Effects of IBA on the rooting of branch cuttings of Chinese jujube (Zizyphus jujuba Mill.) and changes to nutrients and endogenous hormones

‘Zhongqiusucui’ jujube secondary shoots were treated with 3-indolebutyric acid(IBA) at three concentrations, 500, 1000 and 1500 mg/L. Results show that IBA could significantly enhance rooting and root characteristics of cuttings and were best with IBA at 1500 mg/L. In the rooting process, the formation of adventitious roots was related to the consumption and accumulation of nutrients(soluble sugars and proteins) and the changes in endogenous hormones in phloem, leaf tips and leaf bases. The rooting of cuttings had a positive correlation with the consumption of soluble sugars during the period of callus formation and with the accumulation of soluble sugars during adventitious root formation and growth. Rooting was positively related to the breakdown of soluble proteins in the phloem when the callus formed, and had a positive correlation with its accumulation during adventitious root formation and growth. Leaf tips and leaf bases showed a reverse trend in changes of soluble protein. However, together with the phloem, leaf tips and leaf bases regulated and controlled the formation and development of adventitious roots. The main activities of soluble proteins exist in the leaf tips as this was the main source of soluble proteins. The relation between rooting and IAA(indole-3-acetic acid) content in phloem was positive and thus a high concentration of IAA could benefit the induction and formation of adventitious roots. However, rooting was negatively related with ABA(abscisic acid) and GA(gibberellic acid) and a high concentration of both could inhibit the induction and formation of adventitious roots. Rooting had a positive correlation with phloem IAA/ABA ratios, and higher ratios could improve rooting. Low concentrations of ZR(zeatin riboside) triggered the induction of adventitious roots, while higher concentrations promoted root growth.Endogenous hormones in leaf tips and bases had an impact on rooting. The activities of endogenous hormones mainly existed in leaf tips because they play a major role in the production and consumption of IAA and its ABA content increased during rooting. The ZR in leaf tips influenced the rooting of cuttings, especially in the callus formation and rooting stage. Leaf tips were the main source of GA.

枣树(Zizyphus jujuba Mill.)叶片内氮素贮藏和循环利用的研究

金丝小枣秋季叶施^(15)N-尿素后,研究了氮素在其体内的贮藏部位、形态及循环利用情况。结果表明,幼树秋季叶弛的^(15)N可以输送到树体的各器官,地上部和根系在贮藏氮素上有同等重要的作用,根系可以利用来自叶片的氮供其生长。枣树春季生长先利用地上部贮藏的氮,而叶片回流的氮则优先用于梢、叶、花的形成。成年树分配到花的氮的比例较幼树大。秋季在成年树枣股叶片施用^(15)N-尿素,次年该枣股中的`(15)N量高于其上、下邻近枣股,表现局部贮藏局部优先利用的特点。氮素有较长时期重复利用的效应,重复利用的氮主要来自叶片。

酸枣 (Zizyphus jujuba Mill)组织培养结合^(60)Co- γ射线辐照诱发突变株(英文)

建立了酸枣离体组织培养结合 6 0 Co γ射线辐照获得突变株的技术。 (1)酸枣叶片外植体在含有ZEA 1mg L ,2 ,4 D 0 .5mg L和NAA0 .5mg L的MS培养基上诱导愈伤组织 :经 6 0 Co γ射线辐照后在含有ZEA 1mg L和NAA0 .5 mg L的MS培养基上诱导幼苗 ;(2 )试管苗用 2 0～ 30Gy6 0 Co γ射线辐照后 ,在BAP 2mg L和IBA 0 .4mg L的MS培养基上进行不定苗繁殖。 (3)不定苗在含有IBA 1mg L和IAA0 .4mg L的MS培养基上生根。此外 ,用 2 0 0～ 4 5 0Gy6 0 Co γ射线辐照种仁 ,也能获得突变株。

