BACKGROUND The tinnitus susceptibility patterns in relation to different psychological and life stressors are unknown in different cultures.AIM To determine the comorbid psychosocial factors and behaviors associated w...BACKGROUND The tinnitus susceptibility patterns in relation to different psychological and life stressors are unknown in different cultures.AIM To determine the comorbid psychosocial factors and behaviors associated with tinnitus and the predictors for the increase in its severity.METHODS Participants were 230 adults(males=70;females=160;mean age=38.6±3.3).They underwent audiograms,speech discrimination and masking testing,and neuropsychiatric evaluation.Measures used for assessment included tinnitus handicap inventory,depression anxiety stress scale 21(DASS-21),perceived stress scale(PSS),and insomnia severity index(ISI).RESULTS Patients had mean duration of tinnitus of 11.5±2.5 mo.They had intact hearing perception at 250-8000 Hz and 95(41.3%)had aggravation of tinnitus loudness by masking noise.Decompensated tinnitus was reported in 77%(n=177).The majority had clinically significant insomnia(81.3%),somatic symptoms(75%)other than tinnitus and perceived moderate(46.1%)and high(44.3%)stress to tinnitus.The severe/extremely severe symptoms of depression,anxiety and stress were reported in 17.4%,35.7%and 44.3%,respectively.Patients with decompensated type had significantly higher scores for ISI(P=0.001)and DASS-21(depression=0.02,anxiety=0.01,stress=0.001)compared to those with compensated tinnitus.Psychiatric interviewing showed that 35.7%had non-specific anxiety disorder,17.4%had major depression,and 19.6%fulfilled the criteria of somatization disorder.Multivariate analysis showed that the only independent predictors for tinnitus severity were the duration of tinnitus[odd ratios(OR)=0.832,95%CI:0.640-1.158;P=0.001]and PSS(OR=0.835,95%CI:0.540-1.125;P=0.001)scores.CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge,this is the first study in our culture to evaluate the causal relationship between psychological factors and tinnitus onset,severity and persistence.Tinnitus could be the earliest and dominant somatic symptom induced by life stressors and psychological vulnerabilities.Therefore,multidisciplinary consultation(psychologists,psychiatrists,and neurologists)is important to acknowledge among the audiologists and otolaryngologists who primarily consult patients.展开更多
To investigate the effect of costimulatory factors in the pathogenesis of chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura(CITP), we examined the expression of CD80 on platelets and megakaryocytes in patients with CITP and...To investigate the effect of costimulatory factors in the pathogenesis of chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura(CITP), we examined the expression of CD80 on platelets and megakaryocytes in patients with CITP and the controls by FACS. By using CD80 monoclonal antibody (McAb) to inhibit interaction among cells which is mediated by costimulatory factors, we observed the effect of CD80 McAb on the growth and maturation of megakaryocytic progenitors of patients with CITP in vitro . The results showed the expression of CD80 on platelets and megakaryocytes in CITP group was significantly higher than that in controls ( P <0.01). There was a significantly positive correlation between the expression of CD80 on platelets and serum PAIgG in CITP (r=0.86, P <0.05). The mean of various clone numbers (CFU MK, BFU MK and mCFU MK) in CITP were all lower than those in controls ( P <0.05). In megakaryocytes co cultured with CD80 McAb, there was an increasing tendency of the number of CFU MK and big CFU MK (the number of megakaryocyte with GPⅢ a positive was more than 20) and mediate CFU MK (the number of megakaryocyte with GPⅢ a positive was 11-20). When the concentration of CD80 McAb was 10 μg/L, there was a significant difference in the number of megakaryocytic colony formation (CFU MK, BFU MK and mCFU MK) between the group with CD80 McAb and that without it ( P <0.05).These showed the abnormality of costimulatory factors had important effect in the pathogenesis of CITP.展开更多
