Genesis of the Ciemas Gold Deposit and Relationship with Epithermal Deposits in West Java,Indonesia:Constraints from Fluid Inclusions and Stable Isotopes

The Ciemas gold deposit is located in West Java of Indonesia, which is a Cenozoic magmatism belt resulting from the Indo-Australian plate subducting under the Eurasian plate. Two different volcanic rock belts and associated epithermal deposits are distributed in West Java： the younger late Miocene-Pliocene magmatic belt generated the Pliocene-Pleistocene epithermal deposits, while the older late Eocene-early Miocene magmatic belt generated the Miocene epithermal deposits. To constrain the physico-chemical conditions and the origin of the ore fluid in Ciemas, a detailed study of ore petrography, fluid inclusions, laser Raman spectroscopy, oxygen-hydrogen isotopes for quartz was conducted. The results show that hydrothermal pyrite and quartz are widespread, hydrothermal alteration is well developed, and that leaching structures such as vuggy rocks and extension structures such as comb quartz are common. Fluid inclusions in quartz are mainly liquid-rich two phase inclusions, with fluid compositions in the NaCI-H2O fluid system, and contain no or little CO2. Their homogenization temperatures cluster around 240℃-320℃, the salinities lie in the range of 14-17 wt.% NaCI equiv, and the calculated fluid densities are 0.65-1.00 g/cm^3. The values of δ18OH2O-VSMOW for quartz range from ＋5.5%0 to ＋7.7‰, the δDVSMOW of fluid inclusions in quartz ranges from -70‰ to -115‰. All of these data indicate that mixing of magmatic fluid with meteoric water resulted in the formation of the Ciemas deposit. A comparison among gold deposits of West Java suggests that Miocene epithermal ore deposits in the southernmost part of West Java were more affected by magmatic fluids and exhibit a higher degree of sulfidation than those of Pliocene-Pleistocene.

Vulnerability assessment: A comparison of three different city sizes in the coastal area of Central Java, Indonesia

Considering the importance of connecting urbanization phenomena and vulnerability assessments, this paper aims to explore vulnerability assessment in three different city sizes in the northern coast of Central Java province of Indonesia. It compares the vulnerability levels of the three cities based on their sizes (that is, levels of urbanization). It uses the most current secondary data from the lowest administrative levels,called as kelurahan (urban village), for its assessment. There are two indexes used to indicate their vulnerability levels, namely exposure and sensitivity index (ESI) and adaptive capacity index (ACI). By combining the ESI and ACI, the study found that the kelurahans in Tegal (the medium sized city) have similar vulnerability levels. The kelurahans in Semarang (as the big city) have more combination of vulnerability levelsdindicating that the city has various sensitivity, exposure, as well as adaptive capacity among its kelurahans. In Lasem (the small sized city), due to limitations imposed by adaptationdmostly because of lack of public services and high dependency on primary economic sectorsdall of its kelurahans were found to be vulnerable. The study therefore concluded that the bigger a city is, the more the different areas of that city will have varying levels of vulnerability, leading to a high propensity of vulnerability among its inhabitants. On the other hand, the smaller a city is, the less capacity it will have in reducing its emerging vulnerability challenges.

KARANGBOLONG KARSTIC LIMESTONE AND ITS ENVIRONMENTAL DEVELOPMENT (JAVA, INDONESIA)

The distribution of limestone in Java are dominantly located in the south coast and most of them had been suffered by karstie processes. The one that its environment has been studied is the Karangbolong karstic limestone in Kebumen, Central Java. The other karstic limestones were found in Merakurak (?), East Java, with different topography and morphology, All that

Survey on gastrointestinal parasites and detection of Cryptosporidium spp. on cattle in West Java,Indonesia

