Rockburst criterion and evaluation method for potential rockburst pit depth considering excavation damage effect

Excavation-induced disturbances in deep tunnels will lead to deterioration of rock properties and formation of excavation damaged zone(EDZ).This excavation damage effect may affect the potential rockburst pit depth.Taking two diversion tunnels of Jinping II hydropower station for example,the relationship between rockburst pit depth and excavation damage effect is first surveyed.The results indicate that the rockburst pit depth in tunnels with severe damage to rock masses is relatively large.Subsequently,the excavation-induced damage effect is characterized by disturbance factor D based on the Hoek-Brown criterion and wave velocity method.It is found that the EDZ could be further divided into a high-damage zone(HDZ)with D=1 and weak-damage zone(WDZ),and D decays from one to zero linearly.For this,a quantitative evaluation method for potential rockburst pit depth is established by presenting a three-element rockburst criterion considering rock strength,geostress and disturbance factor.The evaluation results obtained by this method match well with actual observations.In addition,the weakening of rock mass strength promotes the formation and expansion of potential rockburst pits.The potential rockburst pit depth is positively correlated with HDZ and WDZ depths,and the HDZ depth has a significant contribution to the potential rockburst pit depth.

Mechanical properties and damage constitutive model of sandstone after acid corrosion and high temperature treatments

Aiming at the problem of temperature-mechanics-chemical(T-M-C)action encountered by rocks in underground engineering,sandstone was selected as the sample for acid corrosion treatment at pH 1,3,5 and 7,the acid corrosion treated samples were then subjected to high-temperature experiments at 25,300,600,and 900℃,and triaxial compression experiments were conducted in the laboratory.The experimental results show that the superposition of chemical damage and thermal damage has a significant impact on the quality,wave velocity,porosity and compression failure characteristics of the rock.Based on the Lemaitre strain equivalent hypothesis theory,the damage degree of rock material was described by introducing damage variables,and the spatial mobilized plane(SMP)criterion was adopted.The damage constitutive model can well reflect the stress-strain characteristics of the rock triaxial compression process,which verified the rationality and reliability of the model parameters.The experiment and constitutive model analyzed the change law of mechanical properties of rock after chemical corrosion and high temperature thermal damage,which had certain practical significance for rock engineering construction.

Elimination mechanism of coal and gas outburst based on geo‑dynamic system with stress–damage–seepage interactions

Coal and gas outburst is a complex dynamic disaster during coal underground mining.Revealing the disaster mechanism is of great signifcance for accurate prediction and prevention of coal and gas outburst.The geo-dynamic system of coal and gas outburst is proposed.The framework of geo-dynamic system is composed of gassy coal mass,geological dynamic environment and mining disturbance.Equations of stress–damage–seepage interaction for gassy coal mass is constructed to resolve the outburst elimination process by gas extraction with boreholes through layer in foor roadway.The results show the occurrence of outburst is divided into the evolution process of gestation,formation,development and termination of geo-dynamic system.The scale range of outburst occurrence is determined,which provides a spatial basis for the prevention and control of outburst.The formation criterion and instability criterion of coal and gas outburst are established.The formation criterion F1 is defned as the scale of the geo-dynamic system,and the instability criterion F2 is defned as the scale of the outburst geo-body.According to the geo-dynamic system,the elimination mechanism of coal and gas outburst—‘unloading+depressurization’is established,and the gas extraction by boreholes through layer in foor roadway for outburst elimination is given.For the research case,when the gas extraction is 120 days,the gas pressure of the coal seam is reduced to below 0.4 MPa,and the outburst danger is eliminated efectively.

A modified Hoek-Brown failure criterion considering the damage to reservoir bank slope rocks under water saturation-dehydration circulation

After water is impounded in a reservoir,rock mass in the hydro-fluctuation belt of the reservoir bank slope is subject to water saturationdehydration circulation(WSDC). To quantify the rate of change of rock mechanical properties, samples from the Longtan dam area were measured with uniaxial compression tests after different numbers(1,5, 10, 15, and 20) of simulated WSDC cycles. Based on the curves derived from these tests, a modified HoekBrown failure criterion was proposed, in which a new parameter was introduced to model the cumulative damage to rocks after WSDC. A case of an engineering application was analyzed, and the results showed that the modified Hoek-Brown failure criterion is useful.Under similar WSDC-influenced engineering and geological conditions, rock mass strength parameters required for analysis and evaluation of rock slope stability can be estimated according to this modified Hoek-Brown failure criterion.

