We studied the particle growth in a protoplanetary disk in a high-ionization environment and found that icy planet formation is inactive for a disk with an ionization rate 100 times higher than that of the present Sol...We studied the particle growth in a protoplanetary disk in a high-ionization environment and found that icy planet formation is inactive for a disk with an ionization rate 100 times higher than that of the present Solar System. In particular, in the case of M 〈 10^(-7.4)M_☉yr^(-1), only rocky planet formation occurs. In such a case, all the solid materials in the disk drift inward, eventually reach the inner MRI front,and accumulate there. They form a dense, thin sub-disk of solid particles, which undergoes gravitational instability to form rocky planetesimals. The planetesimals rapidly grow into a planet through pebble accretion. Consequently, rocky planets tend to be much larger than planets formed through other regimes(tandem planet formation regime and dispersed planet formation regime), in which icy planet formation actively takes place. These rocky planets may evolve into hot Jupiters if they grow fast enough to the critical core mass of the runaway gas accretion before the dispersal of the disk gas, or they may evolve into super-Earths if the gas dispersed sufficiently early.展开更多
Previous studies indicate that,in the Jovian magnetosphere,the long-term trend of the radial profile of relativistic electron intensities is primarily shaped by slow radial diffusion.However,measurements by the Galile...Previous studies indicate that,in the Jovian magnetosphere,the long-term trend of the radial profile of relativistic electron intensities is primarily shaped by slow radial diffusion.However,measurements by the Galileo spacecraft reveal the existence of transient increases in MeV electron intensities well above the ambient distribution.It is unclear how common such transient enhancements are,and to which dynamic processes in Jupiter's magnetosphere their occurrence is linked.We investigate the radial distributions of >11 MeV and >1 MeV electron intensities from 9R_(J) to 40R_(J)(R_(J)=71492km denotes the Jovian radius),measured by the Galileo spacecraft from 1996 to 2002.We find transient enhancements of MeV electrons during seven Galileo crossings,mostly occurring around~20R_(J).An apparent dawn-dusk asymmetry of their occurrence is resolved,with a majority of events discovered at dawn.This dawn-dusk asymmetry,as well as the average recurrence time scale of a few days,implies a potential relationship between the MeV electron transients and the storm-like dynamics in the middle and outer magnetosphere detected using a variety of Galileo,Juno and remote sensing aurora observations.We suggest that the observations of some of these transients in the inner magnetosphere may result from a synergy between the convective transport by a large-scale dawn-dusk electric field and the sources provided by injections in the middle magnetosphere.展开更多
In this paper, the case of Jupiter being found in hydrodynamic equilibrium is for the first time investigated solely by mathematical methods. With the help of the hydrodynamic method, formulas of energy balance for ov...In this paper, the case of Jupiter being found in hydrodynamic equilibrium is for the first time investigated solely by mathematical methods. With the help of the hydrodynamic method, formulas of energy balance for oval and vortex are found, which are summed as permanent kinetic energy and constantly provide equilibrium for the stable rotational movements of Jupiter. To find the total kinetic energy of the oval and vortex in turbulent mode, Green’s function methods with special definitions and flow functions that describe the movement of the vortex are applied. The results are expressed in lemmas and theorems. For the hydrodynamic equilibrium of Jupiter, the necessary and sufficient conditions for the preservation of the cyclone and the anticyclone are mentioned. The relationships between the angular velocity and the gradient of pressure and the Corolias parameter are also given. The Rossby number is given for steady rotational motion. These facts show the existence of necessary and sufficient conditions for maintaining the stability of rotational motion and prove the hydrodynamic equilibrium of Jupiter. In this case using stream function and constructing generalized Green’s function and accordance energy conservation laws, the hydrodynamic equilibrium of Jupiter is proved.展开更多
据JupiterResearch公司的一份最新的报告称,美国青少年手机用户的增长速度有望超过整个美国人口的增速。该公司是一家市场调研公司,主要致力于研究互联网络和新兴的消费技术对商业的影响。这篇名为“Mobile Subscriber Acquisition:M...据JupiterResearch公司的一份最新的报告称,美国青少年手机用户的增长速度有望超过整个美国人口的增速。该公司是一家市场调研公司,主要致力于研究互联网络和新兴的消费技术对商业的影响。这篇名为“Mobile Subscriber Acquisition:Marketing to Parents,Teens and Tweens”的报告对青少年的数据习惯进行了研究,发现这一群体将会成为无线运营商和移动内容播放器厂商的、一个蕴含着巨大利润空间的潜在客户群。展开更多