Objective:To evaluate the presence of gastrointestinal parasites on cattle in Indonesia because the prevalence of parasites varies between counlries depending on the terrain surrounding livestock farms and investigations in Indonesia have never been performed.Methods:Fecal samples from cattle at 35 farms in 7 districts in West Java,Indonesia,has been examined using the floatation or sedimentation methods,and a immunofluorescence assay and experimentally inoculation to mice for Cryptosporidium or Giardia spp.Results:153 of 394 examined cattle(38.8%)were infected with gastrointestinal parasites.The prevalence of Eimeria spp.,Nematoda spp.(including Oesophagustomum and Bunostomum-like),Fasciola gigantica and Paramphistomum spp.was 22.4%,11.2%,12.5%and 3.8%,respectively.Cryptosporidium andersoni(C.andersoni)was also found in two samples.One isolate of this parasite was confirmed to be transmitted to mice,in contrast to the isolates from other countries.Conclusions:although this survey is preliminary,the results shows that the infection of gastrointestinal parasites in Indonesia was not high,but these infected cattle could be as a potential source leading to economic losses in livestock production.

Phytoplankton pigment pattern in the subsurface chlorophyll maximum in the South Java coastal upwelling system, Indonesia

Upwelling occurs on the coast of Java between June and October, forced by local alongshore winds associated with the southeasterly monsoon. This causes variations in phytoplankton community composition in the upwelling zone compared with the surrounding offshore area. Based on pigments analysis with subsequent calculations of group contributions to total chlorophyll a(Chl a) using CHEMTAX, we studied the distribution and composition of phytoplankton assemblages in the subsurface chlorophyll maximum along the south coast of Java and the influence of upwelling. Nineteen phytoplankton pigments were identified using high-performance liquid chromatography, and CHEMTAX analysis associated these to ten major phytoplankton groups. The phytoplankton community in the coastal area influenced by upwelling was characterized by high Chl a and fucoxanthin concentrations, indicating the dominance of diatoms. In contrast, in the offshore area, the Chl a and fucoxanthin concentrations declined to very low levels and the community was dominated by haptophytes represented by 19′-Hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin. Accordingly, microphytoplankton was found to be the major size class in the coastal area influenced by upwelling, while nanophytoplankton was most abundant in the offshore area. Low concentrations of other accessory pigments indicated less contribution from dinoflagellates,prasinophytes, chlorophytes and cryptophytes. Photo-pigment indices revealed that photosynthetic carotenoids(PSCs) were the largest component of the pigment pool, exceeding the proportion of Chl a, with the average PSCTP up to 0.62. These distribution trends can mainly be explained by phytoplankton adaption strategies to upwelling and subsurface conditions by changing species composition and adjusting the pigment pool.

An Integrated Approach to Evaluate Benefits and Costs of Wastewater and Solid Waste Management to Improve the Living Environment: The Citarum River in West Java, Indonesia

Absence of wastewater and solid waste facilities impacts the quality of life of many people in developing countries. Implementation of these facilities will benefit public health, water quality, livelihoods and property value. Additional benefits may result from the potential recovery of valuable resources from wastewater and solid waste, such as compost, energy, phosphorus, plastics and paper. Improving water quality through implementation of wastewater and solid waste interventions requires, among others, an analysis of i) sources of pollution, ii) mitigating measures and resource recovery potentials and their effect on water quality and health, and iii) benefits and costs of interventions. We present an integrated approach to evaluate costs and benefits of domestic and industrial wastewater and solid waste interventions. To support a policy maker in formulating a cost and environmentally effective approach, we quantified the impact of these interventions on 1) water quality improvement, 2) resource recovery potential, and 3) monetized benefits versus costs. The integration of technical, hydrological, agronomical and socio-economic elements to derive these three tangible outputs in a joint approach is a novelty. The approach is demonstrated using the heavily polluted Indonesian Upper Citarum River in the Bandung region. Domestic interventions, applying simple (anaerobic filter) technologies, were economically most attractive with a benefit cost ratio (BCR) of 3.2, but could not reach target water quality standards. To approach the target water quality, both advanced domestic (nutrient removal systems) and industrial wastewater treatment interventions were required, leading to a BCR of 2. We showed that benefits from selling recovered resources represent here an additional driver for improving water quality and outweigh the additional costs for resource recovery facilities. While included benefits captured some of the major items, these may have been undervalued. Based on these findings, water quality interventions justify their costs and are socially and economically beneficial.

