Planar Velocity Distribution of Viscous Debris Flow at Jiangjia Ravine,Yunnan,China:A Field Measurement Using Two Radar Velocimeters

Characteristics of planar velocity distribution of viscous debris flow were analyzed using the measured data at Jiangjia Ravine, Yunnan, China. The velocity data were measured through using two radar velocimeters. The cross-sectional mean velocities were calculated and used to examine Kang et al＇s （2004） relationship, which was established for converting the flow velocity at river centerline measured by a radar velocimeter into the mean velocity based on the stop-watch method. The velocity coefficient, K, defined by the ratio of the mean velocity to the maximum velocity, ranges from 0.2 to 0.6. Kang et al＇s （2004） relationship was found being inapplicable to flows with K smaller than 0.43. This paper contributes to show the complexity of the planar velocity distribution of viscous debris flows and the applicability of Kang et al＇s relationship.

Magnitude-frequency relationship of debris flows in the Jiangjia Gully, China

The magnitude-frequency(MF) relationship of debris flows is the basis for engineering designs and risk quantification. However, because of the lack of debris flow monitoring data, research progress in this area has been relatively slow. The MF relationship of debris flows in Jiangjia Gully, Yunnan Province was evaluated based on a regression analysis of 178 debris flow events that occurred from 1987-2004. The magnitude-cumulative frequency(MCF) relationship of the debris flows in the Jiangjia Gully is consistent with the linear logarithmic transformation function. Moreover, observed data for debris flows in Hunshui Gully of Yunnan Province and Huoshao Gully, Liuwan Gully, and Niwan Gully of Gansu Province were used to verify the function. The results showed that the MCF relationship of highfrequency debris flows is consistent with the power law equation, although the regression coefficients in the equation are considerably different. Further analysis showed a strong correlation between the differences in the constants and the drainage area and daily maximum precipitation.

Field observation of debris-flow activities in the initiation area of the Jiangjia Gully, Yunnan Province, China

The Jiangjia Gully, which is located in Dongchuan District, Yunnan Province, China, is a watershed prone to debris flows and has long-term recorded data of debris-flow occurrence. However, the initiation mechanism has mainly been studied by experiments in this watershed. To further reveal debris-flow formation mechanism in the Jiangjia Gully, debris-flow activities in the initiation zone were observed with hand-held video cameras in the summer of 2016 and 2017. In these two years, six debris-flow events were triggered in Menqian Gully, a major tributary of the Jiangjia Gully, while debrisflow activities in some sub-watersheds of Menqian Gully were recorded with video cameras in four events. The video recording shows that landslides constituted an important source for sediment supply in debris flow. Some landslides directly evolved into debris flows, while the others released sediment into rills and channels, where debris flows were generated for sediment entrainment by water flow. Therefore, debris-flow occurrence in the Jiangjia Gully is influenced both by infiltration-dominated processes and by runoff-dominated processes. In addition, rainfall data from four gauges installed in Menqian Gully were analyzed using mean intensity(I), duration(D), peak 10-minute rainfall(R10min) and antecedent rainfall(AR) up to 15 days prior to peak 10-minute rainfall. It reveals that debris-flow triggering events can be discriminated from nontriggering events either by an I-D threshold or by an R10min-AR threshold. However, false alarms can be greatly reduced if these two kinds of thresholds are used together. Moreover, behaviors including intermittency of debris flow, variance in moisture content and volume among surges, and coalescence of multiple surges by temporary damming were observed, indicating the complexity of debris-flow initiation processes. These findings are expected to enhance our knowledge on debris-flow formation mechanism in regions with similar environmental settings.

Fractal Characteristic of Soil in Typical Debris Flow-Triggering Region:A Case Study in Jiangjia Ravine of Dongchuan, Yunnan

The structural features of soil in debris flow-triggering region play an important role in the formation and evolution of debris flow. In this paper, a case study on the fractal of soil particle-size distribution （PSDFs） and pore-solid （PSFs） in Jiangjia Ravine was conducted. The results revealed that the soil in Jiangjia Ravine had significant fractal features and its PSDF and PSF had the same variation trend despite different type of soils in debris flow-triggering region： residual soil （RS） 〉 debris flow deposit （DFD）~clinosol （CL）, their fractal dimension of PSDFs are respectively between 2.62 and 2.96, 2.52 and 2.68, 2.37 and 2.52; and the fractal dimension of PSFs are respectively between 2. 75 and 2.95, 2. 57 and 2. 72, 2.59 and 2.64. The fractal dimension of soil reflected its complexity as a self-organizing system and was closely related to the evolution of soil in debris flow- triggering region.

