历山山核桃(Juglans mandshurica)群落的种间分离

在野外样方调查的基础上,对山西历山山核桃群落35个样方内所有基径≥1cm的乔木和灌木绘制分布图。按照最近邻体法判定每个个体的最近邻体植株,然后用N×N最近邻体列联表及其2×2列联表截表的方法,应用Pielou的分离指数S和χ2检验研究山核桃群落所有乔木和灌木的种间分离规律。χ2检验结果表明:历山山核桃群落出现的25个物种共构成的300个种对中,存在显著分离的有294对,存在不显著分离的有6对。结合χ2值对S进行区间划分得出:正分离的112对占37.34%,负分离的28对,占9.33%;随机毗邻160对,占53.33%。负分离多出现在群落的优势种和一些伴生种之间,如山核桃、连翘与金花忍冬、灰栒子,伴生种相对个体少,盖度低,与优势种具有相似的生境要求,较激烈的竞争使得它们相互交错分布,充分利用资源,呈现负分离。较大的植株之间容易发生正分离,如茶条槭和杜梨,因为它们多是群落的建群种或优势种,具有较强的适应力和竞争力。从星座图上可清晰地看到种间分离在不同物种间存在一定差异。25×25最近邻体列联表的χ2检验结果表明:山核桃群落内25个物种是互相交错分布,全面不分离的。此外,种间分离的结果意味着该群落处于演替初期,与目前这一地区受人为和自然干扰严重,群落处于不稳定阶段的事实相符。

Insecticidal activities and active components of the alcohol extract from green peel of Juglans mandshurica

The extract of green peel of Juglans mandshurica Maxim was extracted by common method for studying its insecticidal activities and analyzing the active components. Results showed that the alcohol extract and the chloroform part of extract （separated with chloroform from alcohol extract） form green peel of J. mandshurica have insecticidal activities in contact toxicity and stomach toxicity against larvae of Lymantria dispar L.. After application of the extracts for five days, the corrected mortality of larvae of Lymantria dispar for both extracts was more than 50% in contact toxicity and stomach toxicity at the concentration of ≥ 5 g·L^-1. The insecticidal activity for both alcohol extract and chloroform part of extract is more effect in contact toxicity than in stomach toxicity, but no significant difference in the insecticidal activities was found between alcohol extract and chloroform part of extract. The active components in the chloroform part of extract from green peel of.J. mandshurica were analyzed by GC-MS. The analyzed results showed that the active components in the chloroform part of extract are： （1） joglone （5-hydroxy-1,4- naphthaoquinone）, the relative content 27.11%, （2） 1,5-Naphthalenediol, the relative content 9.52%, （3） 7-Methoxy-1-tetralone, the relative content 6.81%, （4） Benzofuran, 2,3-dihydro-, the relative content 6.76%, （5） 4-Hydroxy-2-methoxycinnamaldehyde, the relative content 3.99%, （6） 2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol, the relative content 3.05%.

A cytotoxic compound from the leaves of Juglans mandshurica

From Juglans mandshurica leaves, a new quinone compound was isolated through bioassay-guided fractionation. The structure elucidation of the compound was established based on spectroscopic studies, notably of the 2D NMR spectra. The compound exhibited moderate cytotoxic activities against Hela, MCF-7, BGC823 and 3T3-Llcell lines with IC50 ranges from 7.5 to 26.8 μmol/L.

Provenance Trials of Juglans mandshurica

The data of provenance trial on Juglans mandshurica young tree were investigated and studied from different provenance. Analysis methods of variance and correlation analysis were used to analyze these data. The following conclusions were obtainedf (1) The difference of growth characters of Juglans mandshurica is relatively significant among provenances, (2) The result of first trial has indicated that Julans mandshurica growth trend expresses two-way gradual change trend with different longitude and latitude, but the second trial has no obvious gradual change trend. Height of Juglans mandshurica is negatively correlated with elevation; (3) The provenance of Shulan. Mao'ershan and Baishishan were selected as superior provenance of afforestational seeds for Mao'ershan and its brink region.

Genetic Improvement in Juglans mandshurica and Its Uses in China:Current Status and Future Prospects

Juglans mandshurica is an economically and ecologically valuable species that is used for various construction purposes,making luxurious furniture,as food and sources of medicinal substances and landscaping because of its excellent wood,edible fruits and rich in various types of chemical compounds.In the past few decades,several genetic improvements of J.mandshurica were made,with a focus on the selection of improved varieties and on breeding technology.Many elite provenances and families were selected based on growth traits or wood properties.In recent years,with the increasing demand for high-quality seedlings in Chinese forestry production,the breeding goals of genetic improvement for J.mandshurica were redefined to include other traits,such as fruit yield and contents of medicinal component.However,the improvement processes were still slow due to the long breeding cycle and the limited use of advanced breeding technologies,resulting in the selection of fewer improved varieties.In this review,we summarized the research progresses on genetic improvements of J.mandshurica and other related works,and discussed research gaps and suggested future directions for genetic improvement of the species.The review provides valuable insight for the selection of improved varieties and production of excellent germplasms.