Summary： The possible association between Helicobacter pylori （H. pylori） infection and chronic idiopathic neutropenia （ClN） was investigated. A total of 78 subjects with CIN were recruited in this case-control s...Summary： The possible association between Helicobacter pylori （H. pylori） infection and chronic idiopathic neutropenia （ClN） was investigated. A total of 78 subjects with CIN were recruited in this case-control study. As a control group, 40 subjects without ClN were selected for comparison with the case group. All participants were evaluated for the prevalence of H. pylori infection by 14C-urea breath test. The corrected splenic index （CSI） was calculated, and serum IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and HsCRP levels were measured. The differences in CSI, serum IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and HsCRP levels were compared between CIN patients and controls, as well as between subjects with and without H. pylori infection. The positive rate ofH. pylori was 87.18% in ClN group and 52.50% in control group, showing a significant difference （Fisher＇s exact, P=0.000）. CSI values, and serum IL-6 and HsCRP levels in H. pylori positive-CIN patients were significantly higher than those in negative subjects （Mann-whitney U-test, P=-0.016, P=0.001 and P=0.000 respectively）, while IL-10 level declined sig- nificantly in H, pylori negative-CIN patients （Mann-whimey U-test, P=0.000）. In control group, se- rum IL-6 and HsCRP levels in H. pylori positive individuals were also increased significantly （Mann-whitney U-test, P=0.000）, while IL-10 level declined （Mann-whimey U-test, P=0.018）. Mul- tivariate regression analysis revealed that H. pylori infection and IL-10 were significant risk factors for CIN with odds ratio （OR）： 3.09, 95.0% CI： 1.22-6.93; P=0.019, and OR： 0.17, 95.0% CI： 0.05-0.94; P=0.021, respectively. This prospective study confirmed the existence of an association between H. pylori infection and CIN, suggesting the screening for H. pylori infection and eradicating bacterium in positive cases seem appropriate and beneficial for those patients with CIN diagnosis.展开更多
Chronic idiopathic constipation is a common disorder of the gastrointestinal tract that encompasses a wide profile of symptoms. Current treatment options for chronic idiopathic constipation are of limited value; there...Chronic idiopathic constipation is a common disorder of the gastrointestinal tract that encompasses a wide profile of symptoms. Current treatment options for chronic idiopathic constipation are of limited value; therefore, a novel strategy is necessary with an increased effectiveness and safety. Recently, the inhibition of the ileal bile acid transporter has become a promising target for constipation-associated diseases. Enhanced delivery of bile acids into the colon achieves an accelerated colonic transit, increased stool frequency, and relief of constipationrelated symptoms. This article provides insight into the mechanism of action of ileal bile acid transporter inhibitors and discusses their potential clinical use for pharmacotherapy of constipation in chronic idiopathic constipation.展开更多
Liver transplantation(LT)is a life-saving surgical procedure and the current standard of care for most patients with end stage liver disease.With improvements in organ preservation techniques,perioperative care,and im...Liver transplantation(LT)is a life-saving surgical procedure and the current standard of care for most patients with end stage liver disease.With improvements in organ preservation techniques,perioperative care,and immunosuppression,there is better patient and graft survival following LT,and assessment of the liver allograft in long-term survivors is becoming increasingly important.Recurrent or de novo viral or autoimmune injury remains the most common causes of chronic hepatitis and fibrosis following liver transplantation in adults.However,no obvious cause can be identified in many adults with controlled recurrent disease and the majority of pediatric LT recipients,as they have been transplanted for non-recurrent liver diseases.Serial surveillance liver biopsies post LT have been evaluated in several adult and pediatric centers to identify long-term pathological changes.Pathological findings are frequently present in liver biopsies obtained after a year post LT.The significance of these findings is uncertain as many of these are seen in protocol liver biopsies from patients with clinically good allograft function and normal liver chemistry parameters.This narrative review summaries the factors predisposing to long-term liver allograft fibrosis,highlighting the putative role of idiopathic post-LT hepatitis and chronic antibody mediated rejection in its pathogenesis.展开更多