Balanced Nutrition Practiced with Limitations during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Experience of Teachers in Subang District, West Java, Indonesia

The purpose of the study is to assess the knowledge on Balanced Nutrition and its practices among pre-school teachers in Subang district, West Java, Indonesia before and during the COVID-19 pandemic (before March 2020 vs. October 2021) and to seek differences in the knowledge and practices of teachers who attended nutrition training and those who did not attend any nutrition training. We evaluated the knowledge and practice of 142 teachers based on 10 messages of the 2014 Indonesian Balanced Nutrition Guidelines, using google online survey platform. The top three messages mostly selected by the teachers were consuming a variety of staple foods (87%), drinking adequate and safe water (87%), and eating plenty of vegetables and fruits (86%), while the least selected were enjoying a variety of foods (41%) and reading food labels (28%). A slight increase was found in teachers who consumed fruits daily, while the practice of washing hands before and during the pandemic was statistically and significantly increased (58% to 72%;p < 0.05). A slight decrease was found in teachers who consumed vegetables and animal protein, as well as performed physical exercise daily. Majority of teachers (80%) participated in some kinds of nutrition training in the last four years. The top three gaps of knowledge between trained and non-trained teachers were on physical activity and maintaining ideal body weight (64% vs. 33%;statistically significant at p < 0.05);limit intake of sweet, salty, and fatty food;and consuming high protein food, with the range between 20 to 35 percentage points. We concluded that teachers acquired knowledge on nutrition to some degree, but its application faced limitations during the pandemic. Dissemination of Balanced Nutrition should continue.

Characterization and mode of occurrence of rare earth elements and yttrium in fly and bottom ash from coal-fired power plants in Java,Indonesia

Fly and bottom ash(FABA)produced primarily from coal combustion in a coal-fred power plant consists of fne particles of the organic and inorganic mixture and trace elements.Eight FABA samples from coal-fred power plants in Java,Indonesia,had been collected for composition and rare earth element and Yttrium(REY)mode of occurrence identifcation.The geochemical composition of both major and trace elements was determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry/atomic emission spectrometry(ICP-MS/AES).Furthermore,the composition of FABA was identifed by petrography with refected light microscopy and X-ray difraction(XRD)analysis.Simultaneously,scanning electron microscope determines the mode of occurrence of REY with an energy-dispersive X-ray(SEM–EDX).The study fnds that the inorganic component of FABA consists of glass,Fe–Mg spinel,mullite,quartz,Fe-oxide mineral,and K-feldspar.In contrast,the organic component is dominated by unburned coal.Glass is the most abundant component with cenospheres as major and pleiospheres as minor constituents.Trace elements analysis indicates REY concentration with heavy REY(HREY)distribution pattern.Moreover,SEM–EDX analysis results show that Yttrium(Y)occurs in glass and has a low concentration in spinel.From the mode occurrence of REY,in particular Yttrium,it can be predicted that alkaline fusion followed by acid leaching will be the most appropriate extraction method to extract REY from Indonesian FABA.

