The impact of high hydrostatic pressure treatment time on the structure,gelatinization and thermal properties and in vitro digestibility of oat starch

As a non-thermal processing technology,high hydrostatic pressure(HHP)can be used for starch modification without affecting the quality and flavour constituents.The effect of HHP on starch is closely related to the treatment time of HHP.In this paper,we investigated the impacts of HHP treatment time(0,5,10,15,20,25,30 min)on the microstructure,gelatinization and thermal properties as well as in vitro digestibility of oat starch by scanning electron microscopy,X-ray diffraction,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,13C NMR and differential scanning calorimeter.Results showed that 5-min HHP treatment led to deformation and decreases in short-range ordered and doublehelix structures of oat starch granules,and further extending the treatment time to 15 min or above caused the formation of a gelatinous connection zone,increase of particle size,disintegration of short-range ordered and double-helix structures,and crystal structure change from A type to V type,indicating gelatinization occurred.Longer treatment time also resulted in the reduction in both the viscosity and the stability of oat starch.These indicated that HHP treatment time greatly influenced the microstructure of oat starch,and the oat starch experienced crystalline destruction(5 min),crystalline disintegration(15 min)and gelatinization(>15 min)during HHP treatment.Results of in vitro digestibility showed that the rapidly digestible starch(RDS)content declined first after treatment for 5 to 10 min then rose with the time extending from 15 to 30 min,indicating that longer pressure treatment time was unfavourable to the health benefits of oat starch for humans with diabetes and cardiovascular disease.Therefore,the 500-MPa treatment time for oat starch is recommended not more than 15 min.This study provides theoretical guidance for the application of HHP technology in starch modification and development of health foods.

Optimization of nitrogen fertilization improves rice quality by affecting the structure and physicochemical properties of starch at high yield levels

A major challenge in modern rice production is to achieve the dual goals of high yield and good quality with low environmental costs.This study was designed to determine whether optimized nitrogen(N)fertilization could fulfill these multiple goals.In two-year experiments,two high yielding‘super’rice cultivars were grown with different N fertilization management regimes,including zero N input,local farmers’practice(LFP)with heavy N inputs,and optimized N fertilization(ONF).In ONF,by reducing N input,increasing planting density,and optimizing the ratio of urea application at different stages,N use efficiency and the physicochemical and textural properties of milled rice were improved at higher yield levels.Compared with LFP,yield and partial factor productivity of applied N(PFP)under ONF were increased(on average)by 1.70 and 13.06%,respectively.ONF increased starch and amylose content,and significantly decreased protein content.The contents of the short chains of A chain(degree of polymerization(DP)6-12)and B1 chain(DP 13-25)of amylopectin were significantly increased under ONF,which resulted in a decrease in the stability of rice starch crystals.ONF increased viscosity values and improved the thermodynamic properties of starch,which resulted in better eating and cooking quality of the rice.Thus,ONF could substantially compensate the negative effects caused by N fertilizer and achieve the multiple goals of higher grain quality and nitrogen use efficiency(NUE)at high yield levels.These results will be useful for applications of high quality rice production at high yield levels.

Amylose Content,Morphology,Crystal Structure,and Thermal Properties of Starch Grains in Main and Ratoon Rice Crops

Rice ratooning,or the production of a second rice crop from stubble after the harvest of the main crop,is considered to be a green and resource-efficient rice production system.The present study was conducted to examine variance in amylose content(AC),grain morphology,crystal structure,and thermal properties of starch between main-and ratoon-season rice of seven varieties.Ratoon-season rice grains had higher ACs and significantly lower transition gelatinization temperatures(To,Tp,and Tc)than did main-season rice grains.The relative crystallinity and lamellar peak intensity of ratoon-season rice starch were 7.89%and 20.38%lower,respectively,than those of main-season rice starch.In addition,smaller granules with smoother surfaces and lower thermal parameters were observed in the starch of ratoon-season rice.The relative crystallinity and lamellar peak intensity of starch correlated negatively with the AC and positively with transition gelatinization temperatures.These results suggest that the superior cooking quality of ratoon-season rice is attributable to the moderate increase of grain AC,which reduces the relative crystallinity,weakens the crystal structure,and lead to a decrease in the gelatinization temperature.