Storage and Remobilization of Nitrogen by Chinese Jujube(Z. jujuba Mill. var. inermis Rehd) Seedling as Affected by Timing of ^(15)N Supply

Winter jujube orchard nitrogen （N） management aims at increasing N reserves to meet the tree＇s growth requirements. Fertilization strategies should maximize the efficiency of fertilizers, including the choice of the optimal timing of N supply. ^15N-urea was applied to winter jujubes on Jinsixiaozao jujubes rootstock to evaluate the effect of application timing on Nstorage and remobilization in mature trees in pot culture. The treatments consisted of ground application before budding （BB）, during fruit core-hardening stage （FCH）, and fruit rapid-swelling stage （FRS）. Nitrogen-use efficiency of treatments were significantly different, which were 2.42% （BB）, 9.77% （FCH）, and 9.01% （FRS） in the dormant and 5.20% （BB）, 16.16% （FCH）, and 10.30% （FRS） in the following full-bloom. N supply in the pre-harvest helped to increase N-reserves of trees and then translocate to the new growth organs the following year. The largest amount of ^15N was detected in the roots and trunks. In all the treatments, the partition rates were highest in coarse roots, which were 30.43% （BB）, 38.61% （FCH）, and 40.62% （FRS）, respectively. ^15N stored in roots and trunks was used by jujube trees to sustain new growth in the following full-bloom. ^15N applied before budding resulted in lower Ndff% in perennial organs （trunks and coarse roots） sampled in the following full-bloom, but fine roots had highest Ndff% （1.28%）. Other organs recovered similar amount of Ndff%. In contrast, FCH and FRS treatments led to higher Ndff% （4.01-5.15%） in the new growth organs （new growth branches, deciduous spurs, leaves and flowers）, but lower Ndff% in perennial branches （1.49-2.89%）. With the delay of ^15N-urea application time, ^15N increased the partitioning to roots. FCH treatment increased N-storage in perennial organ during winter, which should be remobilized to sustain new growth the following spring.

Jujube(Ziziphus jujuba Mill.(Rhamnaceae)):a review on its pharmacological properties and phytochemistry

Jujube(Ziziphus jujuba Mill.)belongs to the Rhamnaceae family.It is distributed in the tropical and subtropical regions of Europe and Asia,including India,China,Iran,Russia,and the Middle East.Jujube is a highly tolerant tree that is resistant to soil salinity and alkalinity.Jujube possesses many phytochemical components and pharmacological properties that make it a good choice for the human diet.Jujube fruit is nutritious and rich in proteins,minerals,vitamins,organic acids,and carbohydrates.It also contains phytochemical components such as polyphenols,flavonoids,terpenoids,anthocyanins,alkaloids,and carotenoids.Jujube has both nutraceutical and cosmeceutical properties.All parts of this plant possess medicinal properties.Jujube has a long history of use in traditional medicine,especially in traditional Persian medicine.It has many pharmacological properties according to traditional Persian medicine,which include anti-pruritic and tranquilizing effects for renal and bladder pain.In Chinese medicine,jujube is used to increase appetite and treat diarrhea and fatigue.This indicates that jujube has several chemical constituents and beneficially affects multiple organs and tissues.These properties include antioxidant,anti-cancer,antimicrobial,neuroprotective,cardioprotective,and hepatoprotective activities.It also has health-promoting effects,including anti-aging properties.

