The Extremely Hot and Dry Climatic Events and Potash Enrichment in Salt Lakes of the Jiangling Depression, Jianghan Basin

Objective A total of 820 million tons of potash reserves are predicted to exist in the Palaeocene–Eocene of the Jianghan Basin.However,the basin history is still unclear concerning the potash enriching conditions and mechanism.The Well SKD1 is the first exploration well drilled in the Paleogene of Jianghan Basin with continuous coring,which was implemented in the

Primary Study on Quantitative Reconstruction of Middle-Late Eocene Climate in Jianghan Basin

This paper reports our primary effort in the quantitative reconstruction of paleoclimate based on the thrine in phytoecology of the affinity parent plants in the stratigraphic pollen records. The Eocene pollen data come from our former study on the Mingjia borehole 1 in the Jianghan basin. The fluctuating trend in the parameter curve of climate shows that the climate in the Middle Eocene in the Jianghan basin was more or less comparable with that of the present 22°-26°N, characteristic of a humid, semi humid central southern subtropical climate. The annual temperature at that time dropped by 1 ℃-4 ℃ in the Late Eocene, approximately equal to that of the present 23°-28°N of northern central subtropical climate. However, the climate composite at that time, characterized by higher temperature, small annual range and big fluctuation in precipitation, was quite different from the present one. The average temperature in January in the Middle Eocene, higher than that of today, ranged between 5 ℃ and 9 ℃, indicating that no effect of winter monsoon occurred in the Middle Eocene, though such an effect may have occurred occasionally in the Late Eocene. Major temperature decline is recognized at the depth of 2 100 m in the borehole, as was indicated by the decline in average January temperature, the increase in annual range, and the increase in the deciduous broad leaved types of trees in the spore pollen assemblage. The sharp fluctuation in the annual precipitation, usually raging from 300 to 1 700 mm, was favorable for the migration and accumulation of salty deposit. When the precipitation was lower than 1 000 mm, ephemera shrub increased at the same depth as that of the salty deposit. It is, therefore, deduced that the formation of the salty deposit was attributed mainly to the dry and hot environment in the high mountains and deep basins. The small annual precipitation and the intense fluctuation are favorable for the sustainable accumulation of the salts, which is different from the present salty accumulation in the Northwest China.

Changing provenance of late Cenozoic sediments in the Jianghan Basin

The Yangtze River is one of the most important components of the East Asia river system.In this study,sediments in the Jianghan Basin,middle Yangtze River,were selected for trace element and rare earth element(REE)measurements,in order to decipher information on the change of sediment provenance and evolution of the Yangtze River.According to the elemental variations,the late Cenozoic sediments of the Jianghan Basin could be divided into four parts.During 2.68e2.28 Ma and 1.25e0 Ma,provenance of the sediments was consistent,whereas sediments were derived from variable sources during2.28e1.25 Ma.Comparison of the elemental compositions between the Pliocene and Quaternary sediments revealed a change in sediment source from a more felsic source area to a more basic source area around the PlioceneeQuaternary boundary.Input from the Emeishan LIP should account for this provenance change.Based on the provenance analysis of sediments in the Jianghan Basin,we infer that the Yangtze River developed into a large river with its drainage basin extended to the Emeishan LIP no later than the PlioceneeQuaternary boundary.

Kinetic Modeling of Diagenesis of Eogene Lacustrine Sandstone Reservoirs in the Jianghan Basin, Southeastern China