We report here a 17-year-old boy with a complicated presentation of undifferentiated juvenile idiopathic arthritis, vision-threatening uveitis and chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO) in the pelvis. His s...We report here a 17-year-old boy with a complicated presentation of undifferentiated juvenile idiopathic arthritis, vision-threatening uveitis and chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO) in the pelvis. His severe iritis needed subtenon injections and only responded to infliximab after failing multiple biologics. Unfortunately he later developed infliximab-associated psoriasis. A combination of infliximab and ustekinumab induced remission of his arthritis, osteomyelitis, uveitis and psoriasis without experiencing severe infections.展开更多
Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria (CSU) is a chronic disease with significant negative impact on quality of life of patients. The direct and indirect costs of the disease can be substantial both for the health care system...Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria (CSU) is a chronic disease with significant negative impact on quality of life of patients. The direct and indirect costs of the disease can be substantial both for the health care system and society. The aim of this research is to estimate the cost of mild, moderate and severe CSU in Turkey and to forecast the cost of the disease from the payer (Social Security Institution—SSI) perspective. Expert opinions with Delphi technique were used in order to determine the cost items and their frequency. A questionnaire was designed to outline resources used in the out-patient, inpatient and emergency care episodes and was answered by dermatologists followed by a consensus meeting. Unit costs were calculated from the price list of the SSI. The annual total cost of treating the disease to the SSI was estimated as 262,111,978TL (94,417,870€) comprising 0.06% of the total healthcare budget in 2013. Since there is limited information about the cost of CSU in Turkey, the methodology and results of this study are unique and very important.展开更多
目的:从氨基酸代谢角度探讨乙型肝炎病毒相关慢加急性肝衰竭(HBV-ACLF)湿热瘀黄证和气虚瘀黄证的生物学基础。方法:采用靶向氨基酸代谢组学分析HBV-ACLF湿热瘀黄证组(20例)与气虚瘀黄证组(20例)患者的血清氨基酸代谢谱,寻找两种证型的...目的:从氨基酸代谢角度探讨乙型肝炎病毒相关慢加急性肝衰竭(HBV-ACLF)湿热瘀黄证和气虚瘀黄证的生物学基础。方法:采用靶向氨基酸代谢组学分析HBV-ACLF湿热瘀黄证组(20例)与气虚瘀黄证组(20例)患者的血清氨基酸代谢谱,寻找两种证型的氨基酸代谢差异特征,分析不同证型中氨基酸代谢与炎症细胞因子表达的相关性。结果:湿热瘀黄证患者体内异亮氨酸表达水平显著高于气虚瘀黄证[(10.36±4.47)μg/ml vs(7.76±4.08)μg/ml,P=0.016],但色氨酸则表达相反[(10.26±4.95)μg/ml vs(14.51±7.32)μg/ml,P=0.014];湿热瘀黄证患者白细胞介素(IL)-6显著高于气虚瘀黄证[10.15(3.88,24.42)pg/ml vs 7.73(3.93,18.83)pg/ml,P=0.017],而IL-2、IL-10显著低于气虚瘀黄证[4.40(2.88,8.55)pg/ml vs 6.60(2.80,15.50)pg/ml,P=0.033;7.19(4.52,15.04)pg/ml vs 8.21(2.19,14.64)pg/ml,P=0.015];多种氨基酸代谢与两种证型的炎症细胞因子表达密切相关,尤其是色氨酸代谢与支链氨基酸代谢;湿热瘀黄证中氨基酸代谢主要与促炎细胞因子IL-2、IL-6相关,按照相关系数大小依次为天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、蛋氨酸、酪氨酸、丝氨酸、赖氨酸、谷氨酰胺、色氨酸、苯丙氨酸;气虚瘀黄证中氨基酸代谢与肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、IL-2、IL-6、IL-10相关,按照相关系数大小依次为天冬氨酸、甘氨酸、丙氨酸、苏氨酸、色氨酸、丝氨酸。异亮氨酸及色氨酸代谢不仅在两种证型间差异有统计学意义,且差异性关联炎症细胞因子的表达。结论:HBV-ACLF湿热瘀黄证和气虚瘀黄证患者在氨基酸代谢及炎症反应中均具有异质性,且两者之间相互关联。色氨酸以及支链氨基酸代谢可能对HBV-ACLF的免疫炎症反应具有重要调节作用,与湿热瘀黄证和气虚瘀黄证的生物学基础密切相关。展开更多
Significant links between allergic rhinitis and asthma have been reported, and the united airway disease hypothesis is supported by numerous findings in epidemiologic, physiologic, pathologic, and immunologic studies....Significant links between allergic rhinitis and asthma have been reported, and the united airway disease hypothesis is supported by numerous findings in epidemiologic, physiologic, pathologic, and immunologic studies. The impact of allergic rhinitis on asthma has been established. On the other hand, the relationship between chronic rhinosinusitis and lung diseases has been under investigation. Chronic rhinosinusitis is a common disease, and the high prevalence of chronic rhinosinusitis in some kinds of lung diseases has been reported. Recent studies suggest that the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis has beneficial effects in the management of asthma. Here, we present an overview of the current research on the relationship between chronic rhinosinusitis and lower airway diseases including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis, diffuse panbronchiolitis, primary ciliary dyskinesia, idiopathic bronchiectasis, and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis.展开更多