A network pharmacology approach to determine the active ingredients and potential targets of Chinese herb Juglans mandshurica Maxim. for treatment of lung cancer

Using molecular docking and computer network pharmacology, the active ingredients from the anticancer herb medicine, Juglans mandshurica Maxim, and the potential targets related to lung cancer were screened out rapidly. Compounds-targets network of J. mandshurica in lung cancer treatment was constructed based on the network analysis. Additionally, the intermolecular forces between the top ten active compounds and the key target protein were explored. At the systemic level, the active components, potential targets, and interactive relations of J. mandshurica in the treatment of lung cancer were studied.

miR319b-JmGAMYB模块在胡桃楸花发育过程中的调控机制

胡桃楸是一种应用前景十分广阔的木本果材兼用的经济树种,其雌雄同株异型异熟的生殖特性有效避免了自交,但这种雌雄异型异熟的花发育调控机制尚未清楚。miR319家族已经在多个物种中被鉴定为调节花芽分化的关键miRNA家族之一。前期试验已筛选出Jm-miR319b是调控胡桃楸花发育过程中的关键miRNA,而GAMYB基因被预测为Jm-miR319b的靶基因。为探索miR319-GAMYB模块对胡桃楸花发育的调控机制,通过胡桃楸花芽转录组数据中GAMYB的CDS序列,利用RLM 5’RACE技术验证Jm-miR319b与JmGAMYB基因的靶向关系;通过PCR克隆出JmGAMYB基因的CDS序列全长并进行生物信息学分析;利用qRT-PCR技术对靶基因GAMYB在胡桃楸不同器官和不同生殖类型的雌雄花芽表达模式分析。结果表明:JmGAMYB基因ORF全长1 503 bp,编码500个氨基酸,花发育相关基因miR319b直接靶向JmGAMYB,其表达趋势相反,切割位点在miR319b成熟体第10~11碱基;qRT-PCR定量分析表明:JmGAMYB基因在胡桃楸茎、叶、雌蕊、雄花序及果实中均有表达,且在雄花序中表达量最高。JmGAMYB基因在生理分化期的雌先型和雄先型的雌、雄花芽表达量呈显著差异;而在形态分化期的雄花序交替散粉时,JmGAMYB基因表达量也交替出现高峰。因此,推测miR319-JmGAMYB参与调控了胡桃楸花发育的全过程,并且在花芽分化早期就已经开始起调控作用,在雄花序散粉时相对表达量最高,散粉后表达量开始降低。研究结果将为进一步探索胡桃楸花发育的分子调控机制奠定基础。

东北胡桃楸次生林生长随林龄和林分密度的变化规律

【目的】通过研究胡桃楸次生林生长随林龄和林分密度的变化规律,探讨胡桃楸不同龄组生长的适宜林分密度,以期为胡桃楸次生林经营提供数据支持。【方法】本研究在东北三省东部张广才岭(ZGCL)、老爷岭(LYL)、长白山(CBS)和哈达岭(HDL)4个调查地区,设置不同的胡桃楸林龄、林分密度调查样地,分析其胸径(DBH)、树高、蓄积等指标与林龄和林分密度的关系。【结果】(1)长白山地区胡桃楸平均胸径、平均树高和蓄积量值均最大,显著大于其他地区(P<0.05),各指标大小关系为CBS>LYL>ZGCL>HDL。(2)通过模型拟合,林龄与胡桃楸胸径、树高、蓄积以Logistic模型拟合效果最优(R^(2)值分别达到0.983、0.962和0.973),林分密度与胡桃楸胸径、树高、蓄积以二次项模型拟合最优(R^(2)值分别达到0.834、0.666和0.859)。(3)各地区胡桃楸胸径、树高和蓄积大小均随着林龄的增加呈现出逐渐增大的趋势,且前期增速较大,当达到50年之后,增速变缓。(4)各地区胡桃楸胸径、树高和蓄积大小均随着林分密度的增加呈现出逐渐降低的趋势,低密度下降低趋势较小,超过一定密度后,降低速度较快。(5)4个地区胡桃楸胸径、树高和蓄积生长情况表现为:<40年时,在450~550株/hm^(2)的中等林分密度下生长最好;>40年时,在350~450株/hm^(2)的低林分密度下生长最好,即胡桃楸林龄越大,对于林分密度的要求越高。【结论】初步探明了不同地区胡桃楸不同林龄的适宜控制密度,即可通过人工抚育和疏伐等方式控制不同林龄段林分密度,满足胡桃楸的生长空间。该结果可为胡桃楸次生林经营提供一定支撑。

