Between 1954 and 1961, Allais conducted 6 one-month observations of the azimuth of the plane of oscillation of a pendulum installed in his laboratory. That of 1958 also implemented a second pendulum, identical to the ...Between 1954 and 1961, Allais conducted 6 one-month observations of the azimuth of the plane of oscillation of a pendulum installed in his laboratory. That of 1958 also implemented a second pendulum, identical to the first, located 6 km away in an underground quarry. Although, over these 6 years, the average azimuth of each observation, the amplitude of the 24 h 50 min and 24 h waves, as well as certain other quantities, have evolved considerably, in 1958 their values were very close to those of the second pendulum. The analysis shows that these evolutions could only result from an action external to the pendulum, that no classical phenomenon seems to be able to explain, and which appears, at least mainly, to be an astral action. The evolution of the average azimuth of the pendulum and of the amplitudes of the 24 h and 24 h 50 min components can be decomposed into a component associated with the annual revolution of the Earth around the Sun, and a multi-annual component, whose harmonic 1 has a period which was estimated to 5.74 years. An action of Jupiter is an excellent candidate to explain a large part of the multi-annual action: everything happens as if there were an important action of the modulus of its declination on the multi-annual component, and an important daily action of its hour angle on the azimuth of the pendulum. We cannot exclude an action of the solar cycle, whose period was then about 11 years. The main results were obtained by Allais himself, but this was only published in his book “The Anisotropy of Space”, and remained very little known. Starting from the raw data of Allais, the author of this article found them again, and completed them on certain points.展开更多
Jupiter is one of the major targets for planetary exploration,and dust in the Jovian system is of great interest to researchers in the field of planetary science.In this paper,we review the five dust populations outsi...Jupiter is one of the major targets for planetary exploration,and dust in the Jovian system is of great interest to researchers in the field of planetary science.In this paper,we review the five dust populations outside the ring system:grains in the region of the Galilean moons,potential dust from plumes on Europa,Jovian stream particles,particles in the outer region of the Jovian system ejected from the irregular satellites,and dust in the region of the Trojan asteroids.The physical environment for the dust dynamics is described,including the gravity,the magnetic field and the plasma environment.For each population,the dust sources are described,and the relevant perturbation forces are discussed.Observations and results from modeling are reviewed,and the distributions of the individual dust populations are shown.The understanding of the Jovian dust environment allows to assess the dust hazard to spacecraft,and to characterize the material exchange between the Jovian moons,their surface properties and distribution of non-icy constituents.展开更多
This paper presents the methods and results submitted by the winning team from Harbin Institute of Technology of the 10th China Trajectory Optimization Competition(CTOC10).The problem posed by CTOC10 requires explorin...This paper presents the methods and results submitted by the winning team from Harbin Institute of Technology of the 10th China Trajectory Optimization Competition(CTOC10).The problem posed by CTOC10 requires exploring the Jupiter system using a combined spacecraft.The exploration mission consists of the detection of Jupiter’s magnetic field and an exploration of the Galilean moons.The mission is completed through three steps:problem analysis,orbital design process,and data processing.The orbital design process is mainly divided into four parts,namely,repeating groundtrack orbit design,gravity-assisted orbit design,initial orbit parameter selection,and local optimization adjustment.The designed orbit is then evaluated using a heuristic optimization algorithm applied during the data processing.Finally,six full-coverage observations of Jupiter’s magnetic field are realized under the constraints of fuel and time.The final index of the submitted result is 357.8067.展开更多
The persistence and symmetry of cyclones around the poles of Jupiter are unknown.In the present investigation,inspired by cyclones at the South Pole of the Earth,we propose a mechanism that provides an explanation for...The persistence and symmetry of cyclones around the poles of Jupiter are unknown.In the present investigation,inspired by cyclones at the South Pole of the Earth,we propose a mechanism that provides an explanation for this problem.The negative temperature gradient with respect to latitude may play an important role here.This temperature gradient is induced by solar radiation because of the small axial inclination of Jupiter.Our numerical simulations suggest that cyclones in the polar regions of Jupiter may be modulated or controlled by the radially directional Rayleigh–Taylor instability,driven by centrifugal force and the negative temperature gradient along the latitude.展开更多