文摘BACKGROUND The tinnitus susceptibility patterns in relation to different psychological and life stressors are unknown in different cultures.AIM To determine the comorbid psychosocial factors and behaviors associated with tinnitus and the predictors for the increase in its severity.METHODS Participants were 230 adults(males=70;females=160;mean age=38.6±3.3).They underwent audiograms,speech discrimination and masking testing,and neuropsychiatric evaluation.Measures used for assessment included tinnitus handicap inventory,depression anxiety stress scale 21(DASS-21),perceived stress scale(PSS),and insomnia severity index(ISI).RESULTS Patients had mean duration of tinnitus of 11.5±2.5 mo.They had intact hearing perception at 250-8000 Hz and 95(41.3%)had aggravation of tinnitus loudness by masking noise.Decompensated tinnitus was reported in 77%(n=177).The majority had clinically significant insomnia(81.3%),somatic symptoms(75%)other than tinnitus and perceived moderate(46.1%)and high(44.3%)stress to tinnitus.The severe/extremely severe symptoms of depression,anxiety and stress were reported in 17.4%,35.7%and 44.3%,respectively.Patients with decompensated type had significantly higher scores for ISI(P=0.001)and DASS-21(depression=0.02,anxiety=0.01,stress=0.001)compared to those with compensated tinnitus.Psychiatric interviewing showed that 35.7%had non-specific anxiety disorder,17.4%had major depression,and 19.6%fulfilled the criteria of somatization disorder.Multivariate analysis showed that the only independent predictors for tinnitus severity were the duration of tinnitus[odd ratios(OR)=0.832,95%CI:0.640-1.158;P=0.001]and PSS(OR=0.835,95%CI:0.540-1.125;P=0.001)scores.CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge,this is the first study in our culture to evaluate the causal relationship between psychological factors and tinnitus onset,severity and persistence.Tinnitus could be the earliest and dominant somatic symptom induced by life stressors and psychological vulnerabilities.Therefore,multidisciplinary consultation(psychologists,psychiatrists,and neurologists)is important to acknowledge among the audiologists and otolaryngologists who primarily consult patients.
基金Theprojectwassupportedbya grantforreturnedscholarsfromtheMinistryofEducation (No .6 - 74 )
文摘To investigate the effect of costimulatory factors in the pathogenesis of chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura(CITP), we examined the expression of CD80 on platelets and megakaryocytes in patients with CITP and the controls by FACS. By using CD80 monoclonal antibody (McAb) to inhibit interaction among cells which is mediated by costimulatory factors, we observed the effect of CD80 McAb on the growth and maturation of megakaryocytic progenitors of patients with CITP in vitro . The results showed the expression of CD80 on platelets and megakaryocytes in CITP group was significantly higher than that in controls ( P <0.01). There was a significantly positive correlation between the expression of CD80 on platelets and serum PAIgG in CITP (r=0.86, P <0.05). The mean of various clone numbers (CFU MK, BFU MK and mCFU MK) in CITP were all lower than those in controls ( P <0.05). In megakaryocytes co cultured with CD80 McAb, there was an increasing tendency of the number of CFU MK and big CFU MK (the number of megakaryocyte with GPⅢ a positive was more than 20) and mediate CFU MK (the number of megakaryocyte with GPⅢ a positive was 11-20). When the concentration of CD80 McAb was 10 μg/L, there was a significant difference in the number of megakaryocytic colony formation (CFU MK, BFU MK and mCFU MK) between the group with CD80 McAb and that without it ( P <0.05).These showed the abnormality of costimulatory factors had important effect in the pathogenesis of CITP.
