Wharton’s jelly mesenchymal stem cells: Future regenerative medicine for clinical applications in mitigation of radiation injury

Wharton’s jelly mesenchymal stem cells(WJ-MSCs)are gaining significant attention in regenerative medicine for their potential to treat degenerative diseases and mitigate radiation injuries.WJ-MSCs are more naïve and have a better safety profile,making them suitable for both autologous and allogeneic transplantations.This review highlights the regenerative potential of WJ-MSCs and their clinical applications in mitigating various types of radiation injuries.In this review,we will also describe why WJ-MSCs will become one of the most probable stem cells for future regenerative medicine along with a balanced view on their strengths and weaknesses.Finally,the most updated literature related to both preclinical and clinical usage of WJ-MSCs for their potential application in the regeneration of tissues and organs will also be compiled.

Allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells may be a viable treatment modality in cerebral palsy

BACKGROUND Cerebral palsy(CP)describes a group of disorders affecting movement,balance,and posture.Disturbances in motor functions constitute the main body of CP symptoms.These symptoms surface in early childhood and patients are affected for the rest of their lives.Currently,treatment involves various pharmacotherapies for different types of CP,including antiepileptics for epilepsy and Botox A for focal spasticity.However,none of these methods can provide full symptom relief.This has prompted researchers to look for new treatment modalities,one of which is mesenchymal stem cell therapy(MSCT).Despite being a promising tool and offering a wide array of possibilities,mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)still need to be investigated for their efficacy and safety.AIM To analyze the efficacy and safety of MSCT in CP patients.METHODS Our sample consists of four CP patients who cannot stand or walk without external support.All of these cases received allogeneic MSCT six times as 1×106/kg intrathecally,intravenously,and intramuscularly using umbilical cord-derived MSCs(UC-MSC).We monitored and assessed the patients pre-and post-treatment using the Wee Functional Independence Measure(WeeFIM),Gross Motor Function Classification System(GMFCS),and Manual Ability Classification Scale(MACS)instruments.We utilized the Modified Ashworth Scale(MAS)to measure spasticity.RESULTS We found significant improvements in MAS scores after the intervention on both sides.Two months:Rightχ^(2)=4000,P=0.046,leftχ^(2)=4000,P=0.046;four months:Rightχ^(2)=4000,P=0.046,leftχ^(2)=4000,P=0.046;12 months:Rightχ^(2)=4000,P=0.046,leftχ^(2)=4000,P=0.046.However,there was no significant difference in motor functions based on WeeFIM results(P>0.05).GMFCS and MACS scores differed significantly at 12 months after the intervention(P=0.046,P=0.046).Finally,there was no significant change in cognitive functions(P>0.05).CONCLUSION In light of our findings,we believe that UC-MSC therapy has a positive effect on spasticity,and it partially improves motor functions.

Safety and efficiency of Wharton’s Jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cell administration in patients with traumatic brain injury:First results of a phase I study

BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury(TBI)is characterized by a disruption in the normal function of the brain due to an injury following a trauma,which can potentially cause severe physical,cognitive,and emotional impairment.Stem cell transplantation has evolved as a novel treatment modality in the management of TBI,as it has the potential to arrest the degeneration and promote regeneration of new cells in the brain.Wharton’s Jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells(WJ-MSCs)have recently shown beneficial effects in the functional recovery of neurological deficits.AIM To evaluate the safety and efficiency of MSC therapy in TBI.METHODS We present 6 patients,4 male and 2 female aged between 21 and 27 years who suffered a TBI.These 6 patients underwent 6 doses of intrathecal,intramuscular(i.m.)and intravenous transplantation of WJ-MSCs at a target dose of 1×106/kg for each application route.Spasticity was assessed using the Modified Ashworth scale(MAS),motor function according to the Medical Research Council Muscle Strength Scale,quality of life was assessed by the Functional Independence Measure(FIM)scale and Karnofsky Performance Status scale.RESULTS Our patients showed only early,transient complications,such as subfebrile fever,mild headache,and muscle pain due to i.m.injection,which resolved within 24 h.During the one year follow-up,no other safety issues or adverse events were reported.These 6 patients showed improvements in their cognitive abilities,muscle spasticity,muscle strength,performance scores and fine motor skills when compared before and after the intervention.MAS values,which we used to assess spasticity,were observed to statistically significantly decrease for both left and right sides(P<0.001).The FIM scale includes both motor scores(P<0.05)and cognitive scores(P<0.001)and showed a significant increase in pretest posttest analyses.The difference observed in the participants’Karnofsky Performance Scale values pre and post the intervention was statistically significant(P<0.001).CONCLUSION This study showed that cell transplantation has a safe,effective and promising future in the management of TBI.

