor with excellent electrical conductivity that is widely used as an electron transport material(ETM)in solar cells.At present,numerous methods for preparing CdS thin films have emerged,among which magnetron sputtering(MS)is one of the most commonly used vacuum techniques.For this type of technique,the substrate temperature is one of the key deposition parameters that affects the interfacial properties between the target film and substrate,determining the specific growth habits of the films.Herein,the effect of substrate temperature on the microstructure and electrical properties of magnetron-sputtered CdS(MS-CdS)films was studied and applied for the first time in hydrothermally deposited antimony selenosulfide(Sb_(2)(S,Se)_(3))solar cells.Adjusting the substrate temperature not only results in the design of the flat and dense film with enhanced crystallinity but also leads to the formation of an energy level arrangement with a Sb_(2)(S,Se)_(3)layer that is more favorable for electron transfer.In addition,we developed an oxygen plasma treatment for CdS,reducing the parasitic absorption of the device and resulting in an increase in the short-circuit current density of the solar cell.This study demonstrates the feasibility of MS-CdS in the fabrication of hydrothermal Sb_(2)(S,Se)_(3)solar cells and provides interface optimization strategies to improve device performance.

The Role and Influence of Plato’s Ideas in Religious Cinema

In contemporary society,film,as a significant form of cultural expression,bears profound ideological connotations and cultural significance.Religious films,as a distinct genre,serve as crucial avenues for humanity to explore and contemplate religious beliefs,moral concepts,and the essence of existence.Plato’s philosophy,as a significant pillar of Western thought,exerted profound influence on the conception and depiction of religious films.This thesis aims to examine Plato’s philosophical impact on religious cinema,elucidating its significance and value via comprehensive analysis of his ideas and their manifestation in religious films.Platonic ideas transcend the realm of emotions,inciting moral conflicts and dilemmas in religious films,thereby probing the dynamics between good and evil,justice and injustice.Plato’s political concepts offer profound sociopolitical reflections within religious films,stimulating discourse on matters like authority,governance,and liberty.Additionally,it catalyzed inquiries into aesthetics and emotions.Plato’s appreciation and pursuit of beauty resonate extensively in religious films,guiding viewers into a transcendent aesthetic realm through depictions of beauty and emotion.This holds immense theoretical and practical significance in deepening individuals’comprehension of Plato’s philosophy,fostering cultural exchange and discourse,and augmenting the artistic merit and societal impact of religious films.

Regeneration of Q-State PbS Particles in Langmuir-Blodgett Films

The regeneration procedure of Q-state PbS particles in lead arachidate(PbAr)Langmuir-Blodgett films have been studied by means of UV-vis absorption, FT-IR spectra and quartz crystal microbalance(QCM) measurements.The results showed that the mole fraction of PbS particles in LB films was increased by immersing PbScontaining ArH LB films in a Pb￣(2+) buffer solution,followed by being reexposed to H_2S gas.

Modification of the Properties of Cu_x S Thin Films by Low Energy Ion Beam Implantation

Cu x S thin films are implanted by low energy N + ion beam. The influences of the energy and dose of N + ion implantation on Cu x S films are investigated. The results show that the ratio of copper to sulfur is increased to some extent, the constituents of the film are turned to rich copper phase from rich sulfurous phase after ion beam irradiation. X-ray diffraction spectrum and optical transmission spectra of sample have confirmed the results.

Nanocrystalline CuO Thin Films for H₂S Monitoring: Microstructural and Optoelectronic Characterization

Nanocrystalline copper oxide (CuO) thin films were deposited onto glass substrates by a spin coating technique using an aqueous solution of copper acetate. These films were characterized for their structural, mor-phological, optoelectronic properties by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD) scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UVspectroscopy and four probe method. The CuO films are oriented along (1 1 1) plane with the monoclinic crystal structure. These films were utilized in H2S sensors. The dependence of the H2S response on the operating temperature, H2S concentration of CuO film (annealed at 700。C) was investigated. The CuO film showed selectivity for H2S. The maximum H2S response of 25.2 % for the CuO film at gas concentra-tion of 100 ppm at operating temperature 200oC was achieved.