Effects of Rice Variety and Growth Location in Cambodia on Grain Composition and Starch Structure

The effects of variety and growth location on grain composition and starch structures were investigated using three rice （Oryza sativa L.） cultivars （Phka Romduol, Sen Pidao and IR66） with different amylose contents. All the three cultivars were planted in three different agro-climatic zones （Phnom Penh, Coastal and Plateau） of Cambodia. The protein content of polished grains increased when rice was planted at a location with higher average temperature, but their lipid content decreased. The amylose content and degree of branching were not greatly affected by the minor temperature differences among the growing locations. Starch fine structures characterized by the chain-length distribution were significantly different among the cultivars, but not significantly among different locations. The results suggested that protein and lipid biosyntheses were more sensitive to the environmental temperature than that of starch in rice grains.

A plastidic ATP/ADP transporter gene, IbAATP, increases starch and amylose contents and alters starch structure in transgenic sweetpotato

A plastidic adenosine triphosphate（ATP）/adenosine diphosphate（ADP） transporter（AATP） is responsible for importing ATP from the cytosol into plastids. In dicotyledonous plants, increasing ATP supply is a potential way to facilitate anabolic synthesis in heterotrophic plastids. In this study, a gene encoding the AATP protein, named Ib AATP, was isolated from sweetpotato（Ipomoea batatas（L.） Lam.）. Transcripts of Ib AATP were predominantly detected in the storage roots and leaves and were induced by exogenous sucrose and subjected to circadian rhythm. Transient expression of Ib AATP in tobacco and onion epidermal cells revealed the plastidic localization of Ib AATP. The overexpression of Ib AATP in sweetpotato significantly increased the starch and amylose contents and led to enlarged starch granules. The IbA ATP-overexpressing plants showed altered fine structure of amylopectin, which contained an increased proportion of chains with a degree of polymerization（DP） of 10–23 and a reduced number of chains with a DP of 5–9 and 24–40. In addition, starch from the transgenic plants exhibited different pasting properties. The transcript levels of starch biosynthetic genes, including Ib AGP, Ib GBSSI, Ib SSIIV, and Ib SBE, were differentially regulated in the transgenic plants. These results revealed the explicit role of Ib AATP in the starch biosynthesis of sweetpotato and indicated that this gene has the potential to be used to improve starch content and quality in sweetpotato and other plants.

Radio frequency energy regulates the multi-scale structure,digestive and physicochemical properties of rice starch

Radio frequency (RF) heating as an emerging technology was applied to regulate the structural,digestive and physicochemical properties of rice starch.In vitro digestibility results showed that RF treatment enhanced the resistant starch content and reduced the rapidly digestible starch content of rice starch,resulting in higher resistant to enzyme hydrolysis.Microstructure analysis indicated that RF treatment caused the granular surface erosions and morphology changes with increasing treatment time.RF treatment did not alter the A-type crystal form of starch,but disrupted the relative crystallinity,short-range molecular order,and lamellar structure in different degrees.Moreover,the DSC results suggested that starch orders with a higher thermal stability formed after RF treatment,thereby reducing the accessibility of starch granules to the enzyme.Furthermore,rapid viscosity analysis revealed that RF treatment significantly reduced the peak viscosity and breakdown of indica and japonica rice starch,while increased them in waxy rice starch.The rheological properties of rice starch were also changed after RF treatment.This work provides a theoretical basis for the application of RF technology in starch modification.