In the Tuoshi oilfield, located in the Cenozoic Jianghan Basin of southeastern China, there have been found hydrocarbon reservoirs hosted in lacustrine sandstones of the Eogene Xingouzui Formation. The main diagenetic features identified in these sandstones include the dissolution of detrital K\|feldspar and albite grains, the precipitation of quartz as overgrowths and/or cements, and the precipitation and/or transformation of clay minerals. These diagenetic features were interpreted to have occurred in early, intermediate and late stages, based on the burial depth. The kinetics of fluid\|mineral reactions and the concentrations of aqueous species at each stage of diagenesis were simulated numerically for these lacustrine sandstones, using a quasi\|stationary state approximation that incorporates simultaneous chemical reactions in a time\|space continuum. During the early diagenetic stage, pore fluid was weakly acidic, which resulted in dissolution of K\|feldspar and albite and, therefore, led to the release of K\++, Na\++, Al\+ 3+ and SiO\- 2(aq) into the diagenetic fluid. The increased K\++, Na\++, Al\+ 3+ and SiO\- 2(aq) concentrations in the diagenetic fluid caused the precipitation of quartz, kaolinite and illite. At the beginning of the intermediate diagenetic stage the concentration of H\++ was built up due to the decomposition of organic matter, which was responsible for further dissolution of K\|feldspar and albite and precipitation of quartz, kaolinite, and illite. During the late diagenetic stage, the pore fluid was weakly alkaline, K\|feldspar became stable and was precipitated with quartz and clay minerals. When the burial depth was greater than 3000 m, the pore fluids became supersaturated with respect to albite, but undersaturated with respect to quartz, resulting in the precipitation of albite and the dissolution of quartz. The diagenetic reactions forecasted in the numerical modeling closely matched the diagenetic features identified by petrographic examination, and therefore, can help us to gain a better understanding of the diagenetic processes and associated porosity evolution in sandstone reservoirs .

Thermodynamics of Diagenetic Fluid and Fluid/Mineral Reactions in the Eogene Xingouzui Formation, Oil Field T, Jianghan Basin

This study focuses on the thermodynamics of diagenetic fluid from the Eogene Xingouzui Formation which represents the most important reservoir in Field Oil T in the Jianghan Basin. The measured homogenization temperatures (110-139℃) of fiuld inclusions in diagenetic minerals fall within the range of 67- 155℃ at the middle diagehetic stage. The pressure of diagenetic fluid is estimated at 10.2-56 MPa. The activity of ions in the fluid shows a tendency of Ca2+ > Mg2+ > Na+ > K+ > Fe3+ > Fe2+ for cations, and HCO3 > SO4- > F- > Cl- >CO2-3 for anions. For the gaseous facies, there is a tendency of CO2> CO> H2S>CH4> H2. According to the thermodynamic calculations, the pH and Eh of the fluld are 5. 86 - 6. 47 and -0.73-0.64V,respectively. As a result of the interaction between such a diagenetic fluid and minerals in the sediments, feldspars were dissolved or alterated by other minerals. The clay mineral kaolinite was instable and hence was replaced by illite and chloritoid.

Occurrence Characteristics of Saline-Lacustrine Shale-Oil in the Qianjiang Depression,Jianghan Basin,Central China

The amount of shale oil and its characterization are key issues in the study of shale oil.At present,many scholars use a variety of methods to evaluate the amount of shale oil,and use the calculated amount of hydrocarbons to analyze its influencing factors;however,there is lack of detailed research on the storage space for shale-oil and it’s influencing factors.In view of this issue,gas chromatography(GC),gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS),soxhlet extraction(SE),fieldemission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM),low-temperature nitrogen adsorption(LTNA),highpressure mercury intrusion(HPMI),and X-ray diffraction(XRD)were used to analyze and compare samples from two wells located in different deposition locations.The unconventional Well BYY2 and BX7 s were drilled in the depocenter and distal area of the Qianjiang Formation,respectively.Controlled by differences in the organic matter type and sedimentary environment,the organic matter in Well BYY2,which was found to be characterized by laminar shale,mainly originated from aquatic algae.The results showed that as the total organic carbon(TOC)content increased,the amount of shaleoil in the pores increased.Shale-oil was mostly stored in mesopores and macropores that had been preserved by dolomite minerals of a biogenic origin and also occurred in pores sized 5–200 nm and>1μm.Dolomite minerals of a biogenic origin and clay minerals contributed to the occurrence of shaleoil.In comparison,the organic matter in Well BX7 has been greatly influenced by terrestrial organic matter.Pores in the massive mudstones from Well BX7 were determined to be mainly mesopores preserved by clay minerals and quartz,and the shale-oil was mostly stored within the pores of<40 nm.When the TOC content was~2.5 wt.%,the generated shale-oil reached saturation.Clay minerals contributed to the occurrence of shale-oil,whereas quartz only contributed to the occurrence of shale-oil in macropores.