枣(Ziziphus jujuba Mill.)品种结实特性研究

对河北省沧县枣种质资源圃124个和山西果树研究所国家枣种质资源圃156个枣品种(品系)在自花授粉和自然授粉条件下的结实及种仁发育情况进行了调查。结果表明,供试品种自然授粉和自花授粉条件下的平均结实率(结果数/100枣吊)分别为37.06%、20.63%,变幅分别为4.17%～175.00%、0%～163.64%,平均可育率(含仁果实/果实总数×100%)分别为12.10%、3.07%,变幅均为0%～100%;自花结实率和自然结实率极显著正相关,相关系数0.597;供试枣品种可分成自花不实异花可实不育、自花不实异花可育、自花异花均可实不育、自花可实不育异花可育、自花异花都可育等5种结实类型,分别占总品种数的10.27%、16.06%、45.19%、17.15%、11.33%;筛选出稳定表现自花不实或自花可实不育而异花授粉可育率高且种仁饱满的品种2个(小枣4、小墩墩枣),种仁较饱满的5个(洪赵十月红、广东白枣、大荔圆枣、小枣25、圆铃枣),利用这些品种做母本进行杂交育种时可省略去雄程序,有效解决因枣花小去雄难的问题;蛤蟆枣、团枣、无核小枣、马牙枣、核桃纹等自花不实而异花可实的品种,在栽植时应配置授粉树。

Studies on Chemical Constituent of Zizyphus Jujuba in Hebei China

Introduction Jujuba is the fruit of Zizyphus genus(Rhamnaceae) which has been used as a crude drug. Now quite a lot of botanists, chemists and pharmacologists at home and abroad have been deeply interested in the studies on it. Besides the studies on its fruit, a great deal of research work on its other parts has been done So far more

Intellectual Property Protection and New Development Pattern Construction of Xinjiang Jujube

"Three new developments"is the guiding ideology of Chinese-style high-quality development in the new era.Jujube(Zizyphus jujube Mill.)is a plant of Zizyphus of Rhamnaceae,which originated in China and has been listed as one of the"five fruits"since ancient times.Xinjiang is the most important jujube producing area in China,and its yield has accounted for 50%of the national jujube yield.In the five prefectures and cities of southern Xinjiang,as well as the regimental farms of southern and eastern Xinjiang of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps,the jujube industry is an advantageous characteristic industry in agriculture.This paper studied Xinjiang jujube industry and its agricultural intellectual property resources,analyzed six major issues to be further implemented,such as the"three new developments"thinking and the strategy of building an intellectual property power,and puts forward eight strategies such as coordinating the two markets and two resources to accelerate the construction of a new development pattern and dual circulation of jujube.

枣种质资源果实质地品质特性分析

旨在建立标准化、统一化的枣果实质地品质鉴定评价方法,为枣种质资源质地品质精准鉴定评价提供理论参考依据。以50份枣种质脆熟全红期果实为试材,采用质构仪整果穿刺法鉴定果实质地品质,并对果实质地品质进行感官鉴定评价。结果表明,果皮穿刺强度、果皮破裂距离、果皮韧性、皮肉跌落脆性、果肉平均坚实度和果肉纤维指数6项指标在不同种质间存在丰富的多样性,变异系数为18.31%~40.40%。口感感官评价方法鉴定的果皮厚度、果肉质地和果肉粗细在不同种质间差异较大。质构仪分析得到的各项参数与感官评价参数间具有不同程度的相关性,果皮穿刺强度、果皮破裂距离、果皮韧性、果肉平均坚实度和果肉纤维指数5项指标均与感官评价的果肉质地呈极显著正相关,果肉纤维指数与感官评价的果皮厚度、果肉质地和果肉粗细间都呈极显著负相关,相关系数分别为-0.452、-0.364和-0.549。因子分析共提取两个主因子,包括果皮韧性、果肉平均坚实度和皮肉跌落脆性3项指标,累积贡献率为75.909%。基于因子分析结果,采用系统聚类法将50份供试种质分为3个类群,根据质地参数特征,分别将其定义为皮厚质密群、皮薄质疏群和中间类群。本研究建立了质构仪检测枣果质地品质的标准体系,可用于枣果实质地品质的精准鉴定评价。

