Characteristics of transfer zones under the influence of preexisting faults and regional stress transformation:Wenchang A subsag,Zhujiang River Mouth Basin,northern South China Sea

A transfer zone in rift basins preserves important information on regional tectonic evolution and plays significant roles in hydrocarbon accumulation.Based on the systematic analysis of 3D seismic data and hydrocarbon accumulation conditions,the geometry,kinematics,and reservoir control of a large synthetic overlapping transfer zone in the south of the Wenchang A subsag in the Zhujiang(Pearl)River Mouth basin were investigated.Results indicate that the development and evolution of the transfer zone was controlled by the interaction between pre-existing faults and regional stress transformation.The intense rifting of the main faults of the transfer zone controlled the development of source rocks and faultcontrolled slope break paleogeomorphology.The strike-slip overprint since the Oligocene is conducive to the formation of a large-scale fault-anticline trap,and the secondary faults in the transfer zone contribute to the hydrocarbon transportation.The conjugate intersection area of the NE-and NW-trending faults offers more opportunity for hydrocarbon migration and accumulation.

K-Ar Dating of Fault Gouges from the Red River Fault Zone of Vietnam

Constraining the timing of fault zone formation is fundamentally important in terms of geotectonics to understand structural evolution and brittle fault processes.This paper presents the first authigenic illite K-Ar age data from fault gouge samples collected from the Red River Shear Zone at Lao Cai province,Vietnam.The fault gouge samples were separated into three grain-size fractions（〈0.1 μm,0.1-0.4 μm and 0.4-1.0 μm）.The results show that the K-Ar age values decrease from coarser to finer grain fractions（24.1 to 19.2 Ma）,suggesting enrichment in finer fraction of morerecently grown authigenic illites.The timing of the fault movement are the lower intercept ages at 0%detrital illite（19.2 ± 0.92 Ma and 19.4 ± 0.49 Ma）.In combination with previous geochronological data,this result indicates that the metamorphism of the Day Nui Con Voi（DNCV） metamorphic complex took place before ca.26.8 Ma.At about 26.8 Ma-25 Ma,the fault strongly acted to cause the rapid exhumation of the rocks along the Red River-Ailoa Shan Fault Zone（RR-ASFZ）.During brittle deformation,the DNCV slowly uplifted,implying weak movement of the fault.This brittle deformation might have lasted for ca.5 Ma.

The neotectonic deformation and earthquake activity in Zhuanglang river active fault zone of Lanzhou

Lanzhou Institute of Seismology, China Seismological Bureau, Lanzhou 730000, China 2) Institute of Geology, China Seismological Bureau, Beijing 100029, China

EARTHQUAKE FOCAL MECHANISM AND ITS TECTONIC SIGNIFICANCE ALONG THE TWO SIDES OF THE RED RIVER FAULT ZONE

The Red River Fault Zone is a gigantic slide-slip fault zone extending up to 1000km from Tibet to SouthChina Sea. It has been divided into the north, central and south segments according to the difference of thegeometry, kinetics, and seismicity on the land, but according to the contacted relationship between the old pre-Cenozoic block in Indochina Peninsula and the South China block, the Red River Fault Zone was divided into two parts extending from land to ocean, the north and south segments. Since the Tertiary, the Red River Fault Zone suffered first the sinistral movement and then the dextral movement. The activities of the north and the south segments were different. Based on the analysis of earthquakes and focal mechanism solutions,earthquakes with the focus depths of 0-33km are distributed over the whole region and more deep earthquakes are distributed on the northeastern sides of the Red River fault. Types of faulting activities are the thrust in the northwest, the normal in the north and the strike-slip in the south, with the odd type, viz. the transition type, in the other region. These show the Red River Fault Zone and its adjacent region suffered the extruding force in NNW direction and the normal stress in NEE direction and it makes the fault in the region extrude-thrust,horizontal strike-slip and extensional normal movement.