THE CATASTROPHE FORECAST OF THE ANNUAL SIDEMENT TRANSPORT BY DEBRIS FLOW IN JIANGJIA GULLY,YUNNAN PROVINCE, CHINA

On the basis of the observational data on the annual sediment transport by debris flow in recent 8 years, appling the catastrophe forecast method of Grey System Theory, this study has established the catastrophe model of the annual sediment transport by debris flow in Jiangjia Gully. It has forecasted the next potential catastrophic year in which the annual sediment transport will be over the catastrophic. threshold 2 million m3. Furthermore, it has introduced the 'equal dimension-new information model', which makes the forecast be done continuously.

Debris Flow Warning Threshold Based on Antecedent Rainfall:a Case Study in Jiangjia Ravine,Yunnan,China

Debris flows in Jiangjia Ravine in Yunnan province,China are not only triggered by intense storms but also by short-duration and low-intensity rainfalls.This reflects the significance of antecedent rainfall.This paper tries to find the debris flowtriggering threshold by considering antecedent rainfall through a case study in Jiangjia Ravine.From 23 debris flow events,the I-D(Intensity-Duration) threshold was found,which is very close to the line of 95th percentile regression line of rainfall events,representing that 95% of rainfalls can potentially induce debris flows and reflects the limitation of I-D threshold application in this area.Taking into account the effect of antecedent rainfall,the debris flowtriggering threshold for rainfall quantity and intensity is statistically and empirically derived.The relationships can be used in debris flow warning system as key thresholds.Coupling with the rainfall characteristics in this area,new thresholds are proposed as triggering and warning thresholds.

Experimental Analysis of Shear Strength of Undisturbed Soil in Leucaena Forest in Jiangjia Ravine,Yunnan,China

Five leucaena trees of similar age were chosen in Jiangjia Ravine of Dongchuan,Yunnan Province,China,near which the soil samples were collected by digging profiles 2m in depth and 1m in width.In each section,soil samples at different depths were taken for direct shear experiments to determine the root amount and mechanical composition.It is found that the cohesion and internal friction angle of the undisturbed soil are related to the root amount,depth,clay content and breccias content.Cohesion correlates negatively with root content,a finding that differs from that of other researchers.In addition,internal friction angle correlates positively with all these factors.

Rainfall,Landslide and Debris Flow Intergrowth Relationship in Jiangjia Ravine

Jiangjia Ravine is a world-famous debris flow valley in Dongchuan,Yunnan Province,China.Every year large numbers of landslides and collapses happened and caused enormous damages to people's properties and lives.With longtime observation and testing in Jiangjia Ravine we had found out one kind of special landslide which had the characteristics of landslide and collapse.Landslide and collapse supplied sufficient materials for debris flow.When a debris flow broke out,some kind of intergrowth existed among rainfall,landslide and debris flow.In order to study the intergrowth and some key parameters,we carried out artificial rainfall landslide tests and model experiments to observe the phenomena such as collapse,surface slide and surface flow.By observing the experimental phenomena and monitoring water contents,the transformation process among landslide deposits and debris flow under the condition of rainfall had been analyzed.Research results revealed the relationship of this kind of intergrowth among rainfall,landslide and debris flow in Jiangjia Ravine.Meanwhile,it was found that this kind of intergrowth relationship existed only when the moisture content was in a certain range.That is,the critical state seemed to be existed in the transformation process.

Two-dimensional Numerical Model for Debris Flows in the Jiangjia Gully,Yunnan Province

Debris flows are recurrent natural hazards in many mountainous regions.This paper presents a numerical study on the propagation of debris flows in natural erodible open channels,in which the bed erosion and sedimentation processes are important.Based on the Bingham fluid theory,a mathematical model of the two-dimensional non-constant debris flow is developed.The governing equations include the continuity and momentum conservation equations of debris flow,the sediment convection-diffusion equation,the bed erosion-deposition equation and the bed-sediment size gradation adjustment equation.The yield stress and shear stress components are included to describe the dynamic rheological properties.The upwind control-volume Finite Volume Method (FVM) is applied to discretize the convection terms.The improved SIMPLE algorithm with velocity-free-surface coupled correction is developed to solve the equations on non-orthogonal,quadrilateral grids.The model is applied to simulate a debris flow event in Jiangjia Gully,Yunnan Province and to predict the flow pattern and bed erosion-deposition processes.The results show the effectiveness of the proposed numercial model in debris flow simulation and potential hazard analysis.

