Utilization of Changyun Jujube, a Cultivar with Resistance to Witches Broom Disease

In 2021,the Shanting District Fruit Industry Service Center conducted an application test of a treatment for jujube witches broom disease using Changyun jujube.The results demonstrated that when diseased Changhong jujube plants were grafted with Changyun jujube in the spring using bark or cleft grafting,the majority of the new shoots of Changyun jujube exhibited no symptoms of witches broom disease,while a few exhibited symptoms of the disease.With the growth of new shoots,the symptoms of witches broom disease gradually abated,returning to normal growth and development.Similarly,the symptoms of witches broom disease on the rootstock below the grafting mouth also gradually abated,returning to normal.The Changyun jujube rootstock was utilized as the intermediate rootstock to grafting the jujube cultivars Qiyuexian and Fucuimi.The two cultivars were subsequently affixed with branch bark from the witches broom disease.The two cultivars did not exhibit any symptoms of witches broom disease,thus providing an opportunity to investigate potential treatments for this disease in jujube.Finally,the cultivation techniques of the Changyun jujube were presented.

Differences in leaf cuticular wax induced by whole-genome duplication in autotetraploid sour jujube

Drought-resistant plants exhibit strong water retention capability.In this regard,the autotetraploid sour jujube leaves exhibit better water retention than diploid leaves.Morphological comparisons and physiological comparisons of diploid and autotetraploid leaves showed that the autotetraploid leaves had thicker leaf cuticles and more leaf wax accumulation than the diploid leaves,which could reduce cuticle permeability and improve the drought tolerance of leaves.In this study,the cuticular wax crystalloids on the adaxial and abaxial sides of young and mature jujube leaves were observed in the two ploidy types,and unique cuticular wax crystalloids covering a large area of the cuticle on autotetraploid sour jujube leaves may provide an advantage in reducing leaf non-stomata transpiration and improving plant drought tolerance.Based on the transcriptome,115 differentially expressed genes between diploids and autotetraploids were further analyzed and found to be involved in the accumulation of cuticular wax components,including terpenoids,fatty acids,and lipids,as well as ABC transporter and wax biosynthetic process.Finally,14 genes differentially expressed between glossy autotetraploid leaves and nonglossy diploid leaves,such as LOC107414787,LOC107411574 and LOC107413721,were screened as candidate genes by qRT-PCR analysis.This findings provided insights into how polyploidization improved drought tolerance.

Geographical origin identification of winter jujube(Ziziphus jujuba Dongzao')by using multi-element fingerprinting with chemometrics

Winter jujube(Ziziphus jujuba'Dongzao')is greatly appreciated by consumers for its excellent quality,but brand infringement frequently occurs in the market.Here,we first determined a total of 38 elements in 167 winter jujube samples from the main winter jujube producing areas of China by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer(ICP-MS).As a result,16 elements(Mg,K,Mn,Cu,Zn,Mo,Ba,Be,As,Se,Cd,Sb,Ce,Er,Tl,and Pb)exhibited significant differences in samples from different producing areas.Supervised linear discriminant analysis(LDA)and orthogonal projection to latent structures discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA)showed better performance in identifying the origin of samples than unsupervised principal component analysis(PCA).LDA and OPLS-DA had a mean identification accuracy of 87.84 and 94.64%in the testing set,respectively.By using the multilayer perceptron(MLP)and C5.0,the prediction accuracy of the models could reach 96.36 and 91.06%,respectively.Based on the above four chemometric methods,Cd,Tl,Mo and Se were selected as the main variables and principal markers for the origin identification of winter jujube.Overall,this study demonstrates that it is practical and precise to identify the origin of winter jujube through multi-element fingerprint analysis with chemometrics,and may also provide reference for establishing the origin traceability system of other fruits.