文摘Summary： The possible association between Helicobacter pylori （H. pylori） infection and chronic idiopathic neutropenia （ClN） was investigated. A total of 78 subjects with CIN were recruited in this case-control study. As a control group, 40 subjects without ClN were selected for comparison with the case group. All participants were evaluated for the prevalence of H. pylori infection by 14C-urea breath test. The corrected splenic index （CSI） was calculated, and serum IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and HsCRP levels were measured. The differences in CSI, serum IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and HsCRP levels were compared between CIN patients and controls, as well as between subjects with and without H. pylori infection. The positive rate ofH. pylori was 87.18% in ClN group and 52.50% in control group, showing a significant difference （Fisher＇s exact, P=0.000）. CSI values, and serum IL-6 and HsCRP levels in H. pylori positive-CIN patients were significantly higher than those in negative subjects （Mann-whitney U-test, P=-0.016, P=0.001 and P=0.000 respectively）, while IL-10 level declined sig- nificantly in H, pylori negative-CIN patients （Mann-whimey U-test, P=0.000）. In control group, se- rum IL-6 and HsCRP levels in H. pylori positive individuals were also increased significantly （Mann-whitney U-test, P=0.000）, while IL-10 level declined （Mann-whimey U-test, P=0.018）. Mul- tivariate regression analysis revealed that H. pylori infection and IL-10 were significant risk factors for CIN with odds ratio （OR）： 3.09, 95.0% CI： 1.22-6.93; P=0.019, and OR： 0.17, 95.0% CI： 0.05-0.94; P=0.021, respectively. This prospective study confirmed the existence of an association between H. pylori infection and CIN, suggesting the screening for H. pylori infection and eradicating bacterium in positive cases seem appropriate and beneficial for those patients with CIN diagnosis.
基金Supported by Iuventus Plus program of the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education,No.0107/IP1/2013/72(to JF)the grant from the Medical University of Lodz,No.503/1-156-04/503-01
文摘Chronic idiopathic constipation is a common disorder of the gastrointestinal tract that encompasses a wide profile of symptoms. Current treatment options for chronic idiopathic constipation are of limited value; therefore, a novel strategy is necessary with an increased effectiveness and safety. Recently, the inhibition of the ileal bile acid transporter has become a promising target for constipation-associated diseases. Enhanced delivery of bile acids into the colon achieves an accelerated colonic transit, increased stool frequency, and relief of constipationrelated symptoms. This article provides insight into the mechanism of action of ileal bile acid transporter inhibitors and discusses their potential clinical use for pharmacotherapy of constipation in chronic idiopathic constipation.
文摘Liver transplantation(LT)is a life-saving surgical procedure and the current standard of care for most patients with end stage liver disease.With improvements in organ preservation techniques,perioperative care,and immunosuppression,there is better patient and graft survival following LT,and assessment of the liver allograft in long-term survivors is becoming increasingly important.Recurrent or de novo viral or autoimmune injury remains the most common causes of chronic hepatitis and fibrosis following liver transplantation in adults.However,no obvious cause can be identified in many adults with controlled recurrent disease and the majority of pediatric LT recipients,as they have been transplanted for non-recurrent liver diseases.Serial surveillance liver biopsies post LT have been evaluated in several adult and pediatric centers to identify long-term pathological changes.Pathological findings are frequently present in liver biopsies obtained after a year post LT.The significance of these findings is uncertain as many of these are seen in protocol liver biopsies from patients with clinically good allograft function and normal liver chemistry parameters.This narrative review summaries the factors predisposing to long-term liver allograft fibrosis,highlighting the putative role of idiopathic post-LT hepatitis and chronic antibody mediated rejection in its pathogenesis.
文摘We report here a 17-year-old boy with a complicated presentation of undifferentiated juvenile idiopathic arthritis, vision-threatening uveitis and chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO) in the pelvis. His severe iritis needed subtenon injections and only responded to infliximab after failing multiple biologics. Unfortunately he later developed infliximab-associated psoriasis. A combination of infliximab and ustekinumab induced remission of his arthritis, osteomyelitis, uveitis and psoriasis without experiencing severe infections.