The fragments of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 entering the Jovian atmosphere suffered ablation and dissociation as a result of interaction with the atmosphere,and then exploded in the twinkle of an eye.A typical comet fragm...The fragments of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 entering the Jovian atmosphere suffered ablation and dissociation as a result of interaction with the atmosphere,and then exploded in the twinkle of an eye.A typical comet fragment is modeled as 1013 kg with a density of 1.0g/cm^(3).Our results show that the fragment exploded below the ammonia cloud layer,near the 1-bar level,which can explain why there was ammonia but no water in the observations.Our simple explosion model shows that the explosion could uplift the atmosphere to 5000km above the Jovian atmosphere,as observed,with the area covered by the ejecta to Jupiter's center making an angle of about 10°.展开更多
The persistence and symmetry of cyclones around the poles of Jupiter are unknown.In the present investigation,inspired by cyclones at the South Pole of the Earth,we propose a mechanism that provides an explanation for...The persistence and symmetry of cyclones around the poles of Jupiter are unknown.In the present investigation,inspired by cyclones at the South Pole of the Earth,we propose a mechanism that provides an explanation for this problem.The negative temperature gradient with respect to latitude may play an important role here.This temperature gradient is induced by solar radiation because of the small axial inclination of Jupiter.Our numerical simulations suggest that cyclones in the polar regions of Jupiter may be modulated or controlled by the radially directional Rayleigh–Taylor instability,driven by centrifugal force and the negative temperature gradient along the latitude.展开更多
Jupiter’s magnetic field is thought to be generated in its deep metallic hydrogen region through dynamo action,yet the detailed dynamic process remains poorly understood.Numerical simulations have produced Jupiter-li...Jupiter’s magnetic field is thought to be generated in its deep metallic hydrogen region through dynamo action,yet the detailed dynamic process remains poorly understood.Numerical simulations have produced Jupiter-like magnetic fields,albeit using different control parameters and reference state models.In this study,we investigate the influence of different reference state models,based on ab initio calculations and based on the polytropic equation of state.In doing so,we perform five anelastic convection dynamo simulations that can be divided into two groups.In each group,different reference states are used while other control parameters and conditions are set to be identical.We find the reference state model can be very influential for the simulations in which buoyancy force is dominant over the Lorentz force.In this regime,different dynamical outcomes can be attributed to the effective buoyancy force resulting from different reference states.For simulations in which the Lorentz force is dominant over the buoyancy force,however,dynamo actions tend to be insensitive to different reference state models.If Jupiter’s dynamo is in a strong field regime,i.e.,the Lorentz force plays a dominant role,our numerical results suggest that Jupiter’s internal reference state,which remains poorly constrained,may play a minor role in the dynamo process of the planet.展开更多
Measurements of Jupiter’s gravity field by Juno have been acquired with unprecedented precision, but uncertainties in the planet’s hydrogen–helium equation of state(EOS) and the hydrogen–helium phase separation ha...Measurements of Jupiter’s gravity field by Juno have been acquired with unprecedented precision, but uncertainties in the planet’s hydrogen–helium equation of state(EOS) and the hydrogen–helium phase separation have meant that differences remain in the interior model predictions. We deduce an empirical EOS from Juno gravity field observations in terms of the hydrostatic equation and then investigate the structure and composition of Jupiter by comparison of the empirical EOS with Jupiter’s adiabats obtained from the physical EOS. The deduced helium mass fraction suggests depletion of helium in the outermost atmosphere and helium concentration in the inner molecular hydrogen region, which is a signature of helium rain in Jupiter’s interior. The deduced envelope metallicity(the heavy-element mass fraction) is as high in the innermost envelope as 11–13 times the solar value. Such a high metallicity provides sharp support to the dilute core model with the heavy elements dissolved in hydrogen and expanded outward. No matter how the core mass is varied, the empirical EOS derived from the two-layer interior model generally suggests higher densities in the innermost envelope than does the best-fit Jupiter’s adiabat;this result is, again, a signature of dilute cores in Jupiter’s interior. Moreover, no matter the core mass,the empirical EOS is found to exhibit an inflexion point in the deep interior, around 10 Mbar, which can be explained as the combined effect of helium concentration in the upper part and dilute cores in the lower part.展开更多