GST family genes in jujube actively respond to phytoplasma infection

Jujube witches’broom(JWB)caused by phytoplasma has a severely negative effect on multiple metabolisms in jujube.The GST gene family in plants participates in the regulation of a variety of biotic and abiotic stresses.This study aims to identify and reveal the changes in the jujube GST gene family in response to phytoplasma infection.Here,70 ZjGSTs were identified in the jujube genome and divided into 8 classes.Among them,the Tau-class,including 44 genes,was the largest.Phylogenetic analysis indicated that Tau-class genes were highly conserved among species,such as Arabidopsis,cotton,chickpea,and rice.Through chromosome location analysis,37.1%of genes were clustered,and 8 of 9 gene clusters were composed of Tau class members.Through RT-PCR,qRT-PCR and enzyme activity detection,the results showed that the expression of half(20/40)of the tested ZjGSTs was inhibited by phytoplasma infection in field and tissue culture conditions,and GST activity was also significantly reduced.In the resistant and susceptible varieties under phytoplasma infection,ZjGSTU49-ZjGSTU54 in the cluster IV showed opposite expression patterns,which may be due to functional divergence during evolution.Some upregulated genes(ZjGSTU45,ZjGSTU49,ZjGSTU59,and ZjGSTU70)might be involved in the process of jujube against JWB.The yeast two-hybrid results showed that all 6 Tauclass proteins tested could form homodimers or heterodimers.Overall,the comprehensive analysis of the jujube GST gene family revealed that ZjGSTs responded actively to phytoplasma infection.Furthermore,some screened genes(ZjGSTU24,ZjGSTU49-52,ZjGSTU70,and ZjDHAR10)will contribute to further functional studies of jujube-phytoplasma interactions.

Current Status of Clinical Application and Basic Research on Draba nemerosa Hebecarpa Jujube Lung-Diarrhoea Soup

The clinical application and basic research of Draba nemerosa Hebecarpa jujube diarrhoea lung soup focus on respiratory diseases and circulatory diseases, and its clinical application is more compared with the basic research, and Draba nemerosa Hebecarpa jujube diarrhoea lung soup is mostly used in the form of “Draba nemerosa Hebecarpa Hebecarpa jujube diarrhoea lung soup with additional subtractions or other formulas combining Draba nemerosa Hebecarpa Hebecarpa Hebecarpa jujube diarrhoea lung soup” in the clinical application. This article will focus on the main mechanisms of Draba nemerosa Hebecarpa jujube diarrhoea lung soup and its main components in the treatment of respiratory and circulatory diseases, and will give a review of the basic research on Draba nemerosa Hebecarpa Hebecarpa jujube diarrhoea lung soup as follows.

Phenolic compounds and its antioxidant activities in ethanolic extracts from seven cultivars of Chinese jujube

Phenolic compounds and its antioxidant activity of extracts from seven cultivars of Chinese jujubes were investigated by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)with standards and different antioxidant evaluation methods,such as phosphomolybdenum assay,superoxide radical scavenging activity(SRSA),hydroxyl radical scavenging activity(HRSA),antihemolytic activity and inhibition of lipid peroxidation in rat liver homogenate,respectively.The results showed the components of the extracts are comprised of total phenols and flavonoids,and its content ranges from 454.3 to 1298.9(GAE mg/100 g dry weight).Phlorizin,catechin,gallic acid,chlorogenic acid,caffeic acid were the predominant phenolic compounds.All the extracts had significant antioxidant activities either in vitro or in vivo.Correlation analysis indicated that the antioxidant capacities of Chinese jujube extracts demonstrated a good positive relationship with some phenolic acids,which was higher in Xiao and Goutou.The results indicated that Xiao and Goutou could be attributed to a potential source of natural antioxidants for food applications.

Intellectual Property Protection and New Development Pattern Construction of Xinjiang Jujube

"Three new developments"is the guiding ideology of Chinese-style high-quality development in the new era.Jujube(Zizyphus jujube Mill.)is a plant of Zizyphus of Rhamnaceae,which originated in China and has been listed as one of the"five fruits"since ancient times.Xinjiang is the most important jujube producing area in China,and its yield has accounted for 50%of the national jujube yield.In the five prefectures and cities of southern Xinjiang,as well as the regimental farms of southern and eastern Xinjiang of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps,the jujube industry is an advantageous characteristic industry in agriculture.This paper studied Xinjiang jujube industry and its agricultural intellectual property resources,analyzed six major issues to be further implemented,such as the"three new developments"thinking and the strategy of building an intellectual property power,and puts forward eight strategies such as coordinating the two markets and two resources to accelerate the construction of a new development pattern and dual circulation of jujube.