Evolution of an Eocene–Oligocene Saline Lake Depositional System and Its Controlling Factors, Jianghan Basin, China

The Upper Eocene–Lower Oligocene Qianjiang Formation of the Jianghan Basin in central China consists of a 4 700-m-thick lacustrine succession, containing 1 800 m of halite deposits. The maximum thickness of the formation is 4 700 m, and includes 1 800 m of halite. We have identified eight third-order depositional sequences based on pinch-out and onlap stratigraphic patterns in 2-D and 3-D seismic data and well logs. The basin evolved from a deep to shallow under-filled lake during the Eocene–Oligocene interval. The main rock types are dark mudstones, halite, and siltstone/sandstone in the depocenter, and alternating mudstone and gypsum in shallower areas. The vertical succession indicates a strong sedimentary cyclicity. Depositional facies indicate the presence of two lake system types. Halite developed in a saline lake system, whereas clastic sediments were deposited in freshwater lake systems. The alternating sediment types indicate that the basin cycled repeatedly between saline and freshwater lake systems. This cyclicity was caused by availability of accommodation space that was controlled by a combination of climate change, tectonic subsidence and sediment supply; notably, the highest frequency cycles occurred at Milankovitch timescales controlled by the Earth's orbital variations. The cyclic halite plays an important role in generating and preserving oil in the Qianjiang Formation of the Qianjiang depression.

Geothermal regime and hydrocarbon kitchen evolution in the Jianghan Basin

The present geothermal gradient and terrestrial heat flow was calculated of 18 wells in the Jianghan Basin.Thermal gradient distribution of the Jianghan Basin was obtained based on data of systematical steady-state temperature and oil-test temperature.The basin-wide average thermal gradient in depth interval of 0-4000 m is 33.59℃/km.We report nine measured terrestrial heat flow values based on the data of detailed thermal conductivity and systematical steady-state temperature.These values vary from 41.9 to 60.9 mW/m 2 with a mean of 52.3±6.3 mW/m 2.However,thermal history analyses based on vitrinite reflectance(VR) and apatite fission track(AFT) data indicate that thermal gradient in the northern and southern Qianbei Fault reached its peak of ～36 and ～39℃/km respectively in the Middle Jurassic and the Oligocene,and it descended during the early Miocene to the present-time value.Furthermore,tectonic subsidence analysis reveals that the tectonic subsidence of the Jianghan Basin in the Cretaceous to early Miocene was characterized by synrift initial subsidence followed by the subsequent thermal subsidence.The thermal history and tectonic subsidence history of Jianghan Basin are of great significance to petroleum exploration and hydrocarbon source assessment,because they bear directly on issues of petroleum source rock maturation.Based on the thermal history and tectonic subsidence history,with the combination of geochemical and thermal parameters,the maturation and the hydrocarbon generation intensity evolution history of the P2d source rocks are modeled.The results show that the P2d source rocks are in a higher degree of maturation at present,and the Yuan'an and Herong sags are the two most important kitchens in the Late Jurassic,Xiaoban Sag is another most important kitchen during the Late Cretaceous to late Paleogene,and the Zhijiang and Mianyang sags are other two important hydrocarbon kitchens in the Late Cretaceous.The Mianyang Sag and Yichang Ramp are the favorable exploration targets in the future.This study may provide new insight for the understanding of the oil and gas exploration potential for the Jianghan Basin.

