From News Pools to Embedded Journalists： How Media Frame Wars and Conflicts？

This paper looks at the professional and ethical failure of news organizations in reporting wars, conflicts, and crises Principles of press freedom, objectivity, and impartiality are not respected, and the journalism practice is different in times of war from in normal times. Very often, the news organization sides with the position of its country, and the journalist becomes ＂nationalistic＂ and ＂patriotic＂ and sides with his/her country＇s position towards the war at the expense of impartiality, objectivity, fairness, and ethics of journalism practices. Very often, the news media are used by the military and the political forces to frame wars and conflicts along the lines of the ＂national security＂ and ＂national interests＂. The second Gulf War, 9/11 events in 2001, the Afghan War, and the third Gulf War are used as case studies to assess the different kinds of mechanisms, techniques,＇and ＂rituals＂ practiced by the media to cover and report wars and conflicts to their audiences and world opinion. Results of the study suggest that an alternative theory--＂government press coalition theory＂——should be developed to explain journalism practices and behaviors during wars and conflicts.

Maintaining Power by Guarding the Gates： Journalists＇ Perceptions of Audience Participation in Online Newspapers

Focus on audience participation in online news media has increased rapidly in recent years. Online newspapers offer their audience several opportunities to participate, for example, by submitting comments on articles or uploading pictures/videos. Audience participation has also emerged as a fast growing research field： The motives for focusing on audience participation have been analyzed and the kind of participatory opportunities that news media offer the audience have been mapped. Also, questions on whether audience participation should be regarded as an advantage or disadvantage to professional journalism have been discussed. This study relates to the latter perspective as it examines media practitioners＇ perceptions of audience participation. By focusing on the case of Swedish newspaper journalists, this study analyzes how audience participation is perceived to affect journalistic work and to what extent such participation is believed to benefit journalism. Based on a representative survey of Swedish journalists, conducted in 2011-2012, and a survey of journalists working at three local morning papers in Sweden, conducted in 2009, the analyses reveal a rather ambivalence attitude to audience participation among the journalistic corps.

A Longitudinal Study of Job Satisfaction Among Flemish Professional Journalists

The focus of this paper is on the job satisfaction among the population of professional Flemish journalists by means of two surveys conducted in 2003 （N = 1,026） and 2008 （N = 682）. Both surveys focus on intrinsic and extrinsic variables linked to job satisfaction as well as on several predictors of job satisfaction such as type of contract, job function, age, and gender. The longitudinal perspective allows us to identify any evolutions or differences in satisfaction between 2003 and 2008. By taking into consideration previous mentioned predictors also the influence of external elements on job satisfaction can he researched. The 2003 and 2008 surveys suggest that the ＂average＂ Flemish professional journalist is fairly satisfied with the job content. However, we observe a slightly negative but non-significant shift occurring in 2008. The degree of job satisfaction seems to he related to the type of contract （freelance or employed on a permanent basis） and the job function. We noticed also a clear gender element in the discussion： Female journalists are not less satisfied but state to have more difficulties to combine the journalistic job with a private and family life.

Zhou Enlai as Seen by Western Journalists──The uncommon cordiality and charn of a leader are remembered

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Guardian Correspondent:China Is the “Greatest Place for Foreign Journalists”

＂I have worked in ten countries as a reporter and been posted in two, China and Japan,＂ said Jonathan Watts, correspondent of The Guardian in Beijing. ＂I think China is the greatest place for journalists.＂

Journalists from More Than 60 Overseas Media Come to Urumqi after Riot

More than 60 overseas media have sent journalists to Urumqi,capital of northwest China＇s Xinjiang region, after a riot broke out in the city Sunday, leaving 156 people dead and 1,080 others injured.

The Journalist as ＂Audience＂ and ＂Worker＂： Results of Empirical Research With Freelance Journalists of S^o Paulo

This article presents the results of empirical research with freelance journalists from the city of Sao Paulo, involving quantitative and qualitative research methods and the theoretical-methodological from the Reception Studies and Ergology. It is a theoretical and empirical approach, whose developments have been used by the Communication and Work Research Group of Communications and Arts School--University of SAo Paulo, Brazil. The reception from the world of work shows how changes in the labor act concretely in daily life subjectively and how they manifest in the sphere of cultural consumption. The research shows how, from the reception, the journalists reveal from which place they talk about the world, the society, and their own work. The reception is revealed as the moment par excellence ＂to talk about work＂. When talking about the other＇s work, the journalists are confronted with their own work and reveal, in their discourse, values and dramas of real activity of communication and work.

Journalists in Armed Conflicts： Neutral Observers and Their Rights in International Humanitarian Law

Just in these days during the demonstrations demanding political reforms and more democracy in Ukraine, journalists have been assaulted or have been arrested by members of the security and military forces because of their possible negative coverage. This article analyses the protection granted to media personnel according to international humanitarian law and how their work can also be jeopardized by national and international legal systems. The question arises if a special status for journalists would minimize the risk to media personnel or if the protection measures already in force are deemed to be adequate.

Cheering On Women Journalists

RECENTLY, a special seminar on Lu Xiaofei’s news works was held at the People’s Daily, the most authoritative newspaper in China. Lu is editor-in-chief of the page "Local News of the Nation" for the People’s Daily. She is one of some 200 women journalists who has made a name for herself at the newspaper. Her work, Real Facts on the Issue of the Tibet Population, reflects the sensitivity

Ethnic Female Journalists Group Founded

ACROSS such a multi-national country as China with 56 ethnic groups, up to one third of those in the press circle are women journalists, among whom 56.2 percent are in the broadcasting and television arenas, 42.5 percent in newspapers and magazines and 1.3 percent in news agencies. Statistics from National Unity shows that 42 of China's minority groups have produced

China's Young Journalists Make Headlines

A few years ago, the "Guinness Book of World Records" reported that "Little Masters" in Shanghai had the largest circulation of any children’s newspaper in the world. At the time of the announcement, the newspaper’s circulation was 500,000.Today, its circulation is over one million.