Transcriptome and weighted gene co-expression network analysis of jujube(Ziziphus jujuba Mill.)fruit reveal putative genes involved in proanthocyanin biosynthesis and regulation

Proanthocyanidin(PA)is an important bioactive compound with multiple physiological benefits in jujube(Ziziphus jujube Mill.).However,the molecular mechanisms underlying PA biosynthesis in jujube fruit have not been investigated.Here,the profiling of PA,(+)-catechin and(–)-epicatechin and transcriptome sequencing of three jujube cultivars from Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China at five developmental stages were analyzed.The levels of total PAs and catechin exhibited a decreased trend over jujube ripening,and epicatechin content of two jujube cultivars increased first and then declined.Transcriptome analysis revealed that the differentially expressed genes(DEGs)were mainly enriched in ribosome,glycolysis/gluconeogenesis,fructose and mannose metabolism.17 DEGs encoding PAL,CHS,CHI,CHS,F3'H,LAR,ANR,C4Hs,4CLs,FLSs,DFRs and UFGTs involved in PA biosynthesis were relatively abundant.The highly transcribed LAR gene may greatly contribute to epicatechin accumulation.A weighted gene co-expression network analysis(WGCNA)was performed,and a network module including 1620 genes highly correlated with content of Pas and catechin was established.We identified 58 genes including 9 structural genes and 49 regulatory genes related to PA biosynthesis and regulation in the WGCNA module.Sixteen genes encoding 9 families of transcriptional factors(i.e.,MYB,bHLH,ERF,bZIP,NAC,SBP,MIKC,HB,WRKY)were considered as hub genes.The results of qRT-PCR analysis validating 10 genes were well consistent with the transcriptome data.These findings provide valuable knowledge to facilitate its genetic studies and molecular breeding.

Effects of methionine treatment on storage quality and antioxidant activity of postharvest jujube fruit

Jujube fruits usually suffer from physiological disorders or infectious diseases during storage,leading to quality deterioration,softening,or rotting.Therefore,this study aims to investigate the effect of methionine soaking treatment on the postharvest jujube fruit decay rate and storage quality.Methionine treatment significantly reduced the decay rate of postharvest jujube fruit and effectively maintained fruit color and titratable acid.Methionine treatment effectively delayed the decrease of firmness,soluble solids,ascorbic acid,and lignin contents in jujube fruit.Methionine treatment reduced the content of alanine and phenylalanine,and increased the content of glycine in jujube fruit,but displayed no significant effect on total amino acid content.In addition,jujube fruits in the methionine treatment group had a higher total phenolic and flavonoid content and antioxidant capacity,both in free and bound forms.Compared with the control,methionine treatment also significantly increased the content of individual phenolic acid fractions(gallic acid,vanillic acid,and syringic acid)and flavonoid fractions(catechin,epicatechin,rutin)in free form as well as individual phenolic acid fractions in bound form(gallic acid and ferulic acid)in jujube fruits.Overall,this study suggested that the methionine treatment could be used as a prospective preservative to reduce the postharvest decay of jujube fruit and alleviate its nutritional quality deterioration during cold storage at 4°C.

A cyclic effect of cAMP and calcium signaling contributes to jujube growth and development