长江三峡贯通过程的动态古地貌重建

长江是亚洲第一大河,其形成和演化是新生代以来中国东西部构造—气候—地貌综合演变的结果。长江三峡的贯通是现代长江形成的标志性事件,但受限于传统沉积学、地球化学等单一方法的制约,对“长江三峡何时贯通”这一关键科学问题一直存在争议。综合考虑了构造运动、古气候及海平面变化等影响河流发展的关键因素,并将这些因素输入Badlands古地貌模拟软件,动态重建了长江“第一弯”以东地区晚白垩世(80 Ma)以来的长江流域地貌及水系演化过程;并利用四川盆地和江汉盆地的地震剖面资料验证了模拟结果的可靠性。模拟结果表明,青藏东部及上扬子西南缘晚始新世—渐新世的阶段性隆升迫使四川盆地原有南流水系下切受阻,沉积物在盆内堆积形成冲积河道并促使四川盆地地貌由“东北高西南低”反转为“西南高东北低”;新生代早期,江汉盆地长期受控于中国东部的裂陷环境,持续处于较低基准面。四川盆地的水系反转和江汉盆地的持续低基准面,最终导致位于二者之间的长江三峡在晚渐新世发生贯通。由此,本研究提出一种上扬子地区水系反转并被下游捕获的三峡贯通机制。

江汉盆地江陵凹陷复兴场背斜盐构造特征与成因

复兴场盐背斜是江汉盆地江陵凹陷重要的含油构造,其构造演化及成因机制认识不清,制约了精细勘探。因此,对复兴场盐背斜构造演化及形成机制的分析,不仅有助于理解盐层在不同应力背景下的流动对背斜形成演化的影响,对理解油气成藏过程也有重要意义。通过对三维地震资料的精细解析,结合关键构造层的平衡恢复技术及生长地层分析技术,研究复兴场背斜的构造特征及成因机制。结果显示,复兴场背斜为一构造特征走向上变化显著,受多期次断层改造、多种变形机制复合而成的盐背斜;背斜初始于早始新世新沟咀组沉积期—晚始新世早期的正断层作用,形成滚筒状褶皱并造成盐层的聚集;在晚始新世晚期—渐新世,沉积地层的差异负载作用驱使盐层自西向东流动,造成构造整体西倾,形成单斜构造,并在渐新世晚期抬升剥蚀;背斜定型于新近纪—第四纪,发生构造反转,演化为一挤压型盐背斜,伴生逆断层和膝折构造。复兴场背斜的形成和演化受区域应力背景、沙市组盐层、东倾正断层及盐下古构造等因素的综合作用。复兴场盐背斜形成的构造圈闭略早于烃源岩的主要排油期,并且在主要排油期,构造处于拗陷阶段,断层活动弱,有利于早期圈闭油气的成藏。

浅谈潜江凹陷盐卤井固井技术

本文针对江汉盆地王场地区盐溶腔发育,通过采取不同的井身结构、固井施工方案、前期堵漏实施的效果、水泥浆体系的选择、固井工具附件的使用,通过施工方式的对比和分析比较,总结出江汉盆地王场区块不同条件下盐卤井固井施工的经验教训,为江汉盆地黄场区块盐卤井开发提供固井技术方案参考。

江汉盆地新生代早期河流演化研究:来自地表河流和盆地钻孔碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄的约束

大型河流的演化是构造-气候相互作用的结果,对其开展演化历史研究是揭示地球深部动力过程对地表过程影响的关键切入点。保存于江汉盆地的新生代地层详细记录了汉江、长江等大型河流的演化信息。通过对汉江流域进行系统的碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄分析(n=690),结合前人在江汉盆地主要汇入河流发表的锆石U-Pb年龄数据,将其与江汉盆地内早始新世沉积钻孔的锆石U-Pb年龄数据进行了对比。结果表明,汉江下游的碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄物质组成混合了秦岭西部、大巴山和秦岭东部的河流碎屑物质信号,采用其下游干流样品的锆石U-Pb年龄组成进行物源对比更具有代表性;江汉盆地早始新世的碎屑物质主要来自秦岭和大别山,这主要归结为江汉盆地内部断陷与这些造山带的隆升形成显著的地势差异,为大型河流发育奠定基础;发源于武陵山和黄陵背斜的河流此时并不是江汉盆地中部、东部和南部凹陷的物质供给河流;黄陵背斜以西的长江在早始新世未进入江汉盆地。总体而言,江汉盆地在新生代早期的沉积物源以近源造山带为主,是对盆地周缘造山带隆升和类季风气候的沉积响应。

