Experiment on Vaporization of Jet into Cross-Flow

The injection characteristics of the main fuel nozzle,which is widely applied in advanced lean-premixed-prevaporized(LPP)low-emission combustors,can be simplified as the atomization and vaporization processes of a jet into cross-flow.In this study,a nozzle with a diameter of 0.4 mm is designed and processed through the heating of the inlet air,and the vaporization characteristics are investigated.The optical measurement and cyclone separation methods are separately used to investigate the evaporation rate of a jet into cross-flow.Experimental results show that the fuel evaporation rate in cross-flow is mainly affected by the Weber number(We),equivalent ratio(φ),momentum rate of fuel to air(q),and air temperature.In addition,the inlet temperature is a crucial factor for the evaporation ratio of a jet into cross-flow.The evaporation results measured by two different methods in the same cross-flow are very close to each other with a deviation within 10%.

Convective Heat Transfer Enhancement of a Rectangular Flat Plate by an Impinging Jet in Cross Flow

Experiments were carried out to study the heat transfer performance of an impinging jet in a cross flow.Several parameters including the jet-to-cross-flow mass ratio(X=2%-8%), the Reynolds number(Red=1434-5735)and the jet diameter(d=2-4 mm) were explored. The heat transfer enhancement factor was found to increase with the jet-to-cross-flow mass ratio and the Reynolds number, but decrease with the jet diameter when other parameters maintain fixed. The presence of a cross flow was observed to degrade the heat transfer performance in respect to the effect of impinging jet to the target surface only. In addition, an impinging jet was confirmed to be capable of enhancing the heat transfer process in considerable amplitude even though the jet was not designed to impinge on the target surface.

Initial Dilution of A Vertical Round Non-Buoyant Jet in Wavy Cross-Flow Environment

The phenomenon of wastewater discharged into coastal waters can be simplified as a turbulent jet under the effect of waves and currents. Previous studies have been carried out to investigate the jet behaviors under the current only or the wave only environment. To obtain better understanding of the jet behaviors in a realistic situation, a series of physical experiments on the initial dilution of a vertical round jet in the wavy cross-flow environment are conducted. The diluted processes of the jet are recorded by a high-resolution camcorder and the concentration fields of the jet are measured with a peristaltic suction pumping system. When the jet is discharged into the wavy cross-flow environment, a distinctive phenomenon, namely ＂effluent clouds＂, is observed. According to the quantitative measurements, the jet width in the wavy cross-flow environment increases more significantly than that does in the cross-flow only environment, indicating that the waves impose a positive effect on the enhancement of jet initial dilution. In order to generalize the experimental findings, a comprehensive velocity scale ua and a characteristic length scale l are introduced. Through dimensional analysis, it is found that the dimensionless centerline concentration trajectories cy/l is in proportion to 1/3 power of the dimensionless downstream distance x/l, and the dimensionless centerline dilution 2c aS Q/（u l） is proportional to the square of the dimensionless centerline trajectory cy/l. Several empirical equations are then derived by using the Froude number of cross-flow Frc as a reference coefficient. This paper provides a better understanding and new estimations of the jet initial dilution under the combined effect of waves and cross-flow current.

Lattice Boltzmann simulation of a laminar square jet in cross flows

A three-dimensional, nineteen-velocity(D3Q19) Lattice Boltzmann Method(LBM) model was developed to simulate the fluid flow of a laminar square jet in cross flows based on the single relaxation time algorithm. The code was validated by the mathematic solution of the Poiseuille flow in a square channel, and was further validated with a previous well studied empirical correlation for the central trajectory of a jet in cross flows. The developed LBM model was found to be able to capture the dominant vortex, i.e. the Counter-rotating Vortex Pair(CVP) and the upright wake vortex. Results show that the incoming fluid in the cross flow channel was entrained into the leeside of the jet fluid, which contributes to the blending of the jet. That the spread width of the transverse jet decreases with the velocity ratio. A layer-organized entrainment pattern was found indicating that the incoming fluid at the lower position is firstly entrained into the leeside of the jet, and followed by the incoming fluid at the upper position.