3´,5´-Cyclic adenosine monophosphate(cAMP)is an important metabolite that is specifically enriched in jujube.However,the effect of cAMP on jujube cellular responses has not been comprehensively studied.Here,we established jujube cell suspension cultures and investigated the calcium influx in response to cAMP treatment through protoplast isolation and fluorescence intensity.Firstly,cAMP treatment could promote jujube growth and increase the content of endogenous cAMP.Using transcriptome analysis with transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing adenylate cyclase(ZjAC)as a positive control,we identified 60 calcium-related differential expressed genes(DEGs)that contributed to the calcium signaling and inter-or intra-cellular responses.Pharmacological treatments such as cAMP and the calcium ionophore A23187 could induce ZjAC expression,the accumulation of cAMP and calcium influx in jujube cells,while ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid(EGTA)or bithionol treatment inhibited these changes.Moreover,the calcium channels and transporters in calcium influx,such as the ZjCNGC2 channel and the mitogen activated protein(MAP)kinase pathway,could be activated by cAMP treatment.In summary,our findings demonstrated that cAMP biosynthesis is dependent on calcium influx and the amplifying effect between calcium and cAMP may be involved in intracellular signal induction,which might contribute to the growth and development of jujube.

Technical Studies of Controlling Jujube Witches Broom Disease with Resistant Rootstock

[Objectives]The paper was to screen and identify the control effect of resistant rootstock on jujube witches broom disease.[Methods]The seeds or branches of disease-free plants were collected from wild jujube bushes infected by witches broom disease,and 5434 seedlings were obtained by sowing or cutting.The virus was inoculated by grafting diseased bark.After 6 years of preliminary screening,40 plants with resistance to jujube witches broom disease were obtained.Taking these resistant plants as the rootstocks,the susceptible variety‘long red jujube’was grafted at a height of 40 cm.When the plants grew to appropriate thickness,diseased bark was grafted to‘long red jujube’and rootstock to transmit the virus.After 18 years of observation and judgment,4 rootstock strains with high resistance or immunity to jujube witches broom disease were finally determined,namely 90801,90803,90806 and 908011.The susceptible variety‘long red jujube’was grafted to 4 rootstocks and inoculated the virus through diseased bark grafting method.[Results]The resistant rootstock had obvious disease resistance effect.When the branches of 90801 and 90803 rootstocks were grafted to the trunk of diseased trees,the symptoms of jujube witches broom disease gradually alleviated till disappeared.[Conclusions]Using germplasm with high resistance or immunity to jujube witches broom disease as rootstock can effectively prevent the spread of jujube witches broom disease,and bridging the trunk of diseased trees with branches from resistant rootstock has certain therapeutic effect.

Beneficial effects of fermented jujube pulp in relieving loperamide hydrochloride-induced constipation in male ICR mice

Unfermented jujube pulp(UFJP),fermented jujube pulp(FJP)in high and low doses were fed to constipated ICR mice.Defecation function,serum gastrointestinal regulatory peptide,fecal short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)and gut microbial composition were assessed.Results showed that high-dose FJP could protect intestinal mucosa tissue,shorten the first black feces defecating time by 17%and increase the number and wet weights of black feces by 72%and 71%,respectively,within 6 h.High-dose FJP signifi cantly down-regulated the somatostatin level and up-regulated gastrin level in constipated mice,compared with low-dose FJP and UFJP.The high-dose FJP intervention regulated the microbiota profi le,which afterwards restored microbiota,like Bacteroidetes,Bifi dobacterium and Lactobacillus,to a less unhealthy state.This study provides convincing in vivo evidence that high-dose FJP supplementation through daily diet could be a promising approach to effectively alleviate constipation and modulate gut health.

Taxonomic Studies of Weed Communities Growing in Date Palm and Christ’s Thorn Jujube Farms in Ad-Dawadimi, KSA

The problem of food shortage is one of the most important problems facing many countries in the world. Various factors affect the decline in crop productivity. Where weeds are the most important reasons that cause a huge loss in crop productivity. Studying agricultural ecosystems, knowing their components and explaining the relationship between all of their components, helps a lot in achieving the highest productivity of different crops in addition to benefiting from some types of weeds, as well as, identifying appropriate methods to control the growth of weeds. In this study, 60 species were listed. The most frequent plant families were Asteraceae, Poaceae and Zygophyllaceae. Annuals were the most common life span, as well as, therophytes were the most frequent life form. The most frequent floristic categories were Saharo-Sindian-Sudano-Zambezian and Saharo-Sindian regions. The most famous indicators of biodiversity (species richness, species evenness and species diversity) have been calculated. For managing and classifying data PC-ORD program (TWINSPAN and DCA analyses) was used.