Damage and fracture mechanism of 6063 aluminum alloy under three kinds of stress states

To study the damage and fracture mechanism of 6063 aluminum alloy under different stress states,three kinds of representative triaxial stress states have been adopted,namely smooth tensile,notch tensile,and pure shear.The results of the study indicate the following.During the notch tensile test,a relatively higher stress triaxiality appears in the root of the notch.With the applied loading increasing,the volume fraction of microvoids in the root of the notch increases continuously.When it reaches the critical volume fraction of microvoids,the specimen fractures.During the pure shear test,the stress triaxiality almost equals to zero,and there is almost no microvoids but a shear band at the center of the butterfly specimen.The shear band results from nonuniform deformation constantly under the shear stress.With stress concentration,cracks are produced within the shear band and are later coalesced.When the equivalent plastic strain reaches the critical value（equivalent plastic fracture strain）,the butterfly specimen fractures.During the smooth tensile test,the stress triaxiality in the gauge of the specimen remains constant at 0.33.Thus,the volume of microvoids of the smooth tensile test is less than that of the notch tensile test and the smooth specimen fractures due to shearing between microvoids.The G-T-N damage model and Johnson-Cook model are used to simulate the notch tensile and shear test,respectively.The simulated engineering stress-strain curves fit the measured engineering stress-strain curves very well.In addition,the empirical damage evolution equation for the notch specimen is obtained from the experimental data and FEM simulations.

Influence of Low-velocity Impact on Damage Behavior of Carbon Fiber-reinforced Composites

A combination of experimental measurements and numerical analysis was utilized to study the low-velocity impact damage of domestic carbon fiber-reinforced composites(CFRCs).The results indicated that the low-velocity impact damage induced pits and longitudinal cracks on the front side,oblique cracks and delaminationin on the back side.The pit depth increased with the increasing impact energy.It was demonstrated that the numerical analysis strain history curve was similar to the experimentally measured strain history curve,which verified the accuracy of numerical analysis in which the Hashin failure criterion was used.The work provides basic data and theoretical basis for the promotion and application of the domestic carbon fiber,and demonstrates the feasibility of replacing imported carbon fibers with domestic carbon fibers.

Micromechanics of rock damage: Advances in the quasi-brittle field

Constitutive models play an essential role in numerical modeling and simulation of nonlinear deformation, progressive damage and failure of rock-like materials and structures. Recent advances in the quasi-brittle field show that upscaling methods by homogenization have provided a new efficient way to derive macroscopic formulations of rocks from their microstructure information and local properties and then to model nonlinear mechanical behaviors identified at laboratory. This paper aims first at relating the mechanical phenomena on sample scale to their respective mechanisms on microscale. Main focus is put on unilateral effects due to crack’s opening/closure transition, material anisotropy induced by crack growth in some preferred directions and multiphysical coupling at microcracks. After a brief introduction to the linear homogenization method and its application to crack problems, we present some recent advances achieved in the combined homogenization/thermodynamics framework, including anisotropic unilateral damage-friction coupling, theoretical failure prediction in conjunction with deformation analyses, poromechanical coupling, analytical solutions and numerical implementation with application to typical brittle rocks.

Numerical damage evaluation of perforated steel columns subjected to blast loading

The structural performance of perforated steel columns(PSCs)is significantly more complex than the one of solid web I-shaped elements under the diversity of blast loading scenarios.The damage criterion of PSCs is not only related to initial deformation response during the blast but also the residual axial load capacity and it can be considered as a reliable index after the blast effects.Therefore,the PSCs damages will be studied in two stages;direct and post blast effects.In the present study,the dynamic response of PSCs was numerically evaluated under different levels of blast threats using LS-DYNA software.Extensive explicit finite element(FE)analyses are carried out to investigate the effect of various parameters,such as web opening shapes,boundary conditions and strengthening details on the damage index and toughness of the PSCs compared to the parent steel sections.The results of the comparative study show that the damage and toughness decrease when the support condition changes from pinned to fixed ends through the two stages of loadings.PSCs give high toughness compared to its parent sections during blast shock stage while,a remarkable decrease in toughness is observed during the application of axial gravity after blast shock.Furthermore,the web opening shapes have slight effects on the global dynamic behavior of PSCs,particularly in terms of residual capacity.On the contrary,the retrofitting strategy using both closed holes at end and vertical stiffeners have an effective enhancement to get higher toughness in case of the extreme blasts.