Variations of the Summer Somali and Australia Cross-Equatorial Flows and the Implications for the Asian Summer Monsoon

The temporal variations during 1948-2010 and vertical structures of the summer Somali and Australia cross-equatorial flows （CEFs） and the implications for the Asian summer monsoon were explored in this study. The strongest southerly and northerly CEFs exist at 925 hPa and 150 hPa level, respectively. The low-level Somali （LLS） CEFs were significantly connected with the rainfall in most regions of India （especially the monsoon regions）, except in a small area in southwest India. In comparison to the climatology, the low- level Australia （LLA） CEFs exhibited stronger variations at interannual time scale and are more closely connected to the East Asian summer monsoon circulation than to the LLS CEFs. The East Asian summer monsoon circulation anomalies related to stronger LLA CEFs were associ- ated with less water vapor content and less rainfall in the region between the middle Yellow River and Yangtze River and with more water vapor and more rainfall in southern China. The sea-surface tempera- ture anomalies east of Australia related to summer LLA CEFs emerge in spring and persist into summer, with implications for the seasonal prediction of summer rainfall in East Asia. The connection between the LLA CEFs and East Asian summer monsoon rainfall may be partly due to its linkage with E1 Nino-Southern Oscillation. In addition, both the LLA and LLS CEFs .exhibited interdecadal shifts in the late 1970s and the late 1990s, consistent with the phase shifts of Pacific Decadal Oscillation （PDO）.

DIAMOND PORT JET INTERACTION WITH SUPERSONIC FLOW

Interaction flow field of the sonic air jet through diamond shaped orifices at different incidence angles （10 degrees, 27.5 degrees, 45 degrees and 90 degrees） and total pressures （0.10 MPa and 0. 46 MPa） with a Mach 5.0 freestream was studied experimentally. A 90 degrees circular injector was examined for comparison. Crosssection Mach number contours were acquired by a Pitot-cone five-hole pressure probe. The results indicate that the low Mach semicircular region close to the wall is the wake region. The boundary layer thinning is in the areas adjacent to the wake. For the detached case, the interaction shock extends further into the freestream, and the shock shape has more curvature, also the low-Mach upwash region is larger. The vortices of the plume and the height of the jet interaction shock increase with increasing incidence angle and jet pressure. 90 degrees diamond and circular injector have stronger plume vorticity, and for the circular injector low-Mach region is smaller than that for the diamond injector. Tapered ramp increases the plume vorticity, and the double ramp reduces the level of vorticity. The three-dimensional interaction shock shape was modeled from the surface shock shape, the center plane shock shape, and crosssectional shock shape. The shock total pressure was estimated with the normal component of the Mach number using normal shock theory. The shock induced total pressure losses decrease with decreasing jet incidence angle and injection pressure, where the largest losses are incurred by the 90 degrees, circular injector.

惰性气体射流协同控制火焰振荡和NO_(x)排放性能研究

预混火焰燃烧通常会出现热声振荡等问题,严重制约了燃气轮机或油气锅炉的安全运行和洁净排放。为此,提出通过惰性气体射流来调控预混燃烧过程,从而实现火焰振荡和NO_(x)排放的协同控制。惰性气体射流将导致预混火焰振荡模态迁移,既可降低火焰振荡幅值,还可使火焰振荡频率发生改变。相对原子质量大的氩气比相对原子质量小的氦气的控制效果好。惰性气体射流能够显著改变火焰结构,使预混火焰长度变短。

基于格子Boltzmann方法的平板射流大涡模拟

应用多GPU技术,将格子Boltzmann方法与大涡模拟相结合(LBM-LES),使用1.12×108网格,对雷诺数Re=4 000,倾斜角α=30°,吹风比M=0.5工况下的平板单孔射流进行了大规模高性能数值模拟研究.合理的定性与定量结果验证了LBM-LES模拟平板射流的有效性与可行性.使用上亿的计算网格捕捉了精细的湍流拟序结构,有利于主流与射流之间的掺混机理研究.此外,使用6个K20M GPU并行计算,模拟了71 680 LBM时间步长,仅耗时15 402秒,计算性能达到521.24MLUPS,即每秒更新5.212 4×108个网格点的数据.

NUMERICAL STUDY OF HYDRODYNAMICS OF MULTIPLE TANDEM JETS IN CROSS FLOW

The hydrodynamics of a single jet and four tandem jets in a cross flow are simulated by using the Computational Fluid Dynamics （CFD） software Fluent. The realizable model is used to close the Reynolds-Averaged equations. The flow characteristics of the jets, including the jet trajectory, the velocity field and the turbulent kinetic energy are obtained with various jet-to-cross flow velocity ratios in the range of 2.38-17.88. It is shown that a single jet penetrates slightly deeper than the first jet in a jet group at the same , although the difference decreases with the decrease of . It is also found that the way in which the velo-city decays along the centerline of the jet is similar for both a single jet and the first jet in a group, and the speed of the decay increases with the decrease of . The downstream jets in a group are found to behave differently due to the sheltering effect of the first jet in the group. Compared with the first jet, the downstream jets penetrate deeper into the cross flow, and the velocity decays more slowly. The circulation zone between the two upstream jets in the front is stronger than those formed between the downstream jets. The Turbulent Kinetic Energy （TKE） sees a distinct double-peak across the cross-sections close to each nozzle, with low values in the jet core and high values in the shear layers. The double-peak gradually vanishes, as the shear layers of the jet merge further away from the nozzle, where the TKE assumes peaks at the jet centerline.