Comparative Study on the Structural and Physicochemical Properties of Flour and Starch from Dioscorea opposita Thunb

The objective of this work was to investigate and compare the structural and physicochemical properties of Dioscorea opposita Thunb. flour（DF）, starch（DS） and purified starch（PDS）. DS and PDS showed higher total starch and amylose content as compared to DF. Starch granules of DF were oval shape with rough surface while DS and PDS were relatively smooth by SEM. According to XRD measurements, FT-IR spectroscopy and 13 C CP/MAS NMR spectroscopy, all samples displayed C-type crystalline pattern, and PDS displayed the highest relative crystallinity and short-range order structure. However, DF contained the greatest content of the amorphous-phase. DF displayed the absorption peaks at 1730 and 1560 cm^-1 related to the characteristic groups of lipid and protein using FT-IR spectroscopy. Furthermore, DF exhibited significantly higher pasting temperature while DS displayed the great peak and breakdown viscosity, as well as PDS had the highest setback and final viscosity, presumably due to the chemical composition and structural differences. DF exhibited the highest gelatinization temperature whereas PDS displayed the greatest gelatinization enthalpy. The pasting and gelatinization properties of flour and starch might be related to the relative crystallinity, short-range order structure or the interactions between starch and its associated compounds. The results allow the improvement in the manufacture of Dioscorea opposita Thunb. flour and starch with desirable pasting and gelatinization properties.

Effect and Its Mechanism of Brassinolide-regulated Starch Metabolism in Rice Germination

The study was aimed to explore the effect and mechanism of brassinolide（ BL） regulated starch metabolism in rice endosperm during seed germination.The radicle elongation of rice seeds treated with 1 μmol/L BL was inhibited during germination. The analysis on rice seeds with a GUS-fused promoter showed that BL had different regulatory effects on Wx,SBEI,and AGPS1. The effect of BL treatment on the physicochemical properties of rice starch was further investigated by scanning electron microscopy,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,and X-ray diffraction. The results showed that the starch treated with BL maintained better crystallinity and orderly structure,indicating that during the germination process,the degradation of starch in endosperm was slow,which might be one of the reasons for the slow radicle growth in the early stages of seed germination. This study provided important clues for further analysis of the molecular mechanisms underlying BR-regulated rice seed germination.

Oxidative Degradation of Thermoplastic Starch Induced by UV Radiation

Among biopolymers,thermoplastic starch(TPS)is a good candidate to obtain biomaterials because of its natural origin,biodegradable character,and processability.Exposure to ultraviolet(UV)radiation causes significant degradation of starch-based materials,inducing photooxidative reactions which result in breaking of polymer chains,production of free radical,and reduction of molar mass.These changes produce a deterioration of TPS mechanical properties,leading to useless materials after an unpredictable time.In this work,changes induced on TPS by UV radiation,analyzing structural properties and mechanical behavior,are studied.TPS was obtained through thermo-mechanical processing of native corn starch in the presence of water(45%w/w)and glycerol(30%w/w)as plasticizers.Films were obtained by thermocompression and,before testing,specimens were conditioned to reduce material fragility.Photodegradation process was performed by exposing TPS to 264 h UV radiation in a weathering test chamber.Specimen’s weight loss was determined gravimetrically.Chemical changes were studied by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy(FTIR)and morphological modifications were analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy(SEM).Reduction of weight average molar mass was measured by Static Light Scattering(SLS).Changes in mechanical properties were studied from tensile tests.After 96 h exposure,TPS specimens presented a weight reduction of 4-6%,mainly attributed to plasticizers lost by evaporation.SEM observations showed that UV radiation induced morphological changes on TPS,evidenced by an increment of specimens cracking.By FTIR,it was detected the presence of an additional band located at 1726 cm-1 in samples submitted to UV radiation,attributed to the formation of-C=O groups.Weight average molar mass of native starch was in the order of 107 g mol-1.TPS exposure to UV radiation decreased significantly its molar mass,confirming molecular degradation of the biopolymer.When TPS was exposed during 48 h,it was detected a considerable decrease in elongation at break values(~85%),indicating that TPS flexibility was reduced.On the other hand,after 48 h exposure,TPS elastic modulus was 55 times higher than those of the unexposed specimens,evidencing an increase in material rigidity.TPS maximum tensile strength was also increased by UV light,with an increment of^400%after 48 h exposure.Results revealed that starch-based materials can be degraded by exposure to UV radiation,modifying their microstructure and mechanical performance.