Potential plausible role of Wharton’s jelly mesenchymal stem cells for diabetic bone regeneration

This letter addresses the review titled“Wharton’s jelly mesenchymal stem cells:Future regenerative medicine for clinical applications in mitigation of radiation injury”.The review highlights the regenerative potential of Wharton’s jelly mesenchymal stem cells(WJ-MSCs)and describes why WJ-MSCs will become one of the most probable stem cells for future regenerative medicine.The potential plausible role of WJ-MSCs for diabetic bone regeneration should be noticeable,which will provide a new strategy for improving bone regeneration under diabetic conditions.

Advances in the treatment of autism spectrum disorder:Wharton jelly mesenchymal stem cell transplantation

BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorder(ASD)is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder with multifaceted origins.In recent studies,neuroinflammation and immune dysregulation have come to the forefront in its pathogenesis.There are studies suggesting that stem cell therapy may be effective in the treatment of ASD.AIM To evolve the landscape of ASD treatment,focusing on the potential benefits and safety of stem cell transplantation.METHODS A detailed case report is presented,displaying the positive outcomes observed in a child who underwent intrathecal and intravenous Wharton’s jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells(WJ-MSCs)transplantation combined with neurorehabilitation.RESULTS The study demonstrates a significant improvement in the child’s functional outcomes(Childhood Autism Rating Scale,Denver 2 Developmental Screening Test),especially in language and gross motor skills.No serious side effects were encountered during the 2-year follow-up.CONCLUSION The findings support the safety and effectiveness of WJ-MSC transplantation in managing ASD.

Structural and antioxidative properties of royal jelly protein by partial enzymatic hydrolysis

The objective of this study was to investigate the structural and antioxidative properties of royal jelly protein(RJP)at different degrees of hydrolysis(DH)by partial enzymatic hydrolysis. RJP was hydrolyzed by alcalase for 0 min, 15 min, 1 h, 5 h and 8 h to obtain hydrolysates at DH of 5.34%, 11.65%, 15.19%, 21.38% and 23.91%, respectively. With the increased DH, the RJP hydrolysates showed elevated antioxidative activities. The molecular weight of RJP hydrolysates was significantly decreased but their primary backbone kept unchanged. Analysis of circular dichroism spectra revealed that the enzymolysis reduced the content of α-helix but increased the contents of β-sheet, β-turn and random coil. Meanwhile, the surface hydrophobicity and fluorescence intensity of RJP hydrolysates were decreased and a red shift occurred. As the enzymolysis continued, the surface morphology of RJP was gradually changed from a sheet-like structure into microparticles. Changes in antioxidative activities and structures generally followed a DH-dependent manner, however these changes became insignificant for samples at DH beyond 20%. Taking into consideration of both effectiveness and productivity, the optimum enzymatic duration was determined at 5 h.

A Preliminary Study on Consumer Sensory Evaluation and Acceptance of Pomelo Peel Jelly

Pomelo peel is a by-product from pomelo consumption, but it is also rich in a variety of nutrients and functional substances. In order to solve the environmental problems caused by the large amount of discarded pomelo peels every year, in this study, we recycled pomelo peels to make pomelo yellow peel jelly (PYPJ) and pomelo white peel jelly (PWPJ) according to their different characteristics in pomelo peels. And the consumer sensory evaluation (n = 50) was carried out to explore the consumers’ evaluation and acceptance for these two innovative products. The results showed that both jellies received high mean scores for all sensory attributes expect PYPJ’ taste, and the consumer acceptances of PYPJ and PWPJ were 62% and 92%, respectively. These results displayed that there is a need to further improve PYPJ, and PWPJ is a product recognized by consumers. .