文摘Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria (CSU) is a chronic disease with significant negative impact on quality of life of patients. The direct and indirect costs of the disease can be substantial both for the health care system and society. The aim of this research is to estimate the cost of mild, moderate and severe CSU in Turkey and to forecast the cost of the disease from the payer (Social Security Institution—SSI) perspective. Expert opinions with Delphi technique were used in order to determine the cost items and their frequency. A questionnaire was designed to outline resources used in the out-patient, inpatient and emergency care episodes and was answered by dermatologists followed by a consensus meeting. Unit costs were calculated from the price list of the SSI. The annual total cost of treating the disease to the SSI was estimated as 262,111,978TL (94,417,870€) comprising 0.06% of the total healthcare budget in 2013. Since there is limited information about the cost of CSU in Turkey, the methodology and results of this study are unique and very important.
文摘目的:从氨基酸代谢角度探讨乙型肝炎病毒相关慢加急性肝衰竭(HBV-ACLF)湿热瘀黄证和气虚瘀黄证的生物学基础。方法:采用靶向氨基酸代谢组学分析HBV-ACLF湿热瘀黄证组(20例)与气虚瘀黄证组(20例)患者的血清氨基酸代谢谱,寻找两种证型的氨基酸代谢差异特征,分析不同证型中氨基酸代谢与炎症细胞因子表达的相关性。结果:湿热瘀黄证患者体内异亮氨酸表达水平显著高于气虚瘀黄证[(10.36±4.47)μg/ml vs(7.76±4.08)μg/ml,P=0.016],但色氨酸则表达相反[(10.26±4.95)μg/ml vs(14.51±7.32)μg/ml,P=0.014];湿热瘀黄证患者白细胞介素(IL)-6显著高于气虚瘀黄证[10.15(3.88,24.42)pg/ml vs 7.73(3.93,18.83)pg/ml,P=0.017],而IL-2、IL-10显著低于气虚瘀黄证[4.40(2.88,8.55)pg/ml vs 6.60(2.80,15.50)pg/ml,P=0.033;7.19(4.52,15.04)pg/ml vs 8.21(2.19,14.64)pg/ml,P=0.015];多种氨基酸代谢与两种证型的炎症细胞因子表达密切相关,尤其是色氨酸代谢与支链氨基酸代谢;湿热瘀黄证中氨基酸代谢主要与促炎细胞因子IL-2、IL-6相关,按照相关系数大小依次为天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、蛋氨酸、酪氨酸、丝氨酸、赖氨酸、谷氨酰胺、色氨酸、苯丙氨酸;气虚瘀黄证中氨基酸代谢与肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、IL-2、IL-6、IL-10相关,按照相关系数大小依次为天冬氨酸、甘氨酸、丙氨酸、苏氨酸、色氨酸、丝氨酸。异亮氨酸及色氨酸代谢不仅在两种证型间差异有统计学意义,且差异性关联炎症细胞因子的表达。结论:HBV-ACLF湿热瘀黄证和气虚瘀黄证患者在氨基酸代谢及炎症反应中均具有异质性,且两者之间相互关联。色氨酸以及支链氨基酸代谢可能对HBV-ACLF的免疫炎症反应具有重要调节作用,与湿热瘀黄证和气虚瘀黄证的生物学基础密切相关。
基金Supported by JSPS KAKENHI(Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research),No.25462642
文摘Significant links between allergic rhinitis and asthma have been reported, and the united airway disease hypothesis is supported by numerous findings in epidemiologic, physiologic, pathologic, and immunologic studies. The impact of allergic rhinitis on asthma has been established. On the other hand, the relationship between chronic rhinosinusitis and lung diseases has been under investigation. Chronic rhinosinusitis is a common disease, and the high prevalence of chronic rhinosinusitis in some kinds of lung diseases has been reported. Recent studies suggest that the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis has beneficial effects in the management of asthma. Here, we present an overview of the current research on the relationship between chronic rhinosinusitis and lower airway diseases including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis, diffuse panbronchiolitis, primary ciliary dyskinesia, idiopathic bronchiectasis, and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis.