As is known, the Great Red Spot (GRS) is one of the most mysterious sights in the solar system and is a strong storm that is quite large. According to the laws of hydrodynamics and gas dynamics, it should have disappe...As is known, the Great Red Spot (GRS) is one of the most mysterious sights in the solar system and is a strong storm that is quite large. According to the laws of hydrodynamics and gas dynamics, it should have disappeared several centuries ago, but scientists still observe it and cannot accurately explain this phenomenon. Since turbulence and atmospheric waves in the GRS region absorb the energy of its winds, the vortex loses energy by radiating heat. In the work, it is proved with a mathematical and non-classical approach that the GRS and anticyclones will live for a long time;otherwise, we had to first of all prove that the vortex threads (loops) and ovals could not exist. Based on these supports, mathematical methods prove their existence forever by observing a large vortex (GRS);moreover, they are sources of heat. When proofs are obtained, the results are consistent with the previous hypotheses of the researcher. The introduction of the work gives a comparison of various hypotheses;for example, one of them states that the decrease in the size of the GRS is only an illusory observation. Next, we first consider the applicability conditions for the mathematical justification of the hypothesis of the longevity of the Great Red Spot. The wind equation and the GRS are energized by absorbing smaller eddies and ovals, and this total energy is constant. With the help of the KH mechanism in the case of Brunt Vaisala, the frequencies (which can be calculated by a program with given formulas) are determined using very strictly mathematical evidence to substantiate the validity of the hypothesis about the longevity of Jupiter’s Great Red Spot.展开更多
The history of our solar system has been greatly influenced by the fact that there is a large gas giant planet, Jupiter that has a nearly circular orbit. This has allowed relics of the early solar system formation to ...The history of our solar system has been greatly influenced by the fact that there is a large gas giant planet, Jupiter that has a nearly circular orbit. This has allowed relics of the early solar system formation to still be observable today. Since Jupiter orbits the Sun with a period of approximately 12 years, it has always been thought that this could be connected to the nearly 11-year periodic peak in the number of sunspots observed. In this paper, the Sun and planets are considered to be moving about a center of mass point as the different planets orbit the Sun. This is the action of gravity that holds the solar system together. The center of mass for the Jupiter-Sun system actually lies outside the Sun. The four gas giant planets dominate such effects and the four gas giant Jovian planets can be projected together to determine an effective distance from the Sun’s center. Taken together these effects do seem to function as a sunspot forcing factor with a periodicity very close to 11 years. These predictions are made without consideration of any details of what is happening in the interior of the Sun. From these estimates, sunspot cycle 25 will be expected to peak in about September-October of 2025. Sunspot cycle 26 should peak in the year March of 2037.展开更多
We studied the particle growth in a protoplanetary disk in a high-ionization environment and found that icy planet formation is inactive for a disk with an ionization rate 100 times higher than that of the present Sol...We studied the particle growth in a protoplanetary disk in a high-ionization environment and found that icy planet formation is inactive for a disk with an ionization rate 100 times higher than that of the present Solar System. In particular, in the case of M 〈 10^(-7.4)M_☉yr^(-1), only rocky planet formation occurs. In such a case, all the solid materials in the disk drift inward, eventually reach the inner MRI front,and accumulate there. They form a dense, thin sub-disk of solid particles, which undergoes gravitational instability to form rocky planetesimals. The planetesimals rapidly grow into a planet through pebble accretion. Consequently, rocky planets tend to be much larger than planets formed through other regimes(tandem planet formation regime and dispersed planet formation regime), in which icy planet formation actively takes place. These rocky planets may evolve into hot Jupiters if they grow fast enough to the critical core mass of the runaway gas accretion before the dispersal of the disk gas, or they may evolve into super-Earths if the gas dispersed sufficiently early.展开更多