An Optimized Deep-Learning-Based Low Power Approximate Multiplier Design

Approximate computing is a popularfield for low power consumption that is used in several applications like image processing,video processing,multi-media and data mining.This Approximate computing is majorly performed with an arithmetic circuit particular with a multiplier.The multiplier is the most essen-tial element used for approximate computing where the power consumption is majorly based on its performance.There are several researchers are worked on the approximate multiplier for power reduction for a few decades,but the design of low power approximate multiplier is not so easy.This seems a bigger challenge for digital industries to design an approximate multiplier with low power and minimum error rate with higher accuracy.To overcome these issues,the digital circuits are applied to the Deep Learning(DL)approaches for higher accuracy.In recent times,DL is the method that is used for higher learning and prediction accuracy in severalfields.Therefore,the Long Short-Term Memory(LSTM)is a popular time series DL method is used in this work for approximate computing.To provide an optimal solution,the LSTM is combined with a meta-heuristics Jel-lyfish search optimisation technique to design an input aware deep learning-based approximate multiplier(DLAM).In this work,the jelly optimised LSTM model is used to enhance the error metrics performance of the Approximate multiplier.The optimal hyperparameters of the LSTM model are identified by jelly search opti-misation.Thisfine-tuning is used to obtain an optimal solution to perform an LSTM with higher accuracy.The proposed pre-trained LSTM model is used to generate approximate design libraries for the different truncation levels as a func-tion of area,delay,power and error metrics.The experimental results on an 8-bit multiplier with an image processing application shows that the proposed approx-imate computing multiplier achieved a superior area and power reduction with very good results on error rates.

人脐带Wharton’s jelly源间充质干细胞培养中碱性成纤维细胞生长因子的作用

背景：培养脐带源间充质干细胞过程中,细胞形态常易变得宽大不规则,传代不易贴壁,死亡率高,找到一个维持细胞稳定的方法是有必要的。目的：拟采用组织块培养法从人脐带Wharton’s jelly中分离培养间充质干细胞,观察碱性成纤维细胞生长因子对其生物学特性的影响。方法：采用组织块法分离培养和扩增脐带组织间充质干细胞,对照组用DMEM/F12培养基＋体积分数为10%胎牛血清培养,实验组用DMEM/F12培养基＋体积分数为10%胎牛血清＋20μg/L碱性成纤维细胞生长因子培养。观察组织块游出细胞的时间和细胞形态,每隔3d或4d更换培养液,待细胞达到80%~90%融合时,用0.25%胰酶消化后,按1：2或1：3的比例传代。结果与结论：倒置显微镜下观察对照组中从8~10d开始有细胞从组织块四周游出贴壁,实验组中从6~8d开始有细胞从组织块四周游出贴壁,1周后可见多数呈长梭形或扁平形的成纤维样细胞,围绕组织块成旋涡状,前3代细胞形态及传代间隔时间两组基本相同;3代以后实验组细胞较对照组易于贴壁,传代死亡率低,生长曲线提示增殖能力强。流式细胞术分析两组细胞周期显示第3,6代70%以上的细胞处于G0/G1期,且第3,6代细胞均阳性表达CD29,CD44,弱表达HLA-ABC,不表达CD34、CD45和HLA-DR。结果提示采用组织块培养法可从人脐带Wharton’s jelly中分离出具有间充质干细胞特性的细胞,且碱性成纤维细胞生长因子能使细胞从组织块游出时间提前和有助于促使细胞贴壁,一定程度上维持细胞形态稳定性,提高增殖能力,并且不改变细胞的表面标志物表达。

脐带源间充质干细胞与大鼠胰腺细胞共培养向胰岛样细胞分化及移植治疗1型糖尿病(英文)