Research Progress on Functional Components and Pharmacological Effects of Red Jujube ( Ziziphus jujuba Mill.)

Red jujube(Ziziphus jujuba Mill.),as a traditional Chinese medicine and edible plant,has a long history and extensive uses.Red jujubes are not only widely used in the food industry and traditional Chinese medicine preparations,but also have attracted widespread research interest due to their rich functional components and various pharmacological effects.This paper reviewed the main functional components of jujubes,including polysaccharides,triterpenoid saponins,organic acids and alkaloids,and discussed in detail the pharmacological effects of these components such as blood sugar-regulating,antioxidant,anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor effects.Furthermore,the paper also summarized the safety issues such as drug interactions and toxic side effects of jujubes,and prospected the future development direction of jujube research.

不同前处理联合压差闪蒸干燥对红枣脆片品质的影响

为探究不同前处理方式联合压差闪蒸干燥对红枣脆片产品品质的影响,该研究以新疆地区灰枣为原料,利用热烫、超声波、高密度二氧化碳(dense phase carbon dioxide,DPCD)3种前处理方式联合压差闪蒸干燥技术对红枣脆片进行加工,对比了3种前处理方式对红枣脆片色泽、硬度、脆度、膨化度、可溶性固形物含量、总糖含量、总酚含量、总黄酮含量、维生素C含量、感官及微观结构的影响。结果表明:1)前处理方式对产品色泽具有显著性影响(P<0.05),DPCD前处理所得枣片与新鲜枣片色泽最为接近(ΔE=3.73);2)DPCD前处理后红枣脆片的维生素C含量明显高于其他两种前处理方式(P<0.05);3)热烫、超声波前处理的红枣脆片硬度分别为4.59、3.50 N/cm^(2),而DPCD前处理的红枣脆片硬度仅为2.74 N/cm^(2),枣片最为酥脆;4)扫描电镜图表明3种前处理方式均能得到疏松多孔的组织结构,DPCD前处理所得枣片比热烫和超声波前处理所得枣片组织结构更为疏松,这可能是因为在二氧化碳的作用下,红枣细胞结构发生了改变,有些空隙间发生了断裂。综合比较,DPCD前处理能够提高产品的色泽、脆度及膨化度,并且能够较好的保留产品的营养成分,是红枣压差闪蒸干燥较适宜的前处理方式。该研究为高品质压差闪蒸红枣脆片的加工工艺选择提供一定的理论依据。

微咸水灌溉下冬枣光合生理性状与光响应模型研究

【目的】研究不同灌溉水矿化度对冬枣光合生理性状的影响。【方法】基于大田试验,研究1g/L(S1)、2 g/L(S2)、3 g/L(S3)、4 g/L(S4)和5 g/L(S5)灌溉水矿化度下的土壤水盐分布规律与冬枣光合生理响应机制。【结果】叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度均在3 g/L处理或4 g/L处理下达到峰值;与其他处理相比,4 g/L处理与5g/L处理灌溉水矿化度下的叶片叶绿素量、最大荧光效率和最大量子效率显著降低;与1g/L处理相比,3 g/L处理与4 g/L处理下的冬枣表观量子效率、最大净光合速率、光补偿点、暗呼吸速率显著升高,而光饱和点显著降低,3~4 g/L灌溉水矿化度虽然减小了冬枣的可利用光强范围,但提高了叶片的生理活性。【结论】在果实膨大期,灌溉水矿化度为1~3 g/L时,气孔限制是影响冬枣光合作用的主要因素,而当灌溉水矿化度超过4 g/L时,非气孔限制因素是导致叶片光能利用效率降低的主要原因。综合考虑土壤生态环境与冬枣生理过程,推荐采用3g/L矿化度的微咸水对冬枣进行灌溉。