Large-Scale Dextral Strike-Slip Movement and Associated Tectonic Deformation Along the Red-River Fault Zone

Field investigation has revealed that the large-scale dextral strike-slip movement and the associated tectonic deformation along the Red River fault zone have the following features: geometrically, the Red River fault zone can be divided into three deformation regions, namely, the north, central and south regions. The north region lies on the eastern side of the Northwest Yunnan extensional taphrogenic belt, which is characterized by the 3 sets of rift-depression basins striking NNW, NNE and near N-S since the Pliocene time, and on its western side is the Lanping-Yunlong compressive deformation belt of the Paleogene to Neogene; the deformation in the central region is characterized by dextral strike-slip or shearing. The east Yunnan Miocene compressive deformation belt lies on the eastern side of the fault in the south, and the Tengtiaohe tensile fault depression belt is located on its west. In terms of tectonic geomorphology, the aforementioned deformation is represented by basin-range tectonics in the north, linear faulted valley-basins in the central part and compressive (or tensional) basins in the south. Among them, the great variance in elevation of the planation surfaces on both sides of the Cangshan-Erhai fault suggests prominent normal faulting along the Red River fault since the Pliocene. From the viewpoint of spatial-temporal evolution, the main active portion of the fault was the southern segment in the Paleogene-Miocene-Pliocene, which is represented by “tearing” from south to north. The main active portion of the fault has migrated to the northern segment since the Pliocene, especially in the late Quaternary, which is characterized by extensional slip from north to southeast. The size of the deformation region and the magnitude of deformation show that the eastern plate of the Red River fault has been an active plate of the relative movement of blocks.

Offshore Fault Geometrics in the Pearl River Estuary,Southeastern China:Evidence from Seismic Reflection Data

The Pearl River Estuary(PRE) is located at the onshore-offshore transition zone between South China and South China Sea Basin, and it is of great significant value in discussing tectonic relationships between South China block and South China Sea block and seismic activities along the offshore active faults in PRE. However, the researches on geometric characteristics of offshore faults in this area are extremely lacking. To investigate the offshore fault distribution and their geometric features in the PRE in greater detail, we acquired thirteen seismic reflection profiles in 2015. Combining the analysis of the seismic reflection and free-air gravity anomaly data, this paper revealed the location, continuity, and geometry of the littoral fault zone and other offshore faults in PRE. The littoral fault zone is composed of the major Dangan Islands fault and several parallel, high-angle, normal faults, which mainly trend northeast to northeast-to-east and dip to the southeast with large displacements. The fault zone is divided into three different segments by the northwest-trending faults. Moreover, the basement depth around Dangan Islands is very shallow, while it suddenly increases along the islands westward and southward. These has resulted in the islands and neighboring areas becoming the places where the stress accumulates easily. The seismogenic pattern of this area is closely related to the comprehensive effect of intersecting faults together with the low velocity layer.

Geological Evidence and Characteristics of Activity of the Wuhe-Mingguang Section of Tancheng-Lujiang Fault Zone in Late Pleistocene

As the most influential strike-slip fault in East China,the Tancheng-Lujiang fault zone draws scholars attention for its strong seismic activity. Nevertheless,most research has been conducted along segments in Shandong Province and Bohai Bay where huge earthquakes occur frequently. Meanwhile,it is generally believed that segments lying to the south of Huaihe River have been inactive since the late Quaternary and thus it is incapable of generating moderate or strong earthquakes. However,these understandings about the Tancheng-Lujiang fault have been questioned by our recent work for part of the fault south to the Huaihe River. Based on interpretation of high-resolution satellite images,detailed field investigations near Wuhe county and Mingguang City in northern Anhui Province and elaborate microstructure analysis, we come to the conclusion that the Tancheng-Lujiang fault zone mainly consists of four branches and at least one should be active since the late Pleistocene for the Wuhe-Mingguang section. This segment is monopolized by dextral strike-slip motion in late Quaternary. Different from obvious faults in bed rocks or consolidated sediments,the latest activity trace in Quaternary loose sediment revealed by trench excavation is not obvious or even invisible to visual observation. According to our recent work and previous studies, we call for more attention to be paid to invisible faults in young sediment and also suggest that more research be conducted along this seemingly placid segment.