背景:脐带Wharton’s Jelly中间充质干细胞可以向胰岛样细胞诱导分化。目的:验证脐带源间充质干细胞与大鼠胰腺细胞共培养向胰岛样细胞诱导分化的可能性,并观察移植后对糖尿病大鼠血糖的影响。方法:分离、诱导、传代脐带Wharton’s Jelly中间充质干细胞,再与大鼠胰腺细胞共培养,诱导成胰岛细胞团样组织。将大鼠分为3组,正常对照组不进行移植及造模;模型组仅制备糖尿病大鼠模型;实验组造模后将胰岛样细胞移植入糖尿病大鼠肾脏包膜。结果与结论:脐带Wharton’s Jelly细胞培养中有细胞从组织块中爬出,第7天形态发生变化,贴壁细胞部分变成梭形。分离培养的细胞表达具有间充质干细胞表面特有标志CD44、CD29、CD105,不表达CD34、CD45、CD14。诱导第7,10天PDX-1及人胰岛素强染色;胰岛素及C-肽浓度较单纯培养组明显升高;PDX-1及人胰岛素mRNA诱导第7、10天较高表达。移植第1周大鼠尾尖血糖链脲佐菌素实验组明显低于模型组(P<0.01),但明显高于正常照组(P<0.01)。8周链脲佐菌素实验组肾脏被膜下发现胞核染棕色染色的Brdu阳性、胞浆棕色染色的胰岛素阳性细胞。结果表明,脐带Wharton’s Jelly中存在脐带源间充质干细胞,与大鼠胰腺细胞共培养可促进间充质干细胞向胰岛样细胞诱导分化,移植入糖尿病大鼠肾脏被膜下,可显著降低糖尿病大鼠血糖。

体外诱导人脐带间充质干细胞分化为许旺细胞

背景:人脐带Wharton’s Jelly源间充质干细胞避免了伦理的限制,来源丰富,可以作为种子细胞进行组织修复。目的:观察体外诱导脐带Wharton’s Jelly中间充质干细胞向许旺细胞分化的可行性。方法:分离、培养脐带Wharton’s Jelly中间充质干细胞,流式细胞术鉴定细胞表面标志。利用神经细胞培养基、碱性成纤维生长因子、表皮生长因子、维甲酸、血小板源性生长因子等采用两步法将脐带间充质干细胞诱导分化为许旺细胞,倒置显微镜下观察细胞形态变化。利用免疫细胞化学染色法检测巢蛋白、S-100、纤维酸性蛋白的表达,反转录-聚合酶链反应、免疫印记技术检测许旺细胞特异性蛋白产物表达。结果与结论:脐带细胞培养第7天形态发生变化,部分细胞变成梭形。原代细胞培养10d左右可达80%～90%融合,细胞呈梭形。分离培养的细胞表达具有间充质干细胞表面特有标志:CD44(91.4%),CD29(91.3%),CD105(99.2%),不表达CD34(0.2%),CD45(0.9%),CD14(0.6%)。脐带Wharton’s Jelly中间充质干细胞经第一阶段诱导后,细胞由短梭形变成长梭形或纺锤形,并出现聚集现象,由形状规则、表面圆滑的球形细胞团形成。第二阶段诱导后,有长梭形细胞从球形细胞团爬出,96h后细胞形态多为长梭形,伴有多极现象。免疫细胞化学染色结果示:长梭形多极细胞具有许旺细胞特异的纤维酸性蛋白、S100蛋白染色。结果表明脐带Wharton’s Jelly中间充质干细胞可在体外诱导分化为许旺细胞。