QuEChERS净化-高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定红枣中5种植物生长调节剂

[目的]建立1%甲酸-乙腈提取结合QuEChERS净化,高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定红枣中5种植物生长调节剂的方法。[方法]比较不同提取试剂、净化材料等对提取净化效果的影响。在ESI源正/负离子模式下,多反应监测(MRM)模式采集数据,进行定性和定量分析。[结果]5种植物生长调节剂在1~50 ng/mL质量浓度范围内线性关系良好(R 2>0.999),方法检出限和定量限分别为0.1~0.2和0.3~0.6μg/kg。空白红枣3个不同的添加水平回收率为82.5%~106.1%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.0%~8.4%。通过对市售红枣样品检测,能够准确测定红枣中植物生长调节剂水平。[结论]该方法简单、快速、准确可靠,适用于红枣中5种植物生长调节剂的快速测定。

采前氯化钙和水杨酸处理对蟠枣采后贮藏品质的影响

为探究采前处理对蟠枣果实采后贮藏品质的影响,以新疆主栽鲜食品种蟠枣为研究对象,分别于果实花期、幼果期、膨大期、着色期采用清水(CK)、10 g/L氯化钙(CaCl_(2))、100 mmol/L水杨酸(SA)和10 g/L CaCl_(2)+100 mmol/L SA进行采前喷施处理,采收后置于常温货架贮藏,每天统计果实的转红率、转红指数、腐烂率和失重率,测定果实的可溶性固形物含量、硬度和色泽等指标。结果表明:采前喷施CaCl_(2)、SA和CaCl_(2)+SA均可一定程度上抑制蟠枣的转红和腐烂,使其保持较低的失重率,使果实维持较高的可溶性固形物含量和硬度,保持较好的色泽,其中,10 g/L CaCl_(2)+100 mmol/L SA采前处理效果最佳,常温货架8 d时,果实的转红率和腐烂率分别较对照低23.34个百分点和36.66个百分点,失重率仅为1.68%,果实可溶性固形物含量维持在21.47%,硬度为9.45 kg/cm^(2),保持较好的商品性。综上,采前喷施10 g/L CaCl_(2)+100 mmol/L SA能有效保持蟠枣采后贮藏品质。

吡唑醚菌酯在冬枣中的残留消解及膳食风险评估

2021—2022年在河北黄骅开展了250 g/L吡唑醚菌酯乳油在冬枣中的规范残留田间试验,样品采用QuEChERS法净化,气相色谱-电子捕获检测器检测分析,得出吡唑醚菌酯在冬枣中的残留消解规律,并对其进行膳食风险评估。2年残留消解试验结果显示,吡唑醚菌酯在冬枣中的半衰期分别为9.86、11.8 d,消解规律符合一级动力学方程;最终残留试验结果显示,末次药后14~28 d,吡唑醚菌酯残留量为0.297~0.684 mg/kg,其中,末次药后21 d的残留试验中值为0.432 mg/kg。膳食风险评估得出风险商为0.62%,膳食摄入风险可接受。建议250 g/L吡唑醚菌酯乳油在冬枣上使用剂量为3000~4000倍液,每季最多施药3次,施药间隔期7 d,安全间隔期21 d。

枣幼胚培养后代新品种晚脆蜜的选育

晚脆蜜是六月鲜枣品种的控制杂交后代经幼胚培养技术选育而成的鲜食枣新品种。该品种树体矮化,树冠紧凑,枣头枝节间短,适宜密植栽培。果实长椭圆形,果型较大,平均单果质量为14.7 g。果实硬度大,肉质致密,耐贮性较强。鲜枣可食率95.20%,可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)为28.4%,总糖含量27.5%,酸含量0.383%,维生素C含量3580 mg·kg^(-1)。在山西太谷地区,4月中旬开始萌芽,6月上旬进入盛花期,9月下旬果实成熟,果实生育期110 d左右,属于晚熟类型。早果丰产性能较强,2~3年生枝的枣吊平均结果1.0个,3~5年生树产量6250 kg·hm^(-2)。果实抗裂果能力强,裂果率仅为3.8%。该品种是一个树体矮化、早果丰产、抗裂耐贮、晚熟优质的鲜食品种,具有良好的产业发展前景。