Spatial correlation between groundwater seepage faces and fault zone in high bedrock channel: method and application

The groundwater may recharge the surface water bodies through seepage faces and springs.The spatial correlation between the fault zones and the groundwater seepage faces results in deep understanding of the hydrogeologic regime,especially where there is no monitoring boreholes.Locating these recharging zones by conventional methods is a challenging task;particularly in areas where(1)there is no hydrogeologic monitoring boreholes or reliable data,(2)private pumps withdraw the stream,and(3)intense canopy limits the use of drones and satellite images.This paper aims to study the relationship between the fault zones and occurrence of the groundwater seepage faces by using the high resolution handheld thermal imaging cameras as a tool to locate the seepage faces along a small river in the Damavand County,north of Iran.The correlation between the structural geology features and occurrence of the groundwater seepage faces revealed that the stream in the study area is being recharged by the groundwater at extensive fault zones.Additionally,this study suggests that the handheld thermal imaging cameras are a useful robust tools to evaluate the surface-groundwater interaction.However,it is essential to use the field structural geologic and hydrogeologic observations to interpret the thermal images.

塔里木盆地兰尕与和田河断裂带变形特征及成藏演化模式

塔里木盆地中部发育北北东向—近南北向“半走滑-半逆冲”的“Y”字形逆冲滑脱断裂,其构造样式与邻区断裂差异较大,两侧断裂体系也不同,目前对其形成机制和构造演化特征的认识尚不清楚。通过对和田河与兰尕断裂带的构造解析,研究其形成机制与演化特征;通过与塔河油田兰尕断裂带油气成藏特征对比,分析和田河断裂带油气运移聚集特征。研究表明:兰尕及和田河半走滑-半逆冲的“Y”字型逆冲滑脱断裂带形成于加里东晚期,向下收敛为走滑断裂,向上逆冲至志留纪地层内,形成断背斜。区域地应力是这2条断裂带形成的主要原因。早奥陶世末,受西南、东南和北部3面应力作用,塔北隆起形成大规模北北东向和北北西向走滑断裂,巴楚隆起形成北北东向走滑断裂。加里东运动晚期,受东昆仑和南天山洋挤压作用,形成向下收敛为走滑断裂、向上逆冲至志留纪地层内的逆冲滑脱断裂,并切割走滑断裂,使逆冲断裂上盘走滑断裂再活动,形成的缝网规模及破碎程度远比下盘及其他区域大。在后期构造运动作用下,逆冲断裂带内走滑断裂继承发育,并错断逆冲断裂。兰尕断裂带内发育两种有利成藏模式:①主干北北东向走滑断裂横向交切上倾断溶体油气成藏模式;②油气沿次级北北东向走滑断裂分段富集的断溶体油气成藏模式。海西运动晚期,和田河构造带沿主干断裂充注的油气向次级北北东向走滑断裂控制的缝洞型储层侧向调整,发育断溶体油气藏,油气沿断裂带分段富集。因此,南部背斜区北北东向断溶体为有利勘探目标。