人脐带非酶解法培养MSCs的方法建立

目的建立从人脐带Wharton's jelly组织中直接培养间充质干细胞(MSCs)的方法。方法将人脐带切成5 cm左右的片段,纵向剖开,剔除血管,把富含Wharton's jelly组织的脐带面置于10 cm2塑料培养皿的培养面上,加入含20%FBS的LG-DMEM培养基连续培养10 d;移去脐带组织后,培养皿中的细胞继续培养至80%-90%融合。传代和扩增3代(次)后,以倒置光学显微镜观察细胞形态,流式细胞仪检测细胞免疫表型及细胞周期,用含有成骨细胞诱导剂、脂肪细胞诱导剂对传代培养至第3代的细胞分别定向诱导分化为成骨细胞、脂肪细胞,并对诱导后细胞用碱性磷酸酶检测试剂、Von-Kossa染色检测试剂和茜苏红染色试剂作细胞生物学检测。结果脐带组织在贴壁培养5 d,组织周围可见有少量细胞贴壁生长,主要呈"成纤维样",形状不规则,移去脐带组织后继续培养至14-15 d时,细胞达到80%-90%汇合;细胞表面表达CD73、CD105、CD90、CD44、CD29、CD71及CD13,不表达CD34、CD14、CD133、CD45、HLA-DR;培养至第4代时约72.724%的细胞处在G1期,S期细胞占18.069%,第6代时,G1期细胞约为83.875%、S期细胞仅为9.606%左右。细胞经成骨细胞诱导分化后,碱性磷酸酶染色显示呈强阳性,茜苏红染色和Von-Kossa染色显示细胞有钙盐沉积并形成钙结节;细胞经成脂细胞诱导分化后,油红O染色呈红色,显示胞浆内有大量甘油三酯的聚集。结论采用非酶解法从人脐带Wharton's jelly中分离及培养扩增的细胞具备MSCs的基本特性,具有分化为成骨细胞和脂肪细胞的能力。

Processing Technology of Pomelo jelly with Health-care Function

[Objective] The aim was to research the processing technology of pomelo jelly with health-care function. [Method] With Citrus maxima （Burm.） Merr. cv. Guanxiyou as the raw materials, the optimal processing technology of pomelo jelly with health-care function was obtained by orthogonal test based on the results of single factor test. [Result] The optimal processing technology of pomelo jelly with healthAugust 16, 2016care function was as follows： 30% pomelo juice, 15% sugar, 1.0% mixed gel and 0.19% citric acid. Under these conditions, the pomelo jelly had relatively good sensory status, with certain nutritional value and health care function. [Conclusion] This research provides references for the deep processing of pomelo.

“生物药”——Wharton's jelly源间充质干细胞

干细胞治疗代表生物冶疗进入到了一个崭新的时代。间充质干细胞是存在于胚胎或成体组织中来源于中胚层具有多向分化潜能的干细胞。由于成体间充质干细胞的质量与数量自身缺陷,使之应用受到了很大限制。Wharton's jelly组织,是起始于胚胎发育第13天的胚外中胚层组织。使用基因微阵列分析及功能分析,首次发现Wharton's jelly源间充质干细胞(Wharton's jelly derived mesenchymal stem cells,WJMSCs)高表达胚胎早期干性基因及心肌细胞分化早期特异转录因子,可分化心肌细胞等多种细胞。进而,应用临床级WJMSCs经冠状动脉移植治疗ST抬高型急性心肌梗死患者的随机双盲临床试验,首次证明WJMSCs可明显改善心肌活力及心脏功能。因此,WJMSCs具有极其重要益处;无伦理涉及,有强的分化潜能,无致瘤性;加之,WJMSCs可作为产品,在任何时候病情需要时立即应用。为此,WJMSCs作为真正意义上的干细胞族,将最有希望成为具有应用前景的于细胞生物药。

脐带Wharton’s jelly源间充质干细胞——细胞治疗理想选择

脐带Wharton’s jelly源间充质干细胞(WJ-MSCs)是原始的间充质干细胞,具有较强的自我更新及多向分化潜能,无致肿瘤性,同时具有较低的免疫原性,在临床前期多种疾病的防治中具有较好的作用。由于其取材方便,应用无伦理争议,是细胞治疗修复组织损伤的理想选择。文章就WJ-MSCs的性质及应用等做一综述。