Double-difference tomography of P- and S-wave velocity structure beneath the western part of Java, Indonesia

West Java in the western part of the Sunda Arc has a relatively high seismicity due to subduction activity and faults.In this study,double-difference tomography was used to obtain the 3D velocity tomograms of P and S waves beneath the western part of Java.To infer the geometry of the structure beneath the study area,precise earthquake hypo・center determination was first performed before tomographic imaging.For this,earthquake waveform data were extracted from the regional Meteorological,Climatological,Geophysical Agency(BMKG)network of Indonesia from South Sumatra to Central Java.The P and S arrival times for about 1,000 events in the period April 2009 to July 2016 were selected,the key features being events of magnitude>3,azimuthal gap<210°and number of phases>8.A nonlinear method using the oct-tree sampling algorithm from the NonLinLoc program was employed to determine the earthquake hypocenters.The hypocenter locations were then relocated using double-difference tomography(tomoDD).A significant reduction of travel-time(root mean square basis)and a better clustering of earthquakes were achieved which correlated well with the geological structure in West Java.Double-difference tomography was found to give a clear velocity structure,especially beneath the volcanic arc area,i.e.,under Mt Anak Krakatau,Mt Salak and the mountains complex in the southern part of West Java.Low velocity anomalies for the P and S waves as well as the vp/vs ratio below the volcanoes indicated possible partial melting of the upper mantle which ascended from the subducted slab beneath the volcanic arc.

Contribution of MODIS NDVI 250 m Multi-Temporal Imagery Dataset for the Detection of Natural Forest Distribution of Java Island, Indonesia

As landmass of the world is covered by vegetation, taking into account phenology when performing land cover classification may yield more accurate maps. The availability of no-cost Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) NDVI dataset that provides high-quality continuous time series data is representing a potentially significant source of land cover information especially for detection natural forest distribution. This study intends to assess the advantage of MODIS 250 m Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) multi-temporal imagery for detection of densely vegetation cover distribution in Java and then for identification of remaining natural forest in Java from densely vegetation cover distribution. Result of this study successfully demonstrated the contribution of MODIS NDVI 250 m for detection the natural forest distribution in Java Island. Therefore, the approach described herein provided classification accuracy comparable to those of maps derived from higher resolution data and will be a viable alternative for regional or national classifications.

基于紧耦合加速器的高性能Java压缩系统

Java无损压缩应用广泛,尽管软件算法在不断改进,但仍然存在压缩速度慢、耗时严重等问题。本文使用领域前沿的紧耦合框架集成压缩加速器的处理器平台,设计了一个高性能Java压缩系统,在Java虚拟机(JVM)内部实现了对紧耦合无损压缩加速器的封装,并为其提供了轻量级运行时环境。本系统可以有效减少通信开销、避免数据拷贝问题,具有易编程、快速压缩的特点,充分发挥加速器给Java压缩带来的性能优势。实验结果表明,此系统大幅提升了Java压缩性能,压缩速度达到主流Java Gzip软件压缩的63倍,最高可达247倍,且在大数据集下性能提升更显著。

多维深度导向的Java Web模糊测试方法

随着Java Web的广泛应用,其安全问题日益突出。模糊测试作为一种有效的漏洞挖掘方法,目前已经被用于Java漏洞的检测。然而,由于Java Web应用代码规模庞大、业务逻辑复杂,现有的漏洞挖掘工具在模糊测试中存在随机性高、代码检测深度低的问题,导致漏洞挖掘的准确率较低。因此,文章提出基于多维深度导向的Java Web模糊测试方法。该方法使用Jimple作为待测Java Web应用字节码的三地址码中间表示,并生成代码对应的函数间调用图和函数内控制流图,在此基础上分析每个基本块的多维深度。同时,根据多维深度和模糊测试执行时间优化模糊测试指导策略,设计相应的输入结构解析策略、能量分配策略和变异算法调度策略,提升模糊测试的准确性。实验结果表明,相较于现有的模糊测试工具Peach和Kelinci,该方法能够在性能消耗较低的情况下取得更好的漏洞检测效果。

Landslide Hazard and Community-based Risk Reduction Effort in Karanganyar and the Surrounding Area,Central Java,Indonesia