海拉尔盆地中部断陷带下白垩统南屯组致密储层特征及有利区预测

综合运用岩心分析、铸体薄片、高压压汞等资料,对海拉尔盆地中部断陷带下白垩统南屯组储层特征及其主控因素开展了详细研究,并对有利区进行了定量综合评价。研究结果表明:(1)海拉尔盆地中部断陷带南屯组岩石类型主要为岩屑砂岩和长石岩屑砂岩,储层孔隙度小于12%的样品数占总样品数的70.2%,渗透率小于1 mD的样品数占总样品数的66.3%,属于致密砂岩储层,储层储集空间主要为少量原生孔隙和大量次生溶蚀孔隙。(2)沉积相控制了研究区储层物性在空间上的总体分布规律,南屯组最有利的沉积相带是辫状河三角洲前缘和扇三角洲前缘亚相;压实作用对储层具有减孔效应,溶蚀作用普遍发育,形成了大量粒间和粒内溶孔,对储集性具有一定改善作用。(3)盆地中部断陷带发育缓坡断阶构造带、陡坡断阶构造带和洼槽带3种构造带,其中缓坡断阶构造带和陡坡断阶构造带为主要的油气聚集区带,其断裂的大量发育均早于或同期于烃源岩大量排烃阶段,为油气运移提供了通道。(4)将“沉积相-孔隙度-储层厚度-砂地比-埋藏深度”五要素进行叠合,定量评价有利储层发育区,其中Ⅰ类、Ⅱ类优质储层主要分布在盆地中部断陷带的缓坡断阶构造带和陡坡断阶构造带。

GNSS约束的红河断裂带现今三维闭锁耦合程度及时空演变特征研究

为研究红河断裂带近年来活动状态的演变特征,并分析该区域地震危险性,基于1999~2007年、1999~2017年2期GNSS速度场数据,采用负位错块体模型反演红河断裂带的闭锁程度与滑动亏损空间动态分布。结果表明,红河断裂带的闭锁程度具有两端强、中间弱的特点。红河断裂带北段和南段局部断层闭锁深度为20 km,闭锁程度较高;中段为浅层闭锁,闭锁深度为5 km。在滑动亏损方面,北段为2.5~5 mm/a,积蓄能量速度较快;中段为0.4~1.8 mm/a,南段为1.5~2 mm/a,中、南两段较为平稳。在2008年以后,红河断裂带整体闭锁特点不变,南、北两段深度闭锁状态开始向中间扩散,红河断裂带整体闭锁程度加深,同时滑动亏损速率有所增加,断层北段地震风险继续增大,而断层南段活动状态变得不稳定。

红河断裂对莺歌海盆地地热系统的控制作用

基于莺歌海盆地地热背景,从地热系统的水源、流体通道、热储和盖层4个方面系统地去评价红河断裂对其的控热作用。研究结果表明,通过水样、气样分析,断裂构造在地热水循环中起到重要的控制作用;红河断裂的差异变形显著影响裂隙型热液热储的平面分布范围和纵向发育深度的异质性;莺歌海盆地地热系统是以地幔热物质作为主要热源,红河断裂带和盆地内中央凹陷底辟带为主要通道,裂隙型热液热储和上部大面积水道、海底扇、三角洲等储集体为主要热储,莺歌海组巨厚泥岩为主要盖层。

右江断裂带旧州—泽屯小段的地貌与第四纪活动图像

为探讨右江断裂带百色以西段北支旧州—泽屯小段的第四纪活动特征,从右江上游的乐里河、澄碧河流域的构造地貌研究入手,首先对两条河流开展遥感地质解译,利用河流地貌与断层活动的响应关系获取断层的可能部位,对断层活动可能出露的部位开展路线地质地貌调查并进行验证,试图勾勒出该小段断裂带的第四纪活动图像,最后讨论了该小段断裂带的第四纪活动的成熟度。遥感地质解译和野外调查的结果显示:旧州—泽屯小段断裂带的第四纪活动图像与构造物理实验中的R剪切断层发育阶段图像相似,其成熟度低。这可能是该小段断裂带至今缺乏5.0级以上的高震级地震记录的原因之一。

断裂带形成的暗河地段灌注桩施工技术研究

在断裂带形成的地下暗河地段施工灌注桩时,根据暗河与暗河周围的地质特征,可采取针对性的处置措施:全套管护壁成桩;采用掺入速凝剂的高标号水下混凝土;先采用低标号混凝土填充,再成孔、灌注桩体混凝土。以一项典型工程为例,对以上3种处置方案的应用进行了分析和研究。实践结果表明:处置措施针对性强,较好地节省了工程造价,缩短了工期,满足了“经济上合理、技术上可行”的基本要求。