Dependence of Structural and Optoelectrical Properties on the Composition of Electron Beam Evaporated Zn_xCd_(1-x)S Thin Films

Thin films of ZnxCd1-xS have been prepared by electron beam evaporation of a mixture of ZnS & CdS powders. The films are deposited onto sodalime glass slides under similar conditions.The composition of the films is varied from CdS to ZnS (x=0 to 1). The films show a regular change in color from toner red to orange yellow as Zn concentration increases to maximum.These films are characterized for their optical, electricaI and structural properties. The bandgap value of ZnxCd1-xS films is found to vary linearIy from 2.20 eV to 3.44 eV with change in the x value from 0 to 1. The resistivity of these films is in the range of 171.0 Ωcm to 5.5× 106Ωcm for x=0~0.6. All the samples show cubic structure after annealing in air at 250℃ for 40 min.The lattice constant ao varies from 0.5884 nm to 0.54109 nm linearly.

Role of CuO-ZnO Heterojunctions in Gas Sensing Response of CuO-ZnO Thick Films

The CuO-doped ZnO thick films were prepared by the screen printing technique. The CuO doped ZnO composite materials were obtained by mixing AR grade （99.9% pure） Zinc Oxide powder mechanochemically in acetone medium with various weight percentages of Copper Chloride （CulCI2.2H20） powder （1, 3, 5, 7 and 9wt.%）. The prepared materials were sintered at 1,000 ℃ for 12 h in air ambience and ball milled to ensure sufficiently fine particle size. The films were characterized by different techniques with respect to their surface morphology and compositional property by means of SEM （scanning electron microscope） and EDXA （energy dispersive x-ray analysis）. The surface morphology of the films was studied by SEM and it shows the films are porous in nature and petal-shaped grains of sizes varies from 220 nm to 250 nm were observed. The final composition of each film was determined by the EDXA analysis. The gas response of undoped ZnO and CuO doped ZnO films was studied for different gases such as CO, C12, NH3, Ethanol, H2S and LPG at operating temperature ranging from 50 ℃ to 400 ℃. The 7wt.% CuO-doped ZnO film shows good response to H2S gas （100 ppm） at 250 ℃.

Structural and Thermomechanical Study of Plastic Films Made from Cassava-Starch Reinforced with Kaolin and Metakaolin

The structural and thermomechanical properties of starch-based plastic films reinforced with kaolin and metakaolin have been studied by various techniques (X-ray diffraction, IR-TF spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, tensile tests, and thermal resistance). The results obtained showed that kaolin, an inert material, prevents the starch from losing its granular structure and to solubilize during the heating, generating plastic films of low Young’s modulus (7 MPa). On the other hand, metakaolin, an amorphous and dehydroxylated material obtained after heating of kaolin at 700°C for 1 hour, substantially improves the thermomechanical properties of the plastic films. The Young’s modulus increases from 19 MPa to 25 MPa while the thermal resistance increases from 90°C to 120°C. This was attributed to good dispersion of the metakaolin in the polymer matrix after the loss of the granular structure of the starch during heating.

化学水浴沉积制备高质量Zn(O,S)薄膜及其性能研究

为获得铜铟镓硒薄膜太阳电池中高质量Zn(O,S)无镉缓冲层薄膜,该研究阐述了柠檬酸三钠作为络合剂制备Zn(O,S)薄膜的成膜机理,系统性研究了该体系下各反应参数对薄膜化学水浴沉积的影响。研究表明,柠檬酸三钠的浓度值显著影响反应类型,异质反应更有利于生成高质量薄膜。同时,柠檬酸三钠与金属离子浓度的比值直接影响成膜质量和成膜速率,适合的pH溶液环境有助于提高Zn(O,S)薄膜沉积的质量。此外,通过工艺参数的优化,获得了电学性能接近传统CdS/CIGS太阳电池的Zn(O,S)/CIGS电池器件。