Karanganyar and the surrounding area are situated in a dynamic volcanic arc region, where landslide frequently occurs during the rainy season. The rain-induced landslide disasters have been resulting in 65 fatalities and a substantial socioeconomical loss in last December 2007. Again, in early February 2009, 6 more people died, hundreds of people temporary evacuated and tens of houses damaged due to the rain-induced landslide. Accordingly, inter-disciplinary approach for geological, geotechnical and social investigations were undertaken with the goal for improving community resilience in the landslide vulnerable villages. Landslide hazard mapping and communitybased landslide mitigation were conducted to reduce the risk of landslides. The hazard mapping was carried out based on the susceptibility assessment with respect to the conditions of slope inclination, types and engineering properties of lithology/soil as well as the types of landuse. All of those parameters were analyzed by applying weighing and scoring system which were calculated by semi qualitative approach (Analytical Hierarchical Process). It was found that the weathered andesitic-steep slope (steeper than 30o) was identified as the highest susceptible slope for rapid landslide, whilst the gentle colluvial slope with inter-stratification of tuffaceous clay-silt was found to be the susceptible slope for creeping. Finally, a programme for landslide risk reduction and control were developed with special emphasize on community-based landslide mitigation and early warning system. It should be highlighted that the social approach needs to be properly addressed in order to guarantee the effectiveness of landslide risk reduction.

基于面向对象编程的Java语言程序设计方法分析

阐述面向对象编程方法和Java语言的特点,通过案例分析和实践验证Java语言在程序设计中的灵活性和扩展性,讨论Java语言的封装、继承和多态特性,在设计和实现Java程序中的应用。

以效果为导向的Java Web课程思政探索

针对课程思政存在的问题,依据Java Web课程的教学内容、应用背景以及企业招聘要求,提出以学生为中心、以效果为导向、知行合一的课程思政教学方法,具体阐述如何将知识传授、能力培养和价值塑造与学生的职业发展相结合,切实将课程思政做到实处,以达到课程思政内化于心、外化于行的教学效果。

感知学生情绪的Java程序设计课堂教学改革

针对课堂中学生注意力与情绪状态存在特定关联,提出感知学生情绪的课堂教学改革思路,以Java程序设计课程中“循环语法结构的运用”课堂教学实践为例,阐述如何将经典水仙花数问题分解并运用穷举思想、组合思想和归纳思想求解,借此引出扩展问题,最终实现增强学生学习自信心、培养算法思维能力的课堂教学改革目的。

基于Java Web技术的校园论坛网页的设计与实现

随着网络技术的快速发展,校园论坛打破了传统人与人之间的交流方式,可为广大师生提供更为丰富、自由、便捷的交流与沟通渠道,用户可以在校园论坛上自由分享、交流互动等。文章设计并实现一个基于Java Web技术的校园论坛网页,以方便广大师生进行学术交流和社交互动。该校园论坛基于Java Web技术而开发,采用B/S设计模式,使用JSP+CSS技术设计美化界面,运用JDBC连接关系型数据库MySQL。实现了登录注册模块、用户交流模块、帖子模块、用户管理模块、校园互助管理模块等。经过严格的测试和验证,该校园论坛在各项功能上均达到了预期目标,安全性和实用性俱佳,能够为广大师生提供一个良好的在线交流虚拟社交平台。

基于Java的第三方物流协同订单管理系统的设计与实现

随着第三方物流行业的迅速发展,物流订单管理面临着订单处理的高效性、信息共享的及时性和客户服务的个性化需求等方面的要求。Java编程语言以其强大的跨平台性、优秀的网络处理能力和良好的安全性,为物流订单管理系统的开发提供理想的技术平台。因此,文章基于Java的第三方物流协同订单管理系统的设计与实现展开探讨,分析系统需求、系统设计、系统实现以及系统测试,以期构建一个高效、可靠且用户友好的系统,为第三方物流行业提供管理订单的解决方案。

面向对象程序设计课程C++和Java的比较教学

面向对象程序设计语言的三大基本特性为封装、继承和多态,对比分析C++和Java在实现封装、继承和多态方面的区别和联系,结合具体教学案例,阐述教学难点并提出对策,以达到事半功倍的学习效果。