Differences of Physicochemical Properties Between Chalky and Translucent Parts of Rice Grains

Rice grain chalkiness is an important characteristic,but the difference between chalky and translucent parts in grains is still unclear.Here,we investigated the differences of flour made from the chalky or translucent part of rice grains in three indica and three japonica rice varieties.The chalky flour had significantly lower amylose and protein contents and looser starch granule morphology,and starches in the chalky flour had higher relative crystallinity,higher short chain content but lower long chain content than those in the translucent flour.The water states,determined with nuclear magnetic resonance,differed between the chalky and translucent flour after soaking,cooking and retrograding,and the chalky flour had more bound and free water but less constructural water than the translucent flour.Mostly,the chalky flour had lower viscosity and shorter gel consistency,but higher onset temperature and gelatinization enthalpy than the translucent flour.The results indicated that starch granule morphology would be more indicative than other attributions on pasting and gelatinization properties of chalky and translucent parts of rice grains.

物理场影响淀粉消化特性的作用机制研究进展

文章综述了几种常见的物理场作用,包括微波、超声、挤压、湿热处理对淀粉消化特性的影响及其作用机制。从物理场作用改变淀粉结构的角度,包括淀粉短程有序、直链淀粉/支链淀粉比例及晶体结构,论述了淀粉分子微观结构与其消化特性之间的关系,比较不同物理场改性淀粉消化特性之间的差异。以期为改进淀粉类食品加工工艺、提升淀粉类食品品质提供参考。

改性甘薯淀粉及其在食品工业中的应用研究进展

甘薯淀粉常作为粉丝和粉条等食品加工原料,具有稳定和增稠作用。但受其固有性质的限制(如热稳定性差、淀粉糊透明度低等),难以满足现代食品工业发展的需求,而改性(如物理法、化学法、酶法及复合法等)能赋予甘薯淀粉良好的功能、流变学和加工特性(如抗老化性、淀粉糊透明度高、凝沉性小、冻融稳定性好、抗酸性和成膜性好等),可用于改善食品的物化特性、质构特性及食用品质。该文首先分析了甘薯淀粉的结构及性质,并总结了改性方法,最后概述了甘薯淀粉在食品工业(从粉丝、面制品、调味料及其他食品等方面)中的应用情况,以期为扩大甘薯淀粉资源的研究和应用提供参考。

非淀粉多糖对淀粉特性影响的研究进展

非淀粉多糖(non-starch polysaccharides,NSPs)为除淀粉以外的复合多糖,主要包括纤维素、半纤维素、果胶等,其具有良好的功能特性与加工特性。非淀粉多糖能够通过机械加工方式附着在淀粉表面,使直链淀粉难以溶出,减弱淀粉的老化特性。此外,非淀粉多糖通过氢键与淀粉相互作用能够增强复合体系的稳定性,抵抗淀粉在加工期间机械剪切力的破坏,并阻碍消化酶直接与淀粉接触,抑制淀粉消化,调节升糖指数。本文主要综述了非淀粉多糖与淀粉通过非共价键、化学键交联以及加工过程的作用力等方式复合,从而影响淀粉的颗粒及结晶结构变化,进一步概述添加非淀粉多糖-淀粉体系的糊化、老化、流变等理化特性以及消化特性的变化,以期为非淀粉多糖改性淀粉的功能性食品开发提供一定参考。