Failure analysis of crush hammers based on damage fracture energy

To prolong the life-span of crush hammers in the pyrite concentrate workplace of Ganbazi Coal Preparation Plant of Chongqing Nantong Mining Ltd., we used a progressive damage constitutive model based on the ductile and shear damage fracture energy to analyze the hammer wear failure caused by the impact and abrasion on the hammer surface by pyrite, and carried out simulation analysis with the explicit algorithm on hammer leftovers from the plant during the process of coarser pyrite comminution. The simulation results are consistent with hammer wear failure caused by pyrite impact. Then we proposed corrective measures to prolong hammer life-span. Results of the production test in the Ganbazi Coal Preparation Plant showed that non-clearance hammers can avoid wear erosion, and adding steel bonded tungsten carbides F3002 prolonged the hammer lifespan. The effect of austenitic manganese steel work-hardening was not prominent. Therefore, the hammer failure was mainly caused by superficial abrasion instead of fatigue cracks appearing when grains acted on the hardening layer.

基于主成分回归法的Johnson-Cook损伤准则的渐进成形破裂预测

板材加工过程中时常会产生裂痕甚至破裂,为了能够更加精确地预测出板料成形时破裂的高度,以Johnson-Cook损伤准则为标准,采用主成分分析法,通过正交实验的方法测量破裂数据,使用SPSS和MALTAB数据分析软件具体诠释了刀具直径、层间距、成形角、板料厚度、成形高度和制件尺寸这6个工艺参数对破裂的影响,构建出渐进成形板材破裂预测线性回归方程。结果表明:基于16个工作件的实测数据建立的主成分回归模型,预测得出两试验件板材破裂高度分别为−10.7530 mm和−10.8150 mm,与实际破裂高度误差仅为3.84%和6.14%。由此可见,板材破裂模型具有一定的可行性和准确性,可以更好地预测板料破裂高度,尽可能地防止成形缺陷。

锂离子电池铝塑膜建模研究

为了准确建立软包锂离子电池有限元模型,进行了开裂准则适用性研究。开发了铝塑膜单向拉伸、等双向拉伸、杯突实验专用夹具并对铝塑膜进行相应测试,采用弹塑性有限元模型模拟相应的实验,并分别应用韧性断裂准则、剪切断裂准则、Mus chenborn-Sonne成形极限图(MSFLD)准则模拟铝塑膜的开裂行为。由模拟结果知:三个断裂准则都能较好地模拟单向拉伸和等双向拉伸实验中铝塑膜的开裂行为,而只有韧性断裂准则能够较好地模拟杯突实验中铝塑膜的开裂行为。该研究结果可为建立软包锂离子电池模型提供参考。

温压炸药近爆作用下RC梁破坏特征和毁伤规律试验研究

作为一种高能量密度炸药,温压炸药的爆炸毁伤效应及毁伤机理有别于传统炸药。结合敞开空间温压炸药爆炸冲击波及热效应试验,研究温压炸药爆炸冲击波特征及传播规律,采用高速摄像技术和光纤多谱线测温技术分析爆炸火球演化特征及火球表面温度变化规律。为研究温压炸药爆炸荷载对钢筋混凝土结构的毁伤效应,针对两种典型钢筋混凝土梁开展不同比例爆距下的爆炸试验,阐明两种钢筋混凝土梁在不同药量、不同爆距下的破坏特征和毁伤规律。研究结果表明:相比TNT炸药,温压炸药爆炸冲击波具有超压峰值大、正压作用时间长及峰值衰减缓慢的特点,温压炸药爆炸最高温度达到2400 K,超过1000 K的高温持续时间超过160 ms,高冲量爆炸冲击及持续高温作用导致钢筋混凝土结构受到更大程度的毁伤破坏。结合药量对毁伤规律的影响,提出钢筋混凝土梁在温压炸药近区(0.20~0.75 m)爆炸荷载条件下基于比例爆距和药量的毁伤判据。