In this paper tests by Maxwell and Gift that search for a preferred frame or ether arising from movement through that frame using Jupiter’s moon Io are reviewed and discussed. Unlike the Michelson-Morley second-order...In this paper tests by Maxwell and Gift that search for a preferred frame or ether arising from movement through that frame using Jupiter’s moon Io are reviewed and discussed. Unlike the Michelson-Morley second-order experiment which unsuccessfully attempted to detect the orbital motion of the Earth relative to the ether, these tests are both first-order and therefore are unaffected by the second-order effects of length contraction and clock retardation. The test by Maxwell utilizes the delay in the eclipse of Io as the Earth orbits the Sun in an attempt to detect ether drift resulting from the galactic movement of the Sun. This test requires a 6-year duration for its full execution and was never performed because of practical difficulties. The test first presented by Gift can be conducted over a few days and employs the observed variation of the period of Io as the Earth moves toward or away from Jupiter. The result is a positive detection of ether drift arising from the orbital motion of the Earth. The detected ether drift is evidence of a preferred frame which we argue corresponds to the solar system barycentric or sun-centered inertial (SCI) frame.展开更多
Between 1954 and 1961, Allais conducted 6 one-month observations of the azimuth of the plane of oscillation of a pendulum installed in his laboratory. That of 1958 also implemented a second pendulum, identical to the ...Between 1954 and 1961, Allais conducted 6 one-month observations of the azimuth of the plane of oscillation of a pendulum installed in his laboratory. That of 1958 also implemented a second pendulum, identical to the first, located 6 km away in an underground quarry. Although, over these 6 years, the average azimuth of each observation, the amplitude of the 24 h 50 min and 24 h waves, as well as certain other quantities, have evolved considerably, in 1958 their values were very close to those of the second pendulum. The analysis shows that these evolutions could only result from an action external to the pendulum, that no classical phenomenon seems to be able to explain, and which appears, at least mainly, to be an astral action. The evolution of the average azimuth of the pendulum and of the amplitudes of the 24 h and 24 h 50 min components can be decomposed into a component associated with the annual revolution of the Earth around the Sun, and a multi-annual component, whose harmonic 1 has a period which was estimated to 5.74 years. An action of Jupiter is an excellent candidate to explain a large part of the multi-annual action: everything happens as if there were an important action of the modulus of its declination on the multi-annual component, and an important daily action of its hour angle on the azimuth of the pendulum. We cannot exclude an action of the solar cycle, whose period was then about 11 years. The main results were obtained by Allais himself, but this was only published in his book “The Anisotropy of Space”, and remained very little known. Starting from the raw data of Allais, the author of this article found them again, and completed them on certain points.展开更多
基金partly supported by Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas Number 26106006
文摘We studied the particle growth in a protoplanetary disk in a high-ionization environment and found that icy planet formation is inactive for a disk with an ionization rate 100 times higher than that of the present Solar System. In particular, in the case of M 〈 10^(-7.4)M_☉yr^(-1), only rocky planet formation occurs. In such a case, all the solid materials in the disk drift inward, eventually reach the inner MRI front,and accumulate there. They form a dense, thin sub-disk of solid particles, which undergoes gravitational instability to form rocky planetesimals. The planetesimals rapidly grow into a planet through pebble accretion. Consequently, rocky planets tend to be much larger than planets formed through other regimes(tandem planet formation regime and dispersed planet formation regime), in which icy planet formation actively takes place. These rocky planets may evolve into hot Jupiters if they grow fast enough to the critical core mass of the runaway gas accretion before the dispersal of the disk gas, or they may evolve into super-Earths if the gas dispersed sufficiently early.
基金We acknowledge support from the China Space Agency's project D020303This work is also supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.XDA17010201)+1 种基金the Key Research Program of the Institute of Geology&Geophysics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Grant No.IGGCAS-201904the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42074200,42030202 and 41774161).