添加抗性淀粉对红薯粉条理化性能及结构的影响

为了探究在粉条中加入玉米抗性淀粉和红薯抗性淀粉对其理化性能及结构品质的影响,测定抗性淀粉添加量分别在5.0、7.5、10.0、12.5、15.0 g/100 g下所制备粉条的质构特性、断条率、感官品质、微观结构、体外消化性能等指标的变化情况。结果显示:在抗性淀粉添加量相同时,玉米抗性淀粉粉条硬度和咀嚼性均高于红薯抗性淀粉粉条;随抗性淀粉添加量的增多,两种抗性淀粉粉条硬度和咀嚼性都呈下降趋势;红薯抗性淀粉添加量的升高对粉条内聚性的升高具有显著(P<0.05)影响,对弹性的影响不大;玉米抗性淀粉添加量的升高对粉条内聚性和弹性影响较小;两种抗性淀粉粉条结晶度和断条率均随抗性淀粉添加量增加而升高,且两种抗性淀粉在粉条中的适宜添加量均为5.0 g/100 g;经体外消化2 h后,红薯抗性淀粉粉条和玉米抗性淀粉粉条消化率分别为20.2%和23.3%,而空白组消化率为27.8%,表明两种抗性淀粉均具备良好的抗消化性能。

压热改性对黄米淀粉多尺度结构及理化性质的影响

为研究压热改性对黄米淀粉多尺度结构和理化性质的影响,本实验借助高效阴离子交换色谱、X射线衍射以及红外光谱、扫描电镜、差示热量扫描仪、快速粘度仪等分析了黄米淀粉改性前后的多尺度结构(形态结构、晶体结构、分子链结构)及糊化特性。结果表明,经过压热改性后黄米淀粉的总淀粉含量没有差异性变化,而直链淀粉含量由7.46%上升到8.28%;与原淀粉相比,改性后黄米淀粉短链比例升高,而中长链和长链比例显著(P<0.05)下降;淀粉的重均摩尔质量、回转半径多分散指数均显著(P<0.05)上升;而Mn值却显著(P<0.05)下降;压热改性后,黄米淀粉微观结构发生较大改变,由原黄米淀粉的颗粒状变为片状,表面粗糙,存在孔状凹陷;红外和X-射线衍射结果表明,压热后的黄米淀粉与原淀粉相比无新官能团产生,但是晶体结构遭到破坏,黄米淀粉的晶体结构由A型变为非晶体构型。压热改性后黄米淀粉的热稳定性、抗剪切性和冷糊稳定性相较于原黄米淀粉更好,不易回生、老化,且压热后黄米淀粉的孔隙度更小,玻璃化转变温度范围更窄。说明压热改性对黄米淀粉的多尺度结构和糊化特性有很显著的影响,这为黄米的进一步精深加工提供了理论依据。

糜子淀粉结构及理化特性研究进展

由于糜子营养丰富且升糖指数低,糜子资源的开发受到越来越多的关注。现有研究表明,淀粉作为糜子的主要成分,其结构对理化特性和糜子制品的品质有极大的影响。本研究从颗粒形貌、分子结构、结晶特性3个方面对糜子淀粉的多尺度结构进行综述,并从糊化特性、热焓特性、流变特性和消化特性4个方面对糜子淀粉的理化特性进行分析,对比了粳性糜子淀粉和糯性糜子淀粉多尺度结构及理化特性的差别,探讨了糜子淀粉的结构特征与理化特性之间的关系,同时指出对糜子淀粉多尺度结构和理化特性之间关系的研究仍有不足,缺乏对不同品种糜子淀粉间多尺度结构和理化特性的系统比较等问题,以期为糜子资源的开发利用提供基础理论参考。