基于电子舌探究超声催陈对木枣果醋品质的影响

确定了超声催陈木枣果醋的最佳工艺,并基于电子舌探究超声催陈对木枣果醋营养品质和感官品质的影响。以木枣果醋中总酯的含量为指标,通过单因素试验和正交试验确定超声催陈木枣果醋的最佳工艺为超声功率300 W、超声时间45 min、乙醇添加量0.4%。在此工艺条件下,超声处理的木枣醋亮度提升且总体颜色向红、黄方向发展,但醋的颜色变化并不明显。果醋中维生素C、黄酮、多酚、环磷酸腺苷等活性物质含量没有显著性下降,同时超声处理可以使木枣果醋的口感变柔和。超声处理加速了木枣果醋中酯化反应的发生,表明超声处理是一种有前途的果醋催陈技术,为改善果醋品质提供了可能。

不同品种红枣酿醋的品质差异分析

为研究不同红枣品种酿制枣醋的品质差异,本文以6个不同品种红枣酿制的枣醋为研究对象,通过枣醋基本理化成分(如pH、总酸、总酚和总黄酮)、色泽、体外功能活性(抗氧化能力和降血脂能力)、有机酸、氨基酸及挥发性香气成分分析,并结合电子鼻和感官评价对6种枣醋进行了综合评价。结果表明,不同红枣酿制的枣醋品质存在明显差异。具体表现为:在理化分析方面,以新疆灰枣醋的总酸和总黄酮含量均为最高,分别为54.87 g/L和1168.84 mg RE/L,新疆骏枣枣醋的总酚含量最高,为1815.63 mg GAE/L;河南灵宝大枣醋和阜平大枣醋具有较好的色值,新疆骏枣醋表现出最好的抗氧化和降血脂功能活性,阜平大枣醋的总有机酸含量最低,含量为47.07 g/L。新疆灰枣醋和新疆骏枣醋具有较高的必需氨基酸和总氨基酸含量,而河北阜平大枣醋氨基酸含量较低。6种枣醋共检测出41种挥发性香气,不同枣醋间所含有的挥发性香气在种类和含量上都存在一定的差异。感官评价表明,6种红枣醋的感官存在一定的差异性,6种红枣均适合酿制枣醋,其中新疆灰枣醋的感官接受度最佳。综上所述,不同品种红枣酿制枣醋的品质存在一定差异,新疆骏枣醋的高功能活性,更适合作为功能性果醋;而基于新疆灰枣醋的高感官接受度,新疆灰枣也非常适合枣醋的加工。

红枣多糖的提取工艺优化研究

红枣是新疆的主要干果之一,是膳食多糖的重要来源。为优化红枣多糖的提取条件,以新疆红枣为原料,通过单因素试验分析料液比、超声时间、水浴温度及水浴时间对红枣多糖得率的影响,并以多糖得率为响应值,进行响应面优化试验,最终确定红枣多糖最佳提取条件为:料液比1∶30(g/mL),超声时间20 min,水浴温度70℃,水浴时间3 h,该条件下红枣多糖得率为3.12%。研究结果为进一步利用红枣资源、开发健康产品奠定基础。

有机无机肥配施显著改善枣园土壤理化性质及金丝小枣产量和品质

设置单施化肥(T1)、单施有机肥(羊粪)(T2)、50%的有机肥氮与50%的化肥氮配施(T3)、不施肥对照(CK)4个处理,研究了不同施肥方式对枣园0~20 cm土壤理化性质及金丝小枣(Zizyphus jujuba cv.Jinsixiaozao)产量和品质的影响。结果表明,各施肥处理对枣园0~20 cm土壤的理化性质均有不同程度影响,与CK和T1相比,T3土壤容重、pH显著降低(P<0.05),土壤孔隙度、有机质含量、全氮、全磷、速效氮和速效磷的含量显著提高(P<0.05)。与CK和T1相比,T2和T3枣果外观品质改善明显,枣果纵径和横径显著增加(P<0.05),枣果可溶性总糖和VC含量也显著增加,坏果率下降。各施肥处理单果重和产量均显著高于CK,以T3枣果产量和纯收入最高,且显著高于T1(P<0.05)。由此可知,50%的有机肥氮与50%的化肥氮配施可有效改善土壤理化性质,能明显提高枣果产量、提升果品品质。