不同施肥处理对核桃楸内源激素及生长的影响

为了解不同施肥处理对核桃楸内源激素和生长的影响,以6年生核桃楸无性系为试验材料,进行氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)三因素正交施肥试验,测定其内源激素含量及生长性状。分析结果表明,施肥有助于提高核桃楸反式玉米素(Trans-Zeatin,tZ)、赤霉素(Gibberellin A3,GA_(3))、脱落酸(Abscisic acid,ABA)和吲哚乙酸(Indole acetic acid,IAA)4种内源激素的含量,其中tZ含量变化最大;N、P和K肥料对内源激素影响程度不同,影响tZ和GA_(3)含量的作用为N>K>P,影响ABA和IAA含量的作用为N>P>K;氮肥是提升4种内源激素含量最优因素,综合分析提升4种内源激素含量的施肥处理组合为氮肥0.75 kg/株、磷肥0.3 kg/株、钾肥0.15 kg/株。生长方面,施肥降低种源内无性系的树高变异,不同施肥处理间树高的净生长量差异不显著,不同施肥处理对新梢长度和粗度促进作用不明显。

胡桃楸高质量中期染色体制片及rDNA的物理定位

【目的】以胡桃楸雄花序为材料,建立染色体形态良好、染色体分散且无细胞质背景的胡桃楸高质量染色体制片技术,为深入开展胡桃楸分子细胞遗传学研究提供参考。【方法】通过卡宝品红压片观察花药发育进程,采集花药细胞处于分裂旺盛阶段的雄花序,分别采用1 MPa一氧化二氮(N2O,笑气)、0.7 mmol·L^(-1)环己酰胺、2 mmol·L^(-1)8-羟基喹啉对花序进行不同时间预处理。剥开花序取出花药,酶解后制成悬液,在55℃的烤片机上涂片。以45S rDNA和5S rDNA为探针,对中期染色体进行原位杂交。【结果】1)当雄花序颜色鲜绿、长度达到约1.5 cm、花药顶端变为红色时,花药细胞分裂旺盛,可以观察到大量小孢子母细胞和中期分裂相。因此,为了获得丰富的有丝分裂中期分裂相,取材最佳时机是雄花序中上部的花药顶端变红时,可以保证雄花序中大部分花药处于旺盛分裂期。2)2 mmol·L^(-1)8-羟基喹啉预处理4、6、8 h的染色体都均凝缩不充分,边缘不清晰,拖尾明显,且大部分着丝粒无法辨认;0.7 mmol·L^(-1)环己酰胺预处理4 h的染色体较长,凝缩不充分,拖尾严重,预处理6 h的染色体凝缩适当,形态清晰,大部分着丝粒可以辨认,预处理8 h的染色体边缘清晰,但凝缩过度,着丝粒不明显;1 MPa N2O预处理2 h的染色体长度适中,但凝缩不充分,边缘模糊,处理3、4 h的染色体凝缩程度都较高,染色体较为粗短,染色体间形态差异不明显;此外,N2O预处理4 h的染色体中,有部分会出现粘连拉丝的情况。因此,胡桃楸雄花序最合适的预处理条件为0.7 mmol·L^(-1)环己酰胺处理6 h。3)胡桃楸染色体数为32,染色体基数为16(2n=2x=32)。45S rDNA和5S rDNA探针在胡桃楸染色体上均产生明亮的FISH信号。45S rDNA的杂交信号位于1对中着丝粒染色体的着丝粒附近,2条染色体上的信号强度相近;5S rDNA的杂交信号位于另外1对中着丝粒染色体的着丝粒附近,2条染色体上的信号强度一强一弱。【结论】以胡桃楸花药顶端变红的雄花序为材料,成功建立胡桃楸高质量中期染色体制备及FISH技术体系,为核桃属植物的分子细胞遗传学研究奠定基础,也为花药量大的植物获取高质量染色体制片提供了参考。