Landslides & Debris Flows Formation from Gravelly Soil Surface Erosion and Particle Losses in Jiangjia Ravine

Gravelly soils are made up of gravel, sand,silt and clay. They are widely used in engineering applications such as rock-fill dams with clay cores,which are the main researches at present. The strength and mechanical properties of the gravelly soils are affected by the content of coarse grain, fine particles, and their adhesive states. These Properties can be verified by laboratory unconsolidatedundrained triaxial tests with grain size less than 5 mm and by large scale direct-shear tests with original grain content. Fine particles of the loose gravelly slopes are released under rainfalls, alternated the structures and mechanical properties, even affected the slope stability. There are a series of large scale direct-shear tests with different coarse grain contents to study the influence of fine particles releasing and migration, results showed the strength behavior of the gravelly soils were affected by the coarse grain content(P5) and the inflection coarse grain contents. In order to study the erosion features of the gravelly soil slopes on rainfall conditions and the slopes stability alteration, we had carried out one sort of artificial rainfall local and model experiments, the runoff sediment contents were monitored during the experiments. Result showed that the shapes of the slopes surface transformed periodically, runoff sediment contents were divided into five phases according to the experiment phenomena, runoff sediment contents maintained downtrend during the rain time and the downtrend was obviouslyinterpreted by one descend belt no matter the rainfall intensity and the slope angels. Particle size analysis released the deposit on the slope surface lost almost all of the clay, most of the silt and sand after the experiments, this meant the fine particles releasing,migration and accumulation process on condition of rainfall resulted in the instability factor of the slopes even induced landslide or debris flow.

Fine Root Distribution Pattern of Different Aged Leucaena leucocephala Trees in Debris Flow Source Area in Jiangjia Gully, China

Fine root is critical to restrain soil erosion and its distribution pattern is of great influence on the restraining effects. This study studied the fine root biomass(Br) distribution of different aged Leucaena leucocephala(5, 10, 15 years) in debris flow source area in Jiangjia Gully by digging downward to the bottom at different distances to stem in three directions on slope. The results showed the Br increased dramatically by 143% from 5 years to 10 years and then rose slowly by 38% from 10 years to 15 years. The Br of 5 years was significantly asymmetric between uphill and alonghill directions, but there was little difference among directions for other ages, and a concentration trend appeared to exist in downhill and alonghill directions. Moreover, fine root(D≤1 mm) was significantly heavier than that of fine root(1mm<D≤2 mm), playing a leading role in the vertical distribution of the whole fine root, with a logarithmic or an exponential function. The results presented may shed light on fine root distribution pattern and evaluation of its effect on slope stability in debris flow source area.

蒋家沟干热河谷区灌草层植被与土壤的养分分布及生态化学计量特征

蒋家沟干热河谷区泥石流与滑坡灾害频发、植被枯败稀疏、土壤结构紊乱、生态环境脆弱,是金沙江上游生态严重退化的典型流域。植被和土壤在退化生态系统修复和治理中扮演着至关重要的角色。对该流域植被与土壤的研究,多侧重从单一物种或土壤酶活性等角度分析植被与土壤的养分耦合关系,缺少对灌草层植物体养分含量与土壤养分含量的耦合机制研究,即植被-土壤耦合机制机理尚不明确。本文选取蒋家沟干热河谷区典型灌草层植被,研究碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)元素在植被地上、根系和土壤的养分分布和生态化学计量特征及其相关性。结果显示:(1)与全国陆地植物平均水平相比,干热河谷区灌草层植被地上和根系表现出低C,高N、P、K的特点;土壤表现出低C高P的特点。(2)植被地上部分的C、N、P、K含量均显著高于根系,C、N、P含量均显著高于土壤;土壤K含量(56.05 g/kg)显著高于植被地上(18.43 g/kg)和根系(8.41 g/kg);除P:K外(地上0.10>根系0.09>土壤0.01),其余5种化学计量比均表现为根系>地上>土壤。(3)灌草层植被地上、根系N、P、K含量及生态化学计量特征间均呈正相关,土壤与植被的C、N、P、K含量和化学计量比多数不存在相关性。(4)植被地上部分C:N(21.07)、C:P(247.05)、N:P(12.32)均低于根系(分别为32.95、512.10和15.71),符合“生长速率假说”。根据N:P、N:K、P:K判断,灌草层植被生长不受P、K限制而更易受到N的限制。根据C:N、C:P、N:P判断,与全国表层土壤平均值相比,土壤贫瘠缺乏C、N元素,P有效性较低。(5)植被地上和根系在养分的分配过程中具有协同性。干热河谷区气候条件下植物应对策略为选择提高生长速率、降低养分利用效率。蒋家沟流域生态恢复应增加土壤有机碳和氮素的含量来改善土壤环境,降低N元素对植物的限制。本研究可为改善蒋家沟流域生态环境提供参考。