酸枣新品种“长丰”的选育

“长丰”酸枣是从辽宁省朝阳地区众多野生酸枣中经过结实丰产性、特异性、稳定性、一致性及抗逆性等综合评价选育而成。果实圆柱形,熟时浅红色,硬质者深红色至暗红色,平均纵径20.40 cm,平均横径16.21 cm,果味甜酸,平均单果质量2.87 g,可食率92.00%,可溶性固形物含量32.00%,总酸含量3.48%,总糖含量28.32%。平均单核质量0.23 g、平均纵径10.38 mm、平均横径6.84 mm,平均单仁质量0.047 g。出仁率20.91%,双仁率28.00%,药食兼用。“长丰”酸枣平均果实产量为普通酸枣的2倍。

山西多地主产区酸枣叶醇提物抗氧化活性与抑菌作用比较研究

试验比较山西多地主产区酸枣叶醇提物的抗氧化活性与抑菌作用。收集晋北、晋中、晋东南、晋南等主产区的酸枣叶样品,通过醇提物有机溶剂萃取法对酸枣叶抗氧化活性部位进行筛选,并对不同主产区酸枣叶的不同极性部位的抗氧化活性进行比较,对酸枣叶醇提物水溶液的抑菌作用进行试验。结果显示,酸枣叶醇提物乙酸乙酯相的总黄酮含量最高;乙酸乙酯相提取物对2, 2-联氮-双-3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸(ABTS)自由基、1, 1-二苯基-2-苦肼基(DPPH)自由基的清除能力最强。在不同产区中,晋中地区酸枣叶不同极性部位的抗氧化活性最强,晋南地区最弱。太谷区和平遥县酸枣叶醇提物水溶液的抑菌作用最强。研究表明,山西晋中地区酸枣叶醇提物的抗氧化活性较高,且乙酸乙酯相的抗氧化活性比其他极性部位高,山西晋中地区的酸枣叶醇提物水溶液抑菌和杀菌作用最强。

对药“远志-酸枣仁”中CaMKⅡ调控成分的虚拟筛选及抗癫痫活性的研究

目的对“远志-酸枣仁”中潜在作用于钙/钙调蛋白依赖性蛋白激酶Ⅱ(calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinaseⅡ,CaMKⅡ)靶点的活性物质进行筛选,阐明其药效物质基础。方法采用以药效团为基础的虚拟筛选手段,通过收集已出版文献中报道的具有调控CaMKⅡ作用的化合物信息,建立基于CaMKⅡ配体的HipHop药效团模型,收集文献中报道的“远志-酸枣仁”中的成分并建立化合物库,对“远志-酸枣仁”中的成分与药效团进行匹配,随后使用分子模拟对接手段对匹配到的小分子化合物与CaMKⅡ靶点(PDB ID:2V7O)进行对接,研究潜在活性单体与CaMKⅡ的作用。用戊四唑(pentylenetetrazol,PTZ)点燃模型对活性单体细叶远志苷A(39)的抗癫痫作用进行测定,并对CaMKⅡ水平的调控作用进行评价。结论通过文献检索建立包含“远志-酸枣仁”中109种化学成分的化合物库,通过测试集验证确定将药效团03用于对“远志-酸枣仁”化合物库的虚拟筛选,对匹配度排前6位的单体通过分子模拟对接分析其与CaMKⅡ的作用情况,并用抗癫痫动物模型对单体的活性进行评价,化合物39能够在中高剂量下延长PTZ致癫痫发作的潜伏时间,改善PTZ所致的焦虑抑郁样行为,改善PTZ诱导的癫痫发作后脑内尼氏体丢失,提升PTZ所致的CaMKⅡ表达水平降低,提升海马CA1、CA3区及颞叶皮层内CaMKⅡ免疫阳性细胞数量并进一步对nAChR4受体水平进行调控。表明基于虚拟筛选与活性评价手段探讨“远志-酸枣仁”中CaMKⅡ调控作用的成分具有一定的准确性。