预浓缩强化江汉盆地卤水吸附提锂的研究

为提高卤水吸附提锂效率,开发了预浓缩-吸附法提锂工艺。基于50℃、100℃下Na^(+)、K^(+)//Cl^(-)-H_(2)O三元体系相图理论指导,研究了不同蒸发温度条件下卤水中锂的浓度及锂折损率随蒸发率的变化关系,对比了吸附剂对预浓缩前后卤水的吸附效果。结果表明,蒸发过程中溶液中锂浓度和锂折损率不受蒸发温度的影响;蒸发率超过40%后,卤水中锂折损率快速上升;以锰系吸附剂吸附蒸发率40%、锂浓度55 mg/L的预浓缩卤水中的锂,4 h后吸附容量达4.25 mg/g,高于吸附剂对原卤的吸附容量(3.39 mg/g),证实卤水预浓缩处理可以强化吸附提锂效果。

潜江凹陷页岩岩相对页岩油储层的控制作用

在岩心观察与岩石薄片鉴定的基础上,结合XRD技术、氩离子抛光扫描电镜、低温氮气吸附实验、高压压汞测试和岩石热解分析,对江汉盆地潜江凹陷潜江组页岩储层的岩石矿物组成、孔渗和孔隙结构、地球化学特征等进行分析.研究表明,潜江凹陷潜江组页岩主要矿物组成为白云石和黏土矿物,主要发育块状灰质泥岩相、纹层状灰质泥岩相、块状云质泥岩相、纹层状云质泥岩相以及块状泥质云岩相和纹层状泥质云岩相.页岩储层主要发育碳酸盐矿物晶间孔和黏土矿物层间孔,孔径主要分布在2~200 nm,孔隙度多低于20%,渗透率主要为0.1×10^(-3)~100×10^(-3)μm^(2),为低孔低渗—特低渗储层.其中黏土矿物有利于页岩储层微孔和介孔的发育,白云石有利于大孔发育,且生物成因的白云石有助于有机碳的富集和滞留烃的赋存.储层整体表现为纹层状页岩比块状页岩具有相对较高的孔径、较好的孔隙连通性和含油性,尤其在纹层状泥质云岩相中,孔隙度介于5%~15%,渗透率处于1×10^(-3)~10×10^(-3)μm^(2),主要孔径为50~200 nm,连通孔径主要为50~100 nm,TOC含量在1%~3%,S1含量分布在5×10^(-3)~35×10^(-3),OSI值多处于400×10^(-3),是潜江组页岩油储层的优势岩相.

江汉盆地西北部构造变形特征与油气勘探

针对江汉盆地西北侧宜昌斜坡页岩气的接替勘探领域尚不明确的问题,开展江汉盆地西北部页岩气成藏地质条件研究。对江汉盆地西北部最新的地震剖面进行了解释,分析了区域构造变形模式,探讨了晚侏罗世南、北向挤压和白垩纪伸展作用对盆地的改造过程。结果表明,在晚侏罗世挤压变形期,雪峰陆内变形系统前缘的构造变形以基底物质堆叠引起的地层倾伏为主要特征,秦岭-大别造山带前缘的变形叠加于雪峰陆内变形系统的变形之上,以形成上冲断裂和褶皱变形为主要特征;白垩纪江汉盆地西北部的伸展变形具有不连续性,在早白垩世晚期晚阶段、晚白垩世早期晚阶段、晚白垩世晚期晚阶段发生了伸展变形的停滞和构造反转。沿江汉盆地西北缘延伸至雪峰陆内变形系统前缘的广大区域,具有受构造变形影响小且连续分布的志留系泥页岩层,具有页岩气勘探的潜力。