文摘Previous studies indicate that,in the Jovian magnetosphere,the long-term trend of the radial profile of relativistic electron intensities is primarily shaped by slow radial diffusion.However,measurements by the Galileo spacecraft reveal the existence of transient increases in MeV electron intensities well above the ambient distribution.It is unclear how common such transient enhancements are,and to which dynamic processes in Jupiter's magnetosphere their occurrence is linked.We investigate the radial distributions of >11 MeV and >1 MeV electron intensities from 9R_(J) to 40R_(J)(R_(J)=71492km denotes the Jovian radius),measured by the Galileo spacecraft from 1996 to 2002.We find transient enhancements of MeV electrons during seven Galileo crossings,mostly occurring around~20R_(J).An apparent dawn-dusk asymmetry of their occurrence is resolved,with a majority of events discovered at dawn.This dawn-dusk asymmetry,as well as the average recurrence time scale of a few days,implies a potential relationship between the MeV electron transients and the storm-like dynamics in the middle and outer magnetosphere detected using a variety of Galileo,Juno and remote sensing aurora observations.We suggest that the observations of some of these transients in the inner magnetosphere may result from a synergy between the convective transport by a large-scale dawn-dusk electric field and the sources provided by injections in the middle magnetosphere.
文摘In this paper, the case of Jupiter being found in hydrodynamic equilibrium is for the first time investigated solely by mathematical methods. With the help of the hydrodynamic method, formulas of energy balance for oval and vortex are found, which are summed as permanent kinetic energy and constantly provide equilibrium for the stable rotational movements of Jupiter. To find the total kinetic energy of the oval and vortex in turbulent mode, Green’s function methods with special definitions and flow functions that describe the movement of the vortex are applied. The results are expressed in lemmas and theorems. For the hydrodynamic equilibrium of Jupiter, the necessary and sufficient conditions for the preservation of the cyclone and the anticyclone are mentioned. The relationships between the angular velocity and the gradient of pressure and the Corolias parameter are also given. The Rossby number is given for steady rotational motion. These facts show the existence of necessary and sufficient conditions for maintaining the stability of rotational motion and prove the hydrodynamic equilibrium of Jupiter. In this case using stream function and constructing generalized Green’s function and accordance energy conservation laws, the hydrodynamic equilibrium of Jupiter is proved.
文摘据JupiterResearch公司的一份最新的报告称,美国青少年手机用户的增长速度有望超过整个美国人口的增速。该公司是一家市场调研公司,主要致力于研究互联网络和新兴的消费技术对商业的影响。这篇名为“Mobile Subscriber Acquisition:Marketing to Parents,Teens and Tweens”的报告对青少年的数据习惯进行了研究,发现这一群体将会成为无线运营商和移动内容播放器厂商的、一个蕴含着巨大利润空间的潜在客户群。
基金Supported by the Minor Planet Foundation,Purple Mountain Observatory,Chinese Academy of Sciences。
文摘The fragments of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 entering the Jovian atmosphere suffered ablation and dissociation as a result of interaction with the atmosphere,and then exploded in the twinkle of an eye.A typical comet fragment is modeled as 1013 kg with a density of 1.0g/cm^(3).Our results show that the fragment exploded below the ammonia cloud layer,near the 1-bar level,which can explain why there was ammonia but no water in the observations.Our simple explosion model shows that the explosion could uplift the atmosphere to 5000km above the Jovian atmosphere,as observed,with the area covered by the ejecta to Jupiter's center making an angle of about 10°.
基金supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China(Grant No.NSFC41974204).
文摘The persistence and symmetry of cyclones around the poles of Jupiter are unknown.In the present investigation,inspired by cyclones at the South Pole of the Earth,we propose a mechanism that provides an explanation for this problem.The negative temperature gradient with respect to latitude may play an important role here.This temperature gradient is induced by solar radiation because of the small axial inclination of Jupiter.Our numerical simulations suggest that cyclones in the polar regions of Jupiter may be modulated or controlled by the radially directional Rayleigh–Taylor instability,driven by centrifugal force and the negative temperature gradient along the latitude.
基金supported by the B-type Strategic Priority Program of the CAS (XDB41000000)the preresearch project on Civil Aerospace Technologies of CNSA (D020308)the Macao Foundationsupport from STFC, grant number ST/S00047X/1 held at the University of Leeds.