中深层煤炭地下气化的气化腔安全宽度计算方法

煤炭地下气化是目前温度最高(超过1200℃)的化石能源非常规开发方式,中深层(本文指埋深800~1500 m)煤炭地下气化在提高气化压力、降低地质安全风险方面优势明显,科学预测气化腔安全宽度对保障气化稳定运行十分重要,由于目前基于可控注入点后退(CRIP)工艺的气化腔安全宽度计算方法尚未建立,为保证现场试验顺利实施,需要开展针对性研究。气化腔顶板“裸露”在气化腔后会受到高温影响,通过数值模拟方法研究了压应力约束条件下岩石内部热应力产生位置以及颗粒、基质热膨胀系数差异对热应力大小的影响规律,结合高温处理后的岩石电镜扫描结果,查明了高温下岩石热损伤机理。根据CRIP气化工艺造腔特点,建立了考虑高温影响的气化腔顶板薄板模型,结合“关键层”理论提出了气化腔安全宽度计算方法。研究表明:岩石热损伤是岩石物理化学反应与热应力互相促进、共同作用的结果,高温下岩石发生不规则变形,岩石热损伤引起的微观结构变化是导致岩石力学性质、物理性质变化的根本原因。岩石的最大拉张热应力出现在颗粒界面或热膨胀系数较小的颗粒中,颗粒与基质热膨胀系数比值在[0.01~1)时,最大拉张热应力随颗粒热膨胀系数减小而快速增加。泥岩加热到200℃时开始出现微裂隙;加热到400℃时裂隙发育更加明显,主要是沿颗粒边缘破裂;加热到600~800℃时,裂隙数量增多、尺寸变大;加热到1000℃时,除出现较大裂隙外,还产生了大量孔隙;1200℃时裂隙连通性明显增加,气孔发育较大。由于高温的影响,薄板模型的步距准数不再是定值,需要根据气化腔顶板热破坏范围与顶板硬岩层的空间位置关系确定具体数值。气化腔安全宽度受温度影响,在研究算例中,砂岩顶板在35、1000℃时安全宽度计算结果分别为34.3 m和14.1 m,相差达58.9%,泥岩顶板在35、1000℃时安全宽度计算结果分别为16.7 m和15.9 m,相差4.8%。最后从降低顶板垮落风险、有利于气化控制角度,提出了煤层纵向靶区位置的确定方法,当煤层厚度超过气化腔安全宽度一半时,建议将水平井纵向靶区设计在距离煤顶不超过气化腔安全宽度一半的位置。

基于韧性断裂准则的AZ31B镁合金板材成形极限预测

结合损伤起始判据和损伤演化准则,建立了完整的韧性断裂准则,基于ABAQUS中韧性损伤材料模型对AZ31B镁合金板材成形极限进行了预测。通过拟合单向拉伸应力应变曲线得到材料本构模型及损伤演化参数,建立了板材的Nakazima半球形凸模胀形有限元仿真模型,再基于韧性断裂准则预测了AZ31B镁合金板材室温下的成形极限,并分析了不同板材断裂失效判据对成形极限的影响。研究结果表明,基于所建立的韧性断裂准则,并以损伤演化过程中应变路径转变作为断裂失效判据,可以较准确地预测镁合金板材成形极限,得到的成形极限图与实验结果吻合较好。

预制破片对2种姿态人体目标的毁伤效果研究

为能够精确地评估预制破片对人体目标的毁伤效果,对破片场的飞散过程进行数值模拟,利用Matlab编程提取破片相关信息,计算得到破片射击迹线,据此建立战斗部-人体目标交汇模型,确定每枚破片命中的人体部位,利用A-S准则计算出失能概率。将地面区域网格化,按照一定距离步长,改变人体模型位置,重复上述计算流程,得到每个网格位置处的失能概率,构成毁伤矩阵,通过毁伤矩阵计算得出有效毁伤面积。设置不同的战斗部落角、落速、炸高,研究预制破片对2种人体姿态的毁伤效果。结果表明:在落角0°~80°,采用蹲姿的毁伤面积减少了6%~16%,在落角大于40°,蹲姿的腿部及头部被击中数明显低于站姿;在落速100~700 m/s,相比于站姿,蹲姿的毁伤面积降低8%~11%,破片击中数也始终低于站姿;在炸高2~4.6 m,蹲姿的毁伤面积降低8%~20%,破片击中数始终低于站姿。在战场上,战斗人员采用蹲姿,一定程度上可以降低被破片击中的概率,降低战斗人员的失能概率,减少毁伤面积。