江汉盆地幕式构造运动及其演化特征

对江汉盆地的不整合面、断裂活动和火成岩成因及分布规模的研究表明,江汉盆地在白垩-第三纪时期主要经历了五期较大规模的构造运动,发育五期不整合面,据此将盆地白垩-第三纪的构造演化划分为四个裂陷幕和一个拗陷沉降期五个演化阶段。自老而新各裂陷幕断裂活动主方向表现为自北西向北北东、北东、北东东顺时针有序偏转的特点;岩浆岩由碱性玄武岩变化为石英拉斑玄武岩、再变为以橄榄拉斑为主、最后变为以石英拉斑为主的玄武岩,反映构造演化的幕式特点和断裂活动强弱的变化。沉积中心在不同构造幕发生了明显的变化。在构造I幕时期,盆地中、西部发育3个沉降中心;在构造Ⅱ幕时期,沉降中心位于盆地西南部;在构造Ⅲ幕时期,盆地没有统一的沉降中心;在构造Ⅳ幕时期,沉降中心移至盆地中心。多期构造运动的叠合,形成了盆地内复杂的构造格局。

江汉盆地江陵凹陷南缘古新统沙市组四段含盐岩系沉积特征及其沉积环境意义

通过钻井岩心观察及室内测试分析等方法,对江汉盆地江陵凹陷南缘古新统沙市组四段含盐岩系的沉积特征进行了研究。该时期研究区盐湖的特点是:成盐多期次、沉积连续、淡化—咸化周期性交替,因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。该区沙市组四段盐层间的层段由非砂岩组成,主要由单层厚度为几毫米至几十厘米、累积厚度达几十厘米至几米的含盐韵律组成,为复成分的蒸发盐矿物、碳酸盐矿物及陆源的黏土和细碎屑矿物等组成的混积岩。借助Fe、Mn、Al、Ca、Mg、Co、Ni、V、Cu等元素含量以及Sr/Ba、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、Ni/Co、Cu/Zn等值,对盐间段沉积特征和沉积环境进行了分析。认为沙市组四段盐间段沉积环境为湖泊浪基面之下的缺氧还原环境,为常年性较深水分层湖泊。该时期的湖泊可分为微咸水湖、半咸水湖、咸水湖和盐湖。根据典型暖相盐类矿物(原生钙芒硝层)发育广泛和指示气候干旱程度的Fe2O3/FeO值特征,推断研究区在沙市组沉积晚期的古气候属于暖旱型气候。

江汉盆地潜江凹陷潜江组盐间页岩油储层矿物组成与脆性特征研究

应用X射线衍射分析技术对潜江组潜二—四段的页岩岩心样品进行了矿物组成与脆性特征研究,以及有机地球化学实验,结果表明,各样品具有差异的矿物组成和地球化学特征。潜二段页岩有机质以腐泥型为主,TOC平均值为1.38%,总体处于未熟—低熟阶段（Ro为0.26%-0.5%）,矿物中蒸发岩类矿物含量高;潜三段页岩有机质以腐泥型和腐殖腐泥型为主,TOC平均值为2.53%,总体处于低熟—中等成熟阶段（Ro为0.5%-0.88%）,矿物中石英和黏土含量较高;潜四段页岩有机质以腐泥型和腐殖腐泥型为主,TOC平均值为0.69%,总体处于中等成熟—成熟范围（Ro为0.55%-1.3%）,碳酸盐矿物含量较高。与北美及中国其他地区的页岩相比,潜江组盐间页岩具有＂低黏土矿物、低石英、高碳酸盐、低脆性矿物＂的特征,但其中潜三段的脆性矿物含量较高（平均56%）,脆性指数较大（平均75.3%）,具有较好的脆性,是潜江组盐间页岩最有利的勘探层段。

江汉盆地钻井地温测量和大地热流分布

盆地的稳态温度是分析地温场和大地热流的基础,是盆地构造热演化的必要前提。本文根据最新获得的9口钻井的稳态温度数据和124块岩石热导率,结合已有资料对江汉盆地地温梯度和大地热流进行了系统分析。结果显示江汉盆地热流41.9～60.9 mW/m^2,平均52.3mW/m^2,盆地总体表现为较低的大地热流,反映了中新生代以来构造活动逐渐减弱,盆地不断冷却的结果;从盆地内热流分布看,热流分布南高北低,反映了江汉盆地构造活动的不均一性。