文摘Jupiter’s magnetic field is thought to be generated in its deep metallic hydrogen region through dynamo action,yet the detailed dynamic process remains poorly understood.Numerical simulations have produced Jupiter-like magnetic fields,albeit using different control parameters and reference state models.In this study,we investigate the influence of different reference state models,based on ab initio calculations and based on the polytropic equation of state.In doing so,we perform five anelastic convection dynamo simulations that can be divided into two groups.In each group,different reference states are used while other control parameters and conditions are set to be identical.We find the reference state model can be very influential for the simulations in which buoyancy force is dominant over the Lorentz force.In this regime,different dynamical outcomes can be attributed to the effective buoyancy force resulting from different reference states.For simulations in which the Lorentz force is dominant over the buoyancy force,however,dynamo actions tend to be insensitive to different reference state models.If Jupiter’s dynamo is in a strong field regime,i.e.,the Lorentz force plays a dominant role,our numerical results suggest that Jupiter’s internal reference state,which remains poorly constrained,may play a minor role in the dynamo process of the planet.
基金supported by the Science and Technology Development Fund, Macao SAR (File No. 0005/2019/A1)the National Natural Science Foundation of China Grant No. 11761161001
文摘Measurements of Jupiter’s gravity field by Juno have been acquired with unprecedented precision, but uncertainties in the planet’s hydrogen–helium equation of state(EOS) and the hydrogen–helium phase separation have meant that differences remain in the interior model predictions. We deduce an empirical EOS from Juno gravity field observations in terms of the hydrostatic equation and then investigate the structure and composition of Jupiter by comparison of the empirical EOS with Jupiter’s adiabats obtained from the physical EOS. The deduced helium mass fraction suggests depletion of helium in the outermost atmosphere and helium concentration in the inner molecular hydrogen region, which is a signature of helium rain in Jupiter’s interior. The deduced envelope metallicity(the heavy-element mass fraction) is as high in the innermost envelope as 11–13 times the solar value. Such a high metallicity provides sharp support to the dilute core model with the heavy elements dissolved in hydrogen and expanded outward. No matter how the core mass is varied, the empirical EOS derived from the two-layer interior model generally suggests higher densities in the innermost envelope than does the best-fit Jupiter’s adiabat;this result is, again, a signature of dilute cores in Jupiter’s interior. Moreover, no matter the core mass,the empirical EOS is found to exhibit an inflexion point in the deep interior, around 10 Mbar, which can be explained as the combined effect of helium concentration in the upper part and dilute cores in the lower part.
文摘In this paper tests by Maxwell and Gift that search for a preferred frame or ether arising from movement through that frame using Jupiter’s moon Io are reviewed and discussed. Unlike the Michelson-Morley second-order experiment which unsuccessfully attempted to detect the orbital motion of the Earth relative to the ether, these tests are both first-order and therefore are unaffected by the second-order effects of length contraction and clock retardation. The test by Maxwell utilizes the delay in the eclipse of Io as the Earth orbits the Sun in an attempt to detect ether drift resulting from the galactic movement of the Sun. This test requires a 6-year duration for its full execution and was never performed because of practical difficulties. The test first presented by Gift can be conducted over a few days and employs the observed variation of the period of Io as the Earth moves toward or away from Jupiter. The result is a positive detection of ether drift arising from the orbital motion of the Earth. The detected ether drift is evidence of a preferred frame which we argue corresponds to the solar system barycentric or sun-centered inertial (SCI) frame.
文摘Between 1954 and 1961, Allais conducted 6 one-month observations of the azimuth of the plane of oscillation of a pendulum installed in his laboratory. That of 1958 also implemented a second pendulum, identical to the first, located 6 km away in an underground quarry. Although, over these 6 years, the average azimuth of each observation, the amplitude of the 24 h 50 min and 24 h waves, as well as certain other quantities, have evolved considerably, in 1958 their values were very close to those of the second pendulum. The analysis shows that these evolutions could only result from an action external to the pendulum, that no classical phenomenon seems to be able to explain, and which appears, at least mainly, to be an astral action. The evolution of the average azimuth of the pendulum and of the amplitudes of the 24 h and 24 h 50 min components can be decomposed into a component associated with the annual revolution of the Earth around the Sun, and a multi-annual component, whose harmonic 1 has a period which was estimated to 5.74 years. An action of Jupiter is an excellent candidate to explain a large part of the multi-annual action: everything happens as if there were an important action of the modulus of its declination on the multi-annual component, and an important daily action of its hour angle on the azimuth of the pendulum. We cannot exclude an action of the solar cycle, whose period was then about 11 years. The main results were obtained by Allais himself, but this was only published in his book “The Anisotropy of Space”, and remained very little known. Starting from the raw data of Allais, the author of this article found them again, and completed them on certain points.