A new programmable prediction method is developed to refine the occultation band by taking into consideration the triaxiality of an occulting body, as well as two more factors, namely, the barycenter offset of an occu...A new programmable prediction method is developed to refine the occultation band by taking into consideration the triaxiality of an occulting body, as well as two more factors, namely, the barycenter offset of an occulting planet from the relevant planetary satellite system and the gravitational deflection of light rays due to an occulting planet. Although these factors can be neglected in most cases, it is shown that there are cases when these factors can cause a variation ranging from several tens to thousands of kilometers in the boundaries of occultation bands. Knowledge of analytic geometry simplifies the process of derivation and computation. This method is applied to long-term predictions of Jovian and Saturnian events.展开更多
In this paper, the case of Jupiter being found in hydrodynamic equilibrium is for the first time investigated solely by mathematical methods. With the help of the hydrodynamic method, formulas of energy balance for ov...In this paper, the case of Jupiter being found in hydrodynamic equilibrium is for the first time investigated solely by mathematical methods. With the help of the hydrodynamic method, formulas of energy balance for oval and vortex are found, which are summed as permanent kinetic energy and constantly provide equilibrium for the stable rotational movements of Jupiter. To find the total kinetic energy of the oval and vortex in turbulent mode, Green’s function methods with special definitions and flow functions that describe the movement of the vortex are applied. The results are expressed in lemmas and theorems. For the hydrodynamic equilibrium of Jupiter, the necessary and sufficient conditions for the preservation of the cyclone and the anticyclone are mentioned. The relationships between the angular velocity and the gradient of pressure and the Corolias parameter are also given. The Rossby number is given for steady rotational motion. These facts show the existence of necessary and sufficient conditions for maintaining the stability of rotational motion and prove the hydrodynamic equilibrium of Jupiter. In this case using stream function and constructing generalized Green’s function and accordance energy conservation laws, the hydrodynamic equilibrium of Jupiter is proved.展开更多
据JupiterResearch公司的一份最新的报告称,美国青少年手机用户的增长速度有望超过整个美国人口的增速。该公司是一家市场调研公司,主要致力于研究互联网络和新兴的消费技术对商业的影响。这篇名为“Mobile Subscriber Acquisition:M...据JupiterResearch公司的一份最新的报告称,美国青少年手机用户的增长速度有望超过整个美国人口的增速。该公司是一家市场调研公司,主要致力于研究互联网络和新兴的消费技术对商业的影响。这篇名为“Mobile Subscriber Acquisition:Marketing to Parents,Teens and Tweens”的报告对青少年的数据习惯进行了研究,发现这一群体将会成为无线运营商和移动内容播放器厂商的、一个蕴含着巨大利润空间的潜在客户群。展开更多
The fragments of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 entering the Jovian atmosphere suffered ablation and dissociation as a result of interaction with the atmosphere,and then exploded in the twinkle of an eye.A typical comet fragm...The fragments of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 entering the Jovian atmosphere suffered ablation and dissociation as a result of interaction with the atmosphere,and then exploded in the twinkle of an eye.A typical comet fragment is modeled as 1013 kg with a density of 1.0g/cm^(3).Our results show that the fragment exploded below the ammonia cloud layer,near the 1-bar level,which can explain why there was ammonia but no water in the observations.Our simple explosion model shows that the explosion could uplift the atmosphere to 5000km above the Jovian atmosphere,as observed,with the area covered by the ejecta to Jupiter's center making an angle of about 10°.展开更多
文摘Between 1954 and 1961, Allais conducted 6 one-month observations of the azimuth of the plane of oscillation of a pendulum installed in his laboratory. That of 1958 also implemented a second pendulum, identical to the first, located 6 km away in an underground quarry. Although, over these 6 years, the average azimuth of each observation, the amplitude of the 24 h 50 min and 24 h waves, as well as certain other quantities, have evolved considerably, in 1958 their values were very close to those of the second pendulum. The analysis shows that these evolutions could only result from an action external to the pendulum, that no classical phenomenon seems to be able to explain, and which appears, at least mainly, to be an astral action. The evolution of the average azimuth of the pendulum and of the amplitudes of the 24 h and 24 h 50 min components can be decomposed into a component associated with the annual revolution of the Earth around the Sun, and a multi-annual component, whose harmonic 1 has a period which was estimated to 5.74 years. An action of Jupiter is an excellent candidate to explain a large part of the multi-annual action: everything happens as if there were an important action of the modulus of its declination on the multi-annual component, and an important daily action of its hour angle on the azimuth of the pendulum. We cannot exclude an action of the solar cycle, whose period was then about 11 years. The main results were obtained by Allais himself, but this was only published in his book “The Anisotropy of Space”, and remained very little known. Starting from the raw data of Allais, the author of this article found them again, and completed them on certain points.