核桃楸木材的自由干缩特性

木材在干燥过程中因失水而导致干缩,非均匀干缩会产生应力限制木材的自由干缩。以核桃楸为试验对象,研究了5 mm厚(纤维方向)分层试件和未分层(整体)试片的自由干缩特性,并对比研究了受限干燥后木材的分层自由干缩特性。研究结果表明:室温下各层自由干缩系数和绝干干缩率存在显著差异,总体呈现表层向芯层递减的趋势,第1层自由干缩系数(0.254)最大,第7层自由干缩系数(0.165)最小。树皮侧木材的自由干缩系数大于髓心侧。整体自由干缩试件常温干燥过程存在由含水率梯度引起的应力,限制其自由干缩,其弦向干缩率比分层自由干缩试件小0.50%。泡水和汽蒸无法使受限干缩木材的塑性变形完全恢复,利用这种方法测量木材的自由干缩应变不准确。室温下弦向各层自由干缩的干缩率-含水率回归方程的决定系数(R^(2))均高于0.96,利用该方程可以准确计算各含水率点的木材自由干缩应变。

珍贵阔叶树种胡桃楸幼苗光合生理特性对模拟氮沉降的响应

【目的】研究模拟氮沉降对采伐迹地上生长季胡桃楸幼苗光合参数与叶性状的影响。【方法】在吉林省舒兰市开原林场以人工更新胡桃楸幼苗为试验材料,以尿素溶液为氮源供体进行叶面喷施,设置对照(CK,0 kg/(a·hm^(2)))、低氮(LN,50 kg/(a·hm^(2)))和高氮(HN,100 kg/(a·hm^(2)))3种氮处理水平,测定胡桃楸幼苗的光合、荧光及叶性状参数,并分析各光合参数之间的相关性。【结果】(1)氮添加处理有效增强了胡桃楸幼苗的光合能力,低氮和高氮水平下幼苗的叶绿素含量、最大羧化速率、瞬时羧化速率、最大电子传递速率都显著增大,高氮水平下幼苗的最大净光合速率、净光合速率、单株光合碳同化、光补偿点以及光饱和点也同时增大;(2)氮添加改变了胡桃楸叶片的气孔行为,低氮水平下叶片的气孔导度、蒸腾速率显著降低,水分利用效率显著增加;(3)氮添加改变了胡桃楸的叶面积,高氮水平下小叶数量、小叶面积和单株叶面积都表现出正向响应;(4)叶片的荧光参数随氮添加水平的上升呈先升高后降低的趋势;(5)单株光合碳同化与单株叶面积之间的相关系数大于其与单位面积上的净光合速率的相关系数。【结论】氮添加对胡桃楸幼苗的光合作用具有积极的正向作用,但不同的光合过程对不同氮添加水平的响应存在差异。相较于单位面积上净光合速率的增加,氮刺激下单株尺度上光合碳同化的增长可能与氮刺激下叶面积的扩展存在更紧密的关系。

Identification and characterization of major constituents in Juglans mandshurica using ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry(UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF/MS)

The present study was designed to identify and characterize the major constituents in Juglans mandshurica Maxim. A simple, efficient and sensitive ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry(UPLC-ESIQ-TOF/MS) method was established and validated under positive and negative ion modes. The separation was performed on a Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 column(2.1 mm × 100 mm, 1.7 μm) by gradient elution with a mobile phase(Phase A: 0.1% aqueous formic acid solution, Phase B: 0.1% formic acid acetonitrile solution). A total of 165 compounds were rapidly selected by Targeted and Non-Targeted Peak Finding approaches, and then tentatively identified by comparing with reference substances or inferred through mass spectrometry fragment ion analysis and literature data. These compounds included 68 naphthalenequinones, 20 diarylheptanoids, 29 flavonoids, 20 triterpenes, and 28 phenolic acids. In conclusion, the present study provided an effective approach to identifying components in complex matrices of herbal medicines such as Juglans mandshurica Maxim.

遮阴处理对4个种源核桃楸幼苗光合特性的影响

探讨不同种源核桃楸幼苗对不同光照条件的响应差异,选出林下更新最优种源和光照强度,为森林更新提供理论依据。对4个种源核桃楸进行4种不同光照强度处理,分别为全光(CK)、80%光照强度(L80)、50%光照强度(L50)和20%光照强度(L20),并对其光合指标进行了测定。方差分析表明,各指标在不同遮阴处理间均达到极显著差异水平(P<0.01)。变异参数分析显示,除胞间CO_(2)浓度外,其他光合指标表型变异系数均超过10%;除气孔导度外,各光合指标遗传力均超过0.8。均值分析表明,随着遮阴程度的增加,各种源瞬时光合速率和水分利用效率逐渐下降,胞间CO_(2)浓度逐渐升高,气孔导度和蒸腾速率均呈现先升高后下降的趋势。相关性分析表明,除气孔导度与水分利用效率间,其余各光合指标之间相关性极显著。采用隶属函数法对不同处理下核桃楸种源进行了筛选,最终选出桓仁种源为综合表现优良的核桃楸种源。