MEAN BEHAVIOR OF THREE DIMENSIONAL LINE BUOYANT JETS IN CROSS FLOWS

This paper presents the results of a numerical calculation on the meanbehavior of finite length line buoyant jets from slot with width B , discharged perpendicularly intorelatively deep cross-flows in the mixing region. The length of diffuser was varied from 4 to 20times the width of diffuser. The calculations were performed with the standard K-ε model and HybridFinite Analytic Method (HFAM) with staggered grid. The phenomenon and development of vortex pairsare simulated successfully and the influence of diffuser length and buoyant on turbulent buoyantjets are analyzed.

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF A HORIZONTAL MOMENTUM JET IN CROSS-FLOW

The mixing characteristics of a Horizontal Momentum Jet in Cross flow （HMJC） were investigated using the CFD code Fluent. The realizable k-ε model was employed for turbulent closure of the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations. The computed results, including concentration field and velocity field, agree well with the relations of dimen sional analysis, as well as the experimental results by Sherif and Pletcher, Ali and Yu et al.

流道结构对管式气液雾化混合器性能的影响

管式气液雾化混合器可在有限的管式空间内将液体吸收剂雾化为微米级液滴,实现高效的气液混合,进而显著增大气液接触面积、强化气液吸收传质过程,是天然气甘醇法脱水技术由塔式向管式转变的关键设备。为提高管式气液雾化混合器内液体射流破碎和气液分散混合性能,基于初始流道结构,提出3种改进流道结构。结合试验测试和数值模拟方法,探究流道结构对管式气液雾化混合器雾化混合性能的影响规律,对比筛选出更为合理的流道结构。研究结果发现:雾化压降随气量增大而增大,随气液比增大略有减小;雾化液滴粒径随气体流量和气液比增加逐渐减小;相同工况下菱形锥+带凸台流道结构的液滴粒径最小,粒径分布集中在37~60μm,较初始流道结构的粒径减小40%以上;同时该结构的雾化液滴体积分数最高,较初始流道结构的体积分数增加5~17倍。究其原因,菱形锥结构有助于引导横向气流均匀流动,有效减少壁面黏附,起到增强液滴破碎和减小液膜厚度的作用;凸台结构有助于增强气液分散效果,降低液滴平均粒径,增加雾化液滴体积分数。所得结论可推动管式天然气甘醇法脱水技术早日实现工业应用。

Review of zero-net-mass-flux jet and its application in separation flow control

Since the zero-net-mass-flux (ZNMF) jet was first used as a laboratory flow control method in 1990's, it has attracted much attention. The ZNMF jet has unique features such as compact actuator, no requirement for external air supply, complex piping, etc., and becomes a hot topic research subject in fluid mechanics. This review introduces the state of the art in the development of ZNMF jet in the quiescent fluid, the interaction of the ZNMF jet with the cross flow and its application in the separation flow control. The evolution of the vortex ring/pair and the spacial flow structure of the ZNMF in quicent fluid or cross flow are presented, as well as the key parameter effects. At last, the applications of ZNMF jet in the wake control of the circular cylinder, the separation control on the airfoil and the aerodynamic force or moment control on MAV/UAV are presented.

Flow Field Investigation in a Trapezoidal Duct with Swirl Flow Induced by Impingement Jets

An enlarged model of trapezoidal duct near the leading-edge in the blade is built up. The effects of impingement jets, swirl flow, cross flow and effusion flow are considered. Experiments are performed to measure flow fields in this confined passage and exit holes on one of its side walls. Cross flow and effusion flow are induced in the channel by the outflow of side exit hole （SEH） and film cooling hole （FCH）, which are oriented on one end wall and bottom wall of the passage. Detailed flow structures are measured for two impingement angles of 35° and 45° with 6 combinations of outflow ratios. Results show that the small jets impinge the target wall effectively while the large jets contribute to inducing and impelling a strong counter-clockwise vortex in the upper part of the passage. Cross flow plays a dominate role for the flow structures in the passage and exit holes. It deflects jets, enhances swirl and deteriorates side exit conditions. Impingement angle is another significant factor for the flow characteristics. Its effect reveals more evidently with cross flow. Within the present test conditions, the mass flow rates and outflow positions of FCHs have no distinct effect on the main flow structures.