基于微动勘探技术的断裂带堆积层滑坡滑动面提取分析

选择舟曲县东山镇牙豁口滑坡作为研究对象,采集滑坡体的微动信号进行后期处理,通过与钻孔数据对比发现,单点反演获得的S波速度结构与视S波速度剖面均能清晰显示滑动面位置.微动探测结果显示新滑坡的滑动面埋深在10~35 m,平均埋深为9.1 m,钻孔揭露新滑动面平均埋深为10 m;微动探测结果显示老滑坡滑动面埋深在15~52 m,平均埋深为19.6 m,钻孔揭露新滑动面平均埋深为20 m.测试不同的采集时间、不同频率的检波器对探测深度和精度的影响,发现对该类滑坡应选取三重圆台阵, 4.5 Hz检波器, 90 min的采集时长.表明微动勘探方法是探测断层破碎带堆积层滑坡滑动面的一种有效方法,对于白龙江流域广泛分布的断层破碎带堆积层滑坡滑动面的探测,具有很好的技术优势以及应用前景.

基于ABAQUS的断层破碎带对调压室轴线布置影响分析

为研究断层破碎带对调压室轴线布置的影响,以金沙江昌波水电站调压室工程为例,开展了基于ABAQUS的有限元模拟计算,分析了两条断层破碎带对调压室洞室变形、应力、屈服破坏及稳定性的影响,以及随调压室轴线布置的变化,该地质弱带对调压室的影响情况;基于断层破碎带的影响变化规律,提出了受其影响小的调压室轴线布置方案。结果表明:位于该电站1号调压室下游边墙外侧的断层破碎带FC4对该调压室变形、应力、屈服和稳定性等指标的影响较大;位于调压室右端墙外的断层破碎带FC5力学参数值较高,对调压室影响很小;敏感性计算结果显示,靠近断层破碎带的调压室变形、应力、屈服和稳定性对断层破碎带的力学参数变化较敏感。随调压室轴线方位角变化,断层破碎带对调压室的影响相应变化,沿N86°E轴线布置的方案受断层破碎带影响最小。研究成果可为调压室轴线布置方案优选提供参考。

下扬子无为盆地异常高压富氦天然气的发现及其成藏地质条件

在无为盆地WWY1井三叠系周冲村组首次发现了异常高压富氦天然气显示,对其中2个气样的气体组分分析发现,He的体积分数分别为4.51%和4.56%,远高于0.1%的氦气工业利用标准;3He/4He值分别为5.50×10^(-8)和6.40×10^(-8),幔源氦占比仅仅为0.32%和0.40%,应属典型的壳源氦。同时依据δ^(13)C_(CH_(4))、δ^(13)C_(CO_(2))、CO_(2)含量及N_(2)含量综合分析认为该天然气为有机成因,其烃源岩类型与研究区广泛发育的二叠系烃源岩相吻合。通过区域地质资料和深部地球物理资料分析认为其氦源极可能来源于古—中元古代基底花岗岩。长江深断裂带可作为联通深部地壳与浅部地层的重要通道,对于氦气扩散外移起到了关键作用。当富氦流体运移至浅部遇到天然气等载体气气藏时,流体的氦浓度迅速降低,氦气大量脱溶进入载体气气藏形成富氦天然气藏,活动的断裂系统和裂缝为其提供了运移和疏导通道。盆地内三叠系周冲村组多套膏岩盖层在一定的埋深条件下形成了超高压封闭条件,有可能是阻止富氦天然气向上扩散的重要原因,膏岩层下白云岩裂缝性储层为其提供了储存空间,具有良好的储盖时空配置关系。下扬子沿江地区具有多个与无为盆地地质条件相类似的同级盆地(如:望江盆地),预示着沿江地区具备十分有利的氦气勘探潜力,此外本次研究提出的氦气成藏模式也可为区域上氦气勘探提供重要的指导意义。