The Nigerian Press, Brown Envelope Syndrome （BES） and Media Professionalism： The Missing Link

Brown envelop syndrome （BES） has remained a controversial issue in any debate centred on the Nigerian press, media professionalism and media ethics. It is one of the major setbacks of media growth in Nigeria. BES is a system whereby journalists collect money or other material gifts from news sources, company executives or event organizers to cover such events and probably give it the wildest publicity as the case may be. It symbolizes the rot that has plagued the Nigerian media industry since the early 1980s to date. This paper therefore builds from an empirical study by the same authors, as well as literature materials to argue that media professionalism and the enforcement of the various ethical codes that preach professionalism are the practical ways to ensure ethical conduct and behaviour amongst journalists and other categories of media practitioners, especially in Nigeria where these are missing. This, according to the paper, is the missing link in the quest to rid the media industry in Nigeria from the monster called BES.

Vague Language of Journalistic English in Syntactic Level

Vagueness is a natural character of language. Vagueness of journalistic English exists in lexical level and syntactic level as well. Lexical vagueness in journalistic English is usually resulted from the indefinite meaning of words, while in syntactic level, it may be resulted from the combined use of vague words or the employment of some sentence patterns. This thesis aims to help readers to understand journalistic English from the perspective of vague language.

The Left-liberal Skew of Western Media

We gathered survey data on journalists’political views in 17 Western countries.We then matched these data to outcomes from national elections,and constructed metrics of journalists’relative preference for different political parties.Compared to the general population of voters,journalists prefer parties that have more left-wing positions overall(r’s-.47 to-.53,depending on the metric used),and that are associated with certain ideologies,namely environmentalism,feminism,social liberalism,socialism,and support for the European Union.We used Bayesian model averaging to assess the validity of the predictors in multivariate models.We found that,of the ideology tags in our dataset,‘conservative’(negative),‘nationalist’(negative)and‘green’(positive)were the most consistent predictors with nontrivial effect sizes.We also computed estimates of the skew of journalists'political views in different countries.Overall,our results indicate that the Western media has a left-liberal skew.

Ernest Hemingway and His Writing

Ernest Hemingway,the modern American writer and Noble Prize winner for literature,transferred his life experiences into his writing.Through his works(For Whom the Bell Tolls,The Old Man and the Sea,The Sun also Rises,A Farewell to Arms,etc.),we can see his life style and writing style merged.His colorful lifestyle influenced his writing a lot.In addition,a large part of Hemingway's success was due to the influence of world-famous contemporary writers.At the same time,the symbolist writers influenced him.In summary,he was a writer who based his writing greatly on his life experience.His career was rooted in the transformation of his inner vision by his experience.

Analysis of the interactive meaning of journalistic images of the human papillomavirus vaccine and the perceptions of female undergraduate students

Objectives:This paper focuses on the underlying mechanisms of women's perceptions of persuasive visual health information.Methods:In the image viewing process,a separation between the image producer and the image viewer occurs,and the connection between the two is fractured.This mixed method research included modal discourse analysis(coding based on visual grammar theory),an eye tracking experiment,a questionnaire survey,and in-depth semi-structured interviews.The interactive meanings of journalistic images related to the human papillomavirus(HPV)vaccine were identified through four sets of codes.In addition,the perceptions of female viewers were analyzed.Results:In the first set of stimuli,i.e.,the infographic,the female participants focused most of their attention on information about the nine-valent HPV vaccine.An analysis of the interactive meaning of two sets of journalistic pictures,i.e.,fictional pictures and nonfictional pictures,indicated that the image producers did not implement useful viewer involvement strategies to persuade viewers.Furthermore,female viewers focused their attention on the"similar other"during the viewing process,gazing at the patient the longest as the primary area of interest(AOI).Conclusions:The study indicates that the current persuasive visual information about the HPV vaccine needs further improvement due to the high demand for information about HPV from the Chinese female audience.

A Shallow Analysis of the Stylistic Features on Journalistic English

The language itself is experiencing delicate and endless changes with the development of the society. All changes and new things,brought by them,are most represented in mass media,including magazines,newspapers,TV,radios and etc. In reality,many learners have found that news English from journalistic materials has its own unique features,which seemingly do not meet with general English principles. The more popular dailies use a chatty,slangy,up-to-the moment way of writing,the more bewildered feeling they giving the foreign reader. Therefore,it is necessary to know more about journalistic English. This paper simply presents an analysis of the stylistic features on journalistic English,Analyzing them through three levels: the graphological features,the lexical features,and the syntactic features.

出版职业道德建设与“双效益”

本文主要论述加强出版职业道德建设，实现社会效益与经济效益的统一。

Viewpoint Arrangement and Mental Space Configuration: A Cognitive Analysis on Objectivity Construction in Journalistic Narratives

This paper presents an analysis on how objectivity is discursively constructed in journalistic narratives by drawing on the theories of viewpoint and mental space in Cognitive Linguistics. It is posited that at least three mental spaces are projected by a narrative discourse, i.e., a narrated event space, a narrating space, and a basic space, and the distance between the first two spaces determines the degree of objectivity in the narrative discourse. A schema which represents the configuration of the different spaces is proposed and applied in the analysis of journalistic narratives to explore the strategies of objectivity construction. The analysis reveals that what the different journalistic narratives have in common in the construction of objectivity is to distance the narrated event space and the narrating space with the former being foregrounded in the viewpoint arrangement.