人脐带Wharton’s Jelly来源间充质干细胞与人牙周膜干细胞成骨分化能力的对比研究

目的:比较人脐带Wharton’s Jelly来源间充质干细胞(human umbilical cord Wharton’s Jelly-derived mesechymal stem cells,h UCWJMSCs)与人牙周膜干细胞(periodontal mesenchymal stem cells,h PDLSCs)成骨分化能力。方法:体外培养h UCWJMSCs和h PDLSCs。MTT法检测细胞增殖情况;成骨诱导后测定细胞的ALP活性,茜素红染色检测细胞矿化能力,Real-time PCR分析OPN和Runx2基因的表达。结果:hUCWJMSCs增殖能力高于hPDLSCs;经矿化诱导后hPDLSCsALP表达、矿化结节形成高于hUCWJMSCs(P<0.05);Runx2在hPDLSCs中表达高于hUCWJMSCs(P<0.05);而hUCWJMSCs中OPN表达高于hPDLSCs(P<0.05)。结论:h UCWJMSCs、hPDLSCs均具有成骨分化能力,hPDLSCs成骨分化能力较强。

WJSC 6^(th) Anniversary Special Issues(2):Mesenchymal stem cells Umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells:Their advantages and potential clinical utility

Human umbilical cord(UC)is a promising source of mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs).Apart from their prominent advantages,such as a painless collection procedure and faster self-renewal,UC-MSCs have shown the ability to differentiate into three germ layers,to accumulate in damaged tissue or inflamed regions,to promote tissue repair,and to modulate immune response.There are diverse protocols and culture methods for the isolation of MSCs from the various compartments of UC,such as Wharton’s jelly,vein,arteries,UC lining and subamnion and perivascular regions.In this review,we give a brief introduction to various compartments of UC as a source of MSCs and emphasize the potential clinical utility of UC-MSCs for regenerative medicine and immunotherapy.

Human umbilical cord Wharton's jelly-derived oligodendrocyte precursor-like cells for axon and myelin sheath regeneration

Human umbilical mesenchymal stem cells from Wharton＇s jelly of the umbilical cord were induced to differentiate into oligodendrocyte precursor-like cells in vitro. Oligodendrocyte precursor cells were transplanted into contused rat spinal cords. Immunofluorescence double staining indicated that transplanted cells survived in injured spinal cord, and differentiated into mature and immature oligodendrocyte precursor cells. Biotinylated dextran amine tracing results showed that cell transplantation promoted a higher density of the corticospinal tract in the central and caudal parts of the injured spinal cord. Luxol fast blue and toluidine blue staining showed that the volume of residual myelin was significantly increased at 1 and 2 mm rostral and caudal to the lesion epicenter after cell transplantation. Furthermore, immunofluorescence staining verified that the newly regenerated myelin sheath was derived from the central nervous system. Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan testing showed an evident behavioral recovery. These results suggest that human umbilical mesenchymal stem cell-derived oligodendrocyte precursor cells promote the regeneration of spinal axons and myelin sheaths.

Pseudomyxoma peritonei

Pseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP) is an uncommon "bor-derline malignancy" generally arising from a perforated appendiceal epithelial tumour. Optimal treatment involves a combination of cytoreductive surgery (CRS) with heated intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC). Controversy persists regarding the pathological classification and its prognostic value. Computed tomography scanning is the optimal preoperative staging technique. Tumour marker elevations correlate with worse prognosis and increased recurrence rates. Following CRS with HIPEC, 5-year survival ranges from 62.5% to 100% for low grade, and 0%-65% for high grade disease. Treat-ment related morbidity and mortality ranges from 12 to 67.6%, and 0 to 9%, respectively. Surgery and HIPEC are the optimal treatment for PMP which is at best a "borderline" peritoneal malignancy.

Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into retinal progenitor cells

Human Wharton＇s jelly mesenchymal stem cells were isolated from fetal umbilical cord. Cells were cultured in serumfree neural stem cellconditioned medium or neural stem cellconditioned medium supplemented with Dkk1, a Wnt/13 catenin pathway antagonist, and LeftyA, a Nodal signaling pathway antagonist to induce differentiation into retinal progenitor cells. Inverted microscopy showed that after induction, the spindleshaped or fibroblastlike Wharton＇s jelly mesenchymal stem cells changed into bulbous cells with numerous processes. Immunofluorescent cytochemical stain ing and reversetranscription PCR showed positive expression of retinal progenitor cell markers, Pax6 and Rx, as well as weakly downregulated nestin expression. These results demonstrate that Wharton＇s jelly mesenchymal stem cells are capable of differentiating into retinal progenitor cells in vitro.