基金the European Space Agency under the project“Jovian Micrometeoroid Environment Model”(JMEM)(Contract No.4000107249/12/NL/AF)at the University of Oulu,and by the Academy of Finland under the project“Earth and Near-Space System and Environmental Change”.
文摘Jupiter is one of the major targets for planetary exploration,and dust in the Jovian system is of great interest to researchers in the field of planetary science.In this paper,we review the five dust populations outside the ring system:grains in the region of the Galilean moons,potential dust from plumes on Europa,Jovian stream particles,particles in the outer region of the Jovian system ejected from the irregular satellites,and dust in the region of the Trojan asteroids.The physical environment for the dust dynamics is described,including the gravity,the magnetic field and the plasma environment.For each population,the dust sources are described,and the relevant perturbation forces are discussed.Observations and results from modeling are reviewed,and the distributions of the individual dust populations are shown.The understanding of the Jovian dust environment allows to assess the dust hazard to spacecraft,and to characterize the material exchange between the Jovian moons,their surface properties and distribution of non-icy constituents.
基金This work is supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.11772104 and 11702072).
文摘This paper presents the methods and results submitted by the winning team from Harbin Institute of Technology of the 10th China Trajectory Optimization Competition(CTOC10).The problem posed by CTOC10 requires exploring the Jupiter system using a combined spacecraft.The exploration mission consists of the detection of Jupiter’s magnetic field and an exploration of the Galilean moons.The mission is completed through three steps:problem analysis,orbital design process,and data processing.The orbital design process is mainly divided into four parts,namely,repeating groundtrack orbit design,gravity-assisted orbit design,initial orbit parameter selection,and local optimization adjustment.The designed orbit is then evaluated using a heuristic optimization algorithm applied during the data processing.Finally,six full-coverage observations of Jupiter’s magnetic field are realized under the constraints of fuel and time.The final index of the submitted result is 357.8067.
基金supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China(Grant No.NSFC41974204).
文摘The persistence and symmetry of cyclones around the poles of Jupiter are unknown.In the present investigation,inspired by cyclones at the South Pole of the Earth,we propose a mechanism that provides an explanation for this problem.The negative temperature gradient with respect to latitude may play an important role here.This temperature gradient is induced by solar radiation because of the small axial inclination of Jupiter.Our numerical simulations suggest that cyclones in the polar regions of Jupiter may be modulated or controlled by the radially directional Rayleigh–Taylor instability,driven by centrifugal force and the negative temperature gradient along the latitude.
文摘As is known, the Great Red Spot (GRS) is one of the most mysterious sights in the solar system and is a strong storm that is quite large. According to the laws of hydrodynamics and gas dynamics, it should have disappeared several centuries ago, but scientists still observe it and cannot accurately explain this phenomenon. Since turbulence and atmospheric waves