乡村振兴背景下青海热贡地区“嘉拉么”藏靴技艺的传承研究

实施乡村振兴战略,民间传统技艺是无法逾越的存在实体,传承和发展民间传统手工技艺,既有助于其政策的大力推行,也有助于乡村文明建设、增强文化自信。文章运用民族学与民俗学理论与方法,通过实地调查并结合文献资料,阐释了青海热贡地区江什加村“嘉拉么”藏靴制作技艺悠久的历史源起,繁杂的制作流程,鲜明的文化特点。进一步阐释了江什加村“嘉拉么”藏靴技艺日趋消亡的发展现状,从社会经济的发展、科学技术的发展、多文化交往交流交融、手艺人自身思维方式的变化等多方面分析了该项技艺时至今日所变迁的缘由,由此得出藏族制鞋技艺作为传统自然经济模式下产生的一种工艺技巧,是藏族十明文化之工巧明的重要组成部分,更是中华优秀传统文化的重要组成内容。在国家政策的推行和支持下,通过因地制宜地家庭和社会单位的正确引导,增强中华文化认同感;政府主导,推动文化现代化发展;以人为本,加强人才队伍建设;守正创新,推动文化创新发展等途径,对该项非遗技艺的保护和传承提出与时俱进的优化策略。

川北传统民居智慧营建模式研究——以桃花村姜家大院为例

四川地域辽阔,由于地理环境和人文历史环境的不同,各个地区在民居营建上呈现出不同的模式。本文聚焦川北地区,通过对姜家大院的实地调研,从民居的选址朝向、空间组织、结构构造、材料、装饰等方面总结分析川北地区的营建模式,解析传统民居营建过程的地域特征及其文化语境,剖析传统人居智慧理论与方法。一方面可以为传统民居的保护与发展提供理论依据,另一方面也为当今的人居环境营建模式提供参考和借鉴。

蒋家沟流域输沙预测模型初探

从时间和控制因子两个角度 ,初步探讨了蒋家沟流域产沙预测模型。结果表明 ,由周期预测和控制因子预测组成的综合预测模型 ,可对蒋家沟泥石流的输沙进行较为可靠的预测。同时 ,在探讨了模型存在的及有待改进的问题的基础上 ,还对综合预测模型进行了探讨。

云南蒋家沟泥石流滩地土壤肥力特性

蒋家沟泥石流滩地地势平坦,水源充足,热量丰富,是较好的土地资源。为促进滩地的开发利用,对滩地土壤肥力作了初步研究,结果表明:滩地剖面结构和土壤物理结构较差,沙石化现象严重;土壤微团聚体数量较少,粒级间比例不合理,水稻田表层土微团聚体主要集中在0.02～0.002mm,旱作表层土微团聚体主要集中在0.25～0.05mm;土壤养分除全钾极丰富外,其它养分都处于缺乏或极缺状态;在开发过程中,全氮增加显著,其它养分含量变化不大,有效钾呈下降趋势。