各向异性复合材料强度失效判据综述

失效判据在复合材料的渐进损伤模拟和极限强度预测中具有极其重要的意义.针对各向异性复合材料的损伤-破坏问题,根据理论架构与发展脉络,对现有失效判据进行了分类汇总和全面综述,重点总结了破坏模式无关判据和破坏模式相关判据,分析了基于破坏面假设的相关理论成果,阐述了基于应力不变量进行判据构建的基本理论、方法和模型,并论述了基于应变能和基于损伤参量的两类失效判据.研究表明,各向异性复合材料强度理论发展的基础和主线仍然是二次应力判据,高阶唯象失效判据的合理性和适用性尚需验证;能量判据和损伤判据对于非线性-准脆性复合材料显示出了合理性和适用性,但表达式较为复杂.在深入分析研究的基础上,对复合材料强度理论的发展趋势进行了展望,提出了“损伤-断裂协同理论”这一重点与难点方向,以期对复合材料及其结构的设计、评估与应用提供更有价值的参考.

不同应力路径下深部大理岩渐进破坏能量指标研究

为探究不同开挖扰动下深埋大理岩渐进破坏特征,利用RFPA3D对深部大理岩开展常规三轴加载、恒轴压卸围压、加轴压卸围压3种不同应力路径下的渐进破坏试验,提出基于能量指标的渐进破坏阶段划分方法,并分析其对应特征应力阈值、特征能量变化规律,最终完成岩爆指标Re、脆性指标Be的优化讨论,以期为深部地下工程勘察设计、地下能源开采提供一定的理论支撑。研究表明:不同应力路径下深部大理岩峰值强度、峰值应变虽有不同,但均随围压、卸荷应力水平增大而增大,弹性应变能从最初的线性增长到增长速率逐渐减小直至最后趋于稳定,耗散能则由缓慢增长向线性快速增长变化;引入弹性能增长率ke、耗散能增长率kd能够合理、准确界定深部大理岩渐进破坏4阶段;不同应力路径下,特征应力具有明显的围压效应,相同围压下,卸载特征应力均小于常规三轴加载;对应特征能量随围压、卸荷应力水平增大而增加,弹性能、耗散能的对应力路径敏感性存在差异;岩爆倾向性指标Re、脆性指标Be呈正相关性,且随着围压增大卸荷应力水平增高,岩爆发生的可能性随之递减。本研究可为相关研究提供参考。

高噪声环境下声发射损伤源定位技术研究

传统的TOA声发射源定位技术中,基于门槛的声波到达时间检测法在高噪声环境下会出现较大误差,从而导致损伤源定位率低、定位误差大。本文通过试验的方法研究了TOA定位技术与噪声水平之间的关系,分析了噪声影响声发射源定位的机理,采用AIC技术对高噪声环境下声波真实到达时间进行了校正,大幅提高了定位率和定位精度。该方法在铝合金试件真实疲劳试验损伤检测中进行了应用,成功在人工可见裂纹前定位出了损伤。

考虑多种失效模式耦合的复合材料损伤分析

复合材料的损伤失效形式是多样的,其损伤失效形式包括层合板损伤、胶体裂纹扩展和界面脱黏。为了探讨层合板损伤、胶体裂纹扩展、界面脱黏3种损伤失效之间的内在联系,先利用ABAQUS/Explicit软件建立混合型弯曲(MMB)断裂有限元模型,通过数值仿真结果与实验结果的比较,从而证明MMB模型的准确性。然后结合Hashin失效准则、扩展有限元法(XFEM)和内聚力模型(CZM)来研究3种失效模式的内在联系。结果表明:层合板损伤不仅可以影响界面脱黏失效发生时间,同时也能影响胶体中裂纹扩展路径,为复合材料损伤问题数值分析提供了一定的参考。

考虑损伤的非等压隧道抗力系数计算

围岩抗力系数是结构设计非常重要的一个参数,Mogi-Coulomb能够较好地反映真三轴条件下中间主应力的影响。基于Mogi-Coulomb准则和弹塑性模型,在合理考虑岩石损伤的情况下,推导出圆形隧洞在非均匀应力场下的围岩抗力系数,更贴近隧洞开挖后的围岩真实状态。推导出围岩抗力系数计算公式,并结合实际工程算例分析了侧压力系数、损伤变量、极轴夹角和剪胀系数对围岩抗力系数的影响。结果表明:围岩抗力系数随着极轴夹角和侧压力系数的增大逐渐减小,且减小幅度越来越小。隧洞岩石的损伤会严重影响围岩抗力系数的计算,围岩抗力系数随着损伤变量的增大而减小,导致围岩的承载能力降低,对隧洞稳定性产生不利的影响。