山西红枣功能活性成分的比较分析

采用高效液相色谱法和紫外分光光度法对9个品种山西红枣中环磷酸腺苷、总黄酮、总三萜酸、齐墩果酸、熊果酸的含量进行测定,比较分析不同品种山西红枣中各功能活性成分的差异,探究各成分含量的相关性。结果表明,9个品种山西红枣中环磷酸腺苷和总三萜酸含量最高,均为壶瓶枣;齐墩果酸和熊果酸含量较高,均为木枣和相枣;郎枣中总黄酮含量最高。相关性分析显示,环磷酸腺苷含量与总三萜酸含量呈显著的正相关(R=0.730),齐墩果酸含量与熊果酸含量呈显著的正相关(R=0.746)。研究结果为山西红枣功能性产品的开发利用提供了依据。

Effect of pre-treatments on drying characteristics of Chinese jujube (Zizyphus jujuba Miller)

Chinese jujube is delicious and nourishing fruit.However,fresh Chinese jujube is liable to rot and drying is a necessary process.Traditional drying is a time-consuming task due to the thick cuticle of Chinese jujube.To improve its drying efficiency,fresh Chinese jujube was pretreated with nine different methods prior to hot-air drying.Among these methods,dipping in 2%ethyl oleate plus 5%K_(2)CO_(3) for 10 min(alkaline emulsion of ethyl oleate,AEEO)was recommended for its time-saving effect,which was found more significant at lower drying temperatures.The beneficial effect was considered based on its cuticle destruction by AEEO pre-treatment.In the meantime,the drying process was divided into three stages;each of them obeyed the first order reaction kinetics.Activation energies for the first,second and third stages of control over jujube drying were 41.45 kJ/mol,35.24 kJ/mol and 49.52 kJ/mol,and reduced by 20.9%,22.1%and 29.0%,respectively,after AEEO pre-treatment,and the drying process was well predicted by Midilli et al.model.In view of browning during drying at higher temperatures,AEEO pretreated jujube was suggested to be dried at 60°C.This finding was considered to be helpful to the industrial drying of Chinese jujube.

干旱荒漠区制干大枣骏枣引种栽培技术

从引种栽培的枣树优良品种制干大枣骏枣在民勤干旱荒漠气候区引种栽培的表现结果看,骏枣在生长、发育、结实等多方面,都表现出了对引种栽培地的较强适应力;对各种灾害性天气有较强的抵抗力;并且种植在透气性和保水性能好的沙壤土上,生长正常,开花结实,果实品质良好。

不同采收时间野生酸枣与野生抚育酸枣各部位化学成分含量变化研究

目的对不同采收时间的野生与野生抚育酸枣各部位(叶、果肉、种仁)化学成分含量积累差异进行研究,为野生抚育酸枣的质量控制提供参考。方法利用HPLC-DAD/ELSD串联检测法测定不同采收时间野生和野生抚育的酸枣叶、酸枣果肉及酸枣仁中斯皮诺素、6′′′-阿魏酰斯皮诺素、酸枣仁皂苷A、酸枣仁皂苷B及酸枣仁皂苷D的含量,分析其含量变化趋势。结果不同采收时间的野生与野生抚育酸枣各部位化学成分含量变化趋势相近,野生抚育酸枣果肉中斯皮诺素含量高于野生酸枣果肉,野生抚育酸枣仁中酸枣仁皂苷B含量高于野生酸枣仁,酸枣仁中斯皮诺素和酸枣仁皂苷A含量均符合《中华人民共和国药典》标准。结论野生抚育酸枣与野生酸枣中5种成分含量变化相近,野生抚育技术可有效解决野生酸枣资源不足问题。