干热河谷优势灌木细根、粗根与叶片养分(C、N、P)含量及化学计量比

分析生态脆弱区植物根系与叶片的养分含量特征,可认识植物生长发育的养分限制状况以及根系与叶片间的协同作用,并确定植物在恶劣环境条件下的适应性及生存策略。本文以典型生态脆弱区——干热河谷常见灌木植物马桑、坡柳和苦刺为研究对象,对其根系和叶片养分含量、化学计量比特征以及相互之间的关系进行研究。结果表明,马桑、坡柳粗根C含量显著高于细根(P<0.05),马桑细根P含量显著高于粗根(P<0.05)。细根、粗根养分含量的不同表明细根与粗根的生理生态功能具有较大差异。马桑和坡柳粗根的C∶N、C∶P均显著高于细根(P<0.05),坡柳细根和粗根的C∶N均显著高于马桑、苦刺(P<0.05)。根据N∶P判断,马桑细根(10.61)、粗根(11.42)生长均受到N的限制;坡柳细根(7.87)、粗根(6.00)生长受N的限制更为严重;苦刺细根(18.43)、粗根(16.34)生长均受P的限制。细根、粗根养分受限一致,表明细根和粗根的养分分配具出一定的协同性。除苦刺C外,灌木C、N、P含量均表现为叶片显著高于细根、粗根(P<0.05),表明叶片具有更高的养分含量。叶片N、P含量表现为苦刺显著高于马桑、坡柳(P<0.05),说明苦刺养分吸收能力更强。三种灌木N∶P均表现为叶片>根系(P<0.05),马桑、坡柳、苦刺叶片N∶P分别为40.05、35.34、45.26,三种灌木叶片的生长均受到P的限制。细根、粗根C含量与叶片无显著相关性,说明根系与叶片的C来源不同。根系N、P含量与叶片均呈显著正相关,说明叶片N、P主要来源于根系吸收的土壤养分,叶片与细根N、P相关性更强。上述结果表明植物体在生长代谢过程中具有整体性,植物的地上与地下营养器官在养分的分配过程中具有协同作用,细根与地上部分的协同作用比粗根强。

泥石流滩地农业资源化开发与利用——以蒋家沟为例

泥石流滩地是山区宝贵的土地资源,其农业资源化开发与利用对促进当地社会经济发展和生态环境改善具有重要意义。以蒋家沟流域为例,在野外调查、遥感解译和实验分析的基础上,阐述了泥石流滩地农业资源化的原则和依据,建立了人畜-土地载荷平衡模型,分析了滩地开发利用的依据、效益和途径,并探讨了泥石流滩地未来农业资源化的思路和对策。研究结果表明:(1)建立的人畜-土地载荷平衡模型反映了流域生态环境特征,能有效评价滩地开发利用的生态效益;(2)流域滩地农业资源化每年可产生500多万元的经济效益,除满足全流域6 418人的粮食需求外,还可提供338 t商品粮,是促进当地脱贫致富和社会经济发展的重要途径;(3)泥石流滩地既是宝贵的土地资源又是灾害的场所,其开发与利用可有效缓解山区人地矛盾,具有良好的生态效益,但需要在加强灾害防治和防灾减灾意识的基础上,进行深度农业资源化开发。

前期降雨对泥石流形成的贡献——以蒋家沟泥石流形成为例

根据蒋家沟实测降雨资料,结合泥石流观测,分析泥石流形成的降雨组成和前期降雨对泥石流形成的影响。发现雨季不同时期土体含水量差异较大,而且在不同时期激发泥石流的短历时雨强也不同。通过实测确定出该流域前期降雨量的衰减系数为0.78。在此基础上应用主因素分析法对26场泥石流的降雨资料进行分析,发现前期降雨在影响泥石流的各项降雨指标中贡献超过80％。提出了有待进一步研究的问题。

坡面泥石流起动模型研究

针对单一坡面泥石流起动模型进行研究。基于土壤动力学理论、土壤下渗理论和土壤水动力学理论,以及土体含水率变化引起土体抗剪切应力变化的物理机理,提出了坡面泥石流起动模式。在此基础上,结合传统分布式水文模型理论,建立了分布式坡面泥石流起动模型。模型应用于云南蒋家沟典型坡面泥石流研究,能够预测坡面泥石流起动的时间、部位和起动量,进行多时段模拟坡面泥石流入沟流量过程线,模拟结果体现了泥石流发生阵发性、不连续性、滞后性的特征,这与实际观测情况吻合,表明应用该模型研究坡面泥石流的起动是可行的,能够为进一步的泥石流数值模拟提供依据。