LBE-DEM coupled simulation of gas-solid two-phase cross jets

This paper establishes a lattice Boltzmann equation-discrete element method (LBE-DEM) coupled simulation method under the Eulerian-Lagrangian framework at first, and applies it to simulating a two-dimensional gas-solid two-phase cross jet. The gas phase is simulated by the lattice-Boltzmann method via the TD2G9 model; the solid phase is traced by the Lagrangian method and the inter-particle collision is calculated by the DEM method. Three values of the Stokes number St=10, 25, and 50 are simulated under the same mass loading. This paper focuses on the characteristics of vortex structure, particle distribution, and the reverse-flow/rebounding rate in cross jets. We analyze the characteristics of fluid vortex motion, particle cluster distribution, rebounding rate of particles and the influencing factors for them. The results show the existence of joint distribution of discrete clusters and discrete particles in cross jets. Meanwhile, it shows that a larger concentration of particles in the early stage of jet evolution or a smaller Stokes number under the same mass loading can produce a larger rebounding rate. However, the rebounding rate of particles at the late stage, in general, is stable.

LBE–DEM simulation of inter-phase heat transfer in gas–solid cross jets

Lattice-Boltzmann equation(LBE)–Discrete element method(DEM)coupled simulation of a twodimensional gas–solid cross jet is performed,focusing on the gas-particle two-way coupling effect on heat transfer characteristics.The Reynolds number is 1000,and particle Stokes numbers are 10,25,and 50 under the same number flow rate of particles.The gas phase temperature field and particle distribution as well as the inter-phase heat transfer characteristics are studied and analyzed.The dominating effects,i.e.the mean temperature difference and mean heat transfer coefficient between the gas–solid phases,for the pre-and post-collision stages of the cross jets are illustrated respectively.The change of dominating roles is related to the dynamical response characteristics of particles.

二维PIV图像处理算法

在二维 PIV的图像处理中 ,本文从互相关技术出发 ,建立了相应的连续两幅图像之间的粒子对应方法 ,提出了误对应速度向量的判断和消除准则。通过粒子的标定、粒子的对应、误对应粒子速度向量的判断和消除等步骤建立了相应的二维射流的 PIV图像处理方法。利用日本可视化协会 (VSJ)提供的二维射流标准图像的处理 。

横流中多孔射流流动特性实验研究

横流中多孔射流的流动特性是揭示其输移扩散机理的基础。利用粒子图像测速技术PIV测量了横向流动条件下单孔、两孔和四孔射流的速度场,对射流主体范围内、射流的迎流面和各个射流之间的流场进行了研究。实验研究表明,多个射流中的第1个射流迎流面卷吸强度明显大于单个射流情况;两个射流之间的区域可分为两个部分,上游部分水体被卷吸进入上一个射流,下游部分水体被卷吸进入下一个射流;后面射流迎流面的横向流速明显低于第1个射流迎流面的横向流速,揭示了导致后面射流弯曲的横向有效流速沿程发展变化过程;揭示了横向有效流速的沿程变化规律。

横流中单圆孔紊动射流计算与特性分析

给出了横流中单圆孔紊动射流的数学模型，采用ｋ－ε紊流模式来封闭模型，运用壁函数处理近壁面的流动．对不同流速比的流动，结合混合有限分析法及交错网格进行了计算，其结果与试验资料吻合较好，进而给出了该类流动的特性，有趣地发现在这类流动中存在着分叉现象和马蹄涡结构．

横流中湍流射流的数值研究

为探索横流中湍流射流的穿透性和流场基本特征,分别采用大涡模拟和标准k-ε湍流模型计算了射流速度比率为10的横流中圆管湍流射流,对射流速度为50m／s的雷诺数为16600。大涡模拟获得的射流中心轨迹与试验数据基本一致,同时捕捉到了射流上游的开尔芬-亥姆霍兹不稳定性引起的剪切层涡卷、始于近场并主宰远场的逆向旋转涡对和垂直上升尾涡。计算表明,逆向旋转涡对并非严格关于射流中心平面对称,而是随时间左右摆动,与试验结论一致。标准k-ε湍流模型得到的逆向旋转涡对严格关于射流中心平面对称,同时不能获得射流上游的剪切层涡卷和垂直上升尾涡。