Two new conjugated ketonic fatty acids from the stem bark of Juglans mandshurica

The present study was designed to isolate and characterize novel chemical constituents of the stem bark of Juglans mandshurica Maxim.(Juglandaceae).The chemical constituents were isolated and purified by various chromatographic techniques. The structures of the compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectral data(1D and 2D NMR, HR-ESI-MS, CD, UV, and IR) and by the comparisons of spectroscopic data with the reported values in the literatures. Two long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids(1 and 2) were obtained and identified as(S)-(8E,10E)-12-hydroxy-7-oxo-8,10-octadecadienoic acid(1) and(S)-(8E, 10E)-12-hydroxy-7-oxo-8,10-octadecadienoic acid methyl ester(2). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the isolation and structural elucidation of the two new conjugated ketonic fatty acids from this genus.

Identfication of new naphthalenones from Juglans mandshurica and evalution of their anticancer activities

Two new naphthalenone compounds were isolated from green walnut husks of Juglans mandshurica and their structures were identified as 4-butoxybutoxy-5,8-dihydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-naphthalen-1-one(1), 4-ethoxyethoxy-5,8-dihydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-naphthalen-1-one(2). Compounds 1 and 2 were named as Juglanstetralone A(1) and Juglanstetralone B(2). Compound 1 showed more significant anti-tumor activity than 2 against gastric cancer BGC-823 cells, wih the IC50 of 125.89 ?g?mL –1.

山西关帝山核桃楸播种育苗技术

核桃楸是关帝山林区重要的乡土经济树种,具有良好的生态效益和经济效益。从种子选择与处理、育苗地选择、整地做床、播种、幼苗管理等方面介绍了核桃楸的播种育苗技术环节,为核桃楸的大面积推广应用提供技术支撑。

光照和施肥对白桦林冠下水曲柳、胡桃楸苗木生长的影响

在次生白桦林内不同光强(高光照HL,64%全光、中等光照ML,45%全光、低光照LL,15%全光)条件下栽植2 a生水曲柳、胡桃楸苗木,采用不同施肥(CK、N、P、N+P)处理,1个生长季后测定苗木生长、生物量、比叶面积。结果表明:光照条件对水曲柳的苗高影响明显,苗高生长量顺序为HL>ML>LL,其中HL处理较LL处理提高69.8%(P<0.01);光照条件对水曲柳地径生长影响不明显。施肥对水曲柳苗高、地径生长影响明显,各施肥处理苗高、地径生长量排序均为NP>N>P>CK,NP和N处理比CK处理苗高生长量分别提高82.3%和56.1%(P<0.01),地径生长量分别提高27.4%和25.4%(P<0.05)。光照条件对胡桃楸的苗高影响明显,苗高生长量顺序为HL>ML>LL,其中HL处理较LL处理提高57.0%(P<0.05);施肥对胡桃楸的苗高影响明显,苗高生长量顺序为NP>P>N>CK,其中NP和P处理比CK处理分别提高40.0%和39.5%(P<0.05)。光照和施肥对胡桃楸地径影响不明显。光照条件对水曲柳、胡桃楸单株生物量影响明显,其顺序均为HL>ML>LL,其中HL处理较LL处理分别提高128.5%和83.3%(P<0.05);施肥对水曲柳和胡桃楸单株生物量影响明显,其顺序分别为NP>N>P>CK和NP>P>N>CK,其中NP处理比CK处理分别提高27.7%和112.3%(P<0.05)。光照条件对2树种冠根比和比叶面积影响明显,且HL处理显著低于LL处理(P<0.05)。施肥对2树种的冠根比和比叶面积影响明显,且施肥增大冠根比,减小了比叶面积。综上所述,林冠下水曲柳和胡桃楸苗木在HL处理和同施氮磷时,生长最好。

长白山地区胡桃楸种群的种子雨和种子库动态

该文对长白山地区阔叶树种核桃楸的种子雨和种子库动态进行了研究 .结果显示 :胡桃楸种子雨过程从每年 8月 2 2～ 2 5日到 9月 2 4～ 2 8日 ,其中 9月 10～ 17日是集中落果期 ,落果数量占总数的 6 1.1% .啮齿动物的搬运和啃食是造成胡桃楸种子库亏损的主要因素 ,动物搬运果实的数量达到总量的 85 .8% .胡桃楸种子的自然萌发率降低 ,仅为 0 .5 4% .其果实大而重 ,种子雨传播距离很近 。