糜子改性淀粉的理化性质及体外消化特性研究

本研究将脱支糜子淀粉(DPM)与不同碳链长度(12〜18)的饱和脂肪酸复合,制备糜子改性淀粉(DPM-FA),并测定其理化性质和体外消化特性。研究发现,糜子改性淀粉的复合指数与脂肪酸碳链长度密切相关,且随着脂肪酸碳链长度的增加,复合指数呈现先增高后降低的趋势,最高至23.09%。天然糜子淀粉(PMS),脱支糜子淀粉以及糜子改性淀粉的晶型有所变化,由A型转变为B型进而变为V型。随着晶型的改变,糜子改性淀粉热稳定性最高,焓变(ΔH)最高至5.26 J/g,且其体外消化率最低,相比天然糜子淀粉降低14.65%,这与抗性淀粉含量增加10.31%,快消化淀粉含量降低10.35%密切相关。综上,糜子改性淀粉的高稳定和低消化性的特质,使其有望作为降血糖功能性食品的重要来源。

不同压力蒸煮对中国菰米淀粉结构及理化特性的影响

以中国菰米淀粉为原料,利用扫描电镜、X射线衍射仪、傅里叶红外光谱仪检测在常压蒸煮、高压蒸煮条件下菰米淀粉的晶体结构,并分析其热稳定性、凝沉特性及消化特性,探究其在不同条件处理下晶体结构和理化性质的变化。结果表明:蒸制处理后,淀粉的表观形貌、晶体结构、短程有序性、粒径大小无显著变化,蒸制提高了淀粉的糊化峰值温度、老化程度,降低了相对结晶度和热焓值。高压处理可促进淀粉老化,利于提高淀粉抗消化性。煮制处理后,淀粉结构破损严重,晶体结构由有序向无序转变,糊化后无明显的凝沉特性,粒径显著降低。经蒸煮处理后,淀粉慢消化淀粉含量显著提升,利于维持血糖平衡。

淀粉基纤维膜的研究进展:静电纺丝与食品包装视角

食品包装膜能够有效隔绝外界不利因素(如氧气、水蒸气、微生物、光照等)的影响,从而确保食品品质和安全以及延长货架期。淀粉作为一种天然植物来源的可降解生物质聚合物,由于其价格低廉、来源广泛、可再生性及较好的成膜性等优势,在环境友好型的食品包装材料开发中表现出较大的潜力。相比于流延法和挤压吹塑法制备的膜材料,微米或纳米纤维组成的膜具有更高的比表面积、孔隙率和负载能力,在食品包装膜的开发中受到广泛关注。本文以溶液喷射纺丝、静电纺丝和离心纺丝3种纤维制备技术为主,综述其制备原理和影响因素,并对3种方法的优缺点进行比较,以阐明不同淀粉纤维制备方法的优劣势,着重分析不同物理和化学改性手段引起的静电纺丝淀粉纤维结构变化与其包装性能之间的联系,并对淀粉基纤维膜在食品包装膜领域的应用进行展望。

超声处理时间对莲藕淀粉理化和结构特性的影响

以莲藕淀粉(lotus root starch,LS)为对象,探究不同超声时间(0、10、20、30、40、50 min)对LS糊化特性、流变特性以及片层结构、结晶结构、短程有序结构、微观结构等的影响。结果表明,不同超声时间处理后LS分子链溶胀和缠结增加,糊化黏度最大增至(6059±31)mPa·s;淀粉颗粒表面出现裂缝、塌陷及坑洞,利于水分子进入,黏弹性增加。在超声作用下LS的α-1,6-糖苷键被破坏,部分支链断裂,形成淀粉短链,重新排列成有序的结构,短程有序结构增多,R_(1047/1022)值升高了3.20%;较短时间的超声处理(30 min)增强了淀粉分子间的相互作用,双螺旋结构变得有序和紧密,使T_p和ΔH值分别增大了11.09%和89.21%。长时间超声处理(40~50 min)不利于这种有序结构的形成。本研究结果可为超声技术在淀粉理化特性及多尺度结构调控中的应用提供理论参考。