地应力作用下鸭绿江断裂带活动对丹东五龙背地热温泉的影响初析

鸭绿江断裂带为郯庐断裂系的重要分支,现今构造活动强烈,沿断裂带出露温泉60余处,地热资源丰富。为查明断裂带南段五龙背地区的现今地应力状态和断层的活动性,研究断裂活动对温泉地热水体的控制作用和远期影响,采用水压致裂法对该区开展了12个测段的原位地应力测量。测量结果显示,在测段深度36.80~215.50 m范围内,最大、最小水平主应力及垂直主应力值(SH、Sh、Sv)分别为6.00~13.52 MPa、3.18~7.26 MPa和0.97~5.7 MPa,总体而言,3个主应力值呈现随深度的增加而逐渐增大的趋势,最大水平主应力方向以北东向为主;断裂带中段(198.60~207.80 m),主应力关系为SH>Sv>Sh,有利于走滑型活动,具有一定潜力的富水导水条件,断裂带上段(36.80~196.63 m)及下段(215.50 m),SH>Sh>Sv,有利于逆断层活动,热流通道纵向连续性欠佳,导水条件较差;根据现今应力场特征与断裂活动的关系推演,五龙背地区温泉水位下降可能是因为断裂在压应力作用下活动,导水系统空间受挤压逐渐缩小,其他方向径流排泄增多,导致温泉水源供给减少;基于库仑摩擦失稳理论,断裂带36.80~113.20 m深度范围内的地应力值达到了其活动需要的应力临界值下限,将来有可能发生错断活动,温泉地热水体的补给通道可能受到断裂活动的影响而发生改变。研究成果在断裂对温泉地热水体控制作用研究方面具有一定的理论意义,并积极探索了断裂带附近地应力测量在地热研究领域中的应用思路。

Southeastern extension of the Red River fault zone (RRFZ) and its tectonic evolution significance in western South China Sea

Recent geophysical surveys and basin modeling suggest that the No.1 fault in the Ying- gehai basin (YGHB) is the seaward elongation of the Red River fault zone (RRFZ) in the South China Sea (SCS). The RRFZ, which separates the South China and Indochina block, extends first along the Yuedong fault, offshore of Vietnam, and then continues southward and breaks off into two branches: the Lupar fault and the Tinjia fault. The southern extension of the Lupar fault dies out beneath the NW Borneo while the Tinjia fault extends southeast and reaches the Brunei-Sabah area. According to the gravity and geomagnetic data, and the tectonic evolution of the basins, there are different evolution histories between the Wan’an basin (WAB) and the basins in the Nansha block. The Tinjia fault may be the boundary between the Balingian block and the Nansha block. Hence, the line linking the Yue- dong fault and the Tinjia fault, which both are continental margin faults and strike-slip ones in the geological evolution histories, constitute the boundary between the Indochina and Nansha block. The Lupar fault, in contrast, is an intraplate fault within the Indochina block. The results provide new hints for reconstructing the tectonic evolution history of the RRFZ and the opening of the SCS, and also a framework for hydrocarbon prospecting in the region.

Crust and upper mantle structure of the Ailao Shan-Red River fault zone and adjacent regions

Using arrival data of the body waves recorded by seismic stations, we reconstructed the velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle beneath the southeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau and the northwestern continental margin of the South China Sea through a travel time tomography technique. The result revealed the apparent tectonic variation along the Ailao Shan-Red River fault zone and its adjacent regions. High velocities are observed in the upper and middle crust beneath the Ailao Shan-Red River fault zone and they reflect the character of the fast uplifting and cooling of the metamorphic belt after the ductile shearing of the fault zone, while low velocities in the lower crust and near the Moho imply a relatively active crust-mantle boundary beneath the fault zone. On the west of the fault zone, the large-scale low velocities in the uppermost mantle beneath western Yunnan prove the influence of the mantle heat flow on volcano, hot spring and magma activities, however, the upper mantle on the east of the fault zone shows a relatively stable structure similar to the Yangtze block. The low velocities of the deep mantle beneath the southeastern extending segment of the fault zone are probably related to the mantle convection produced by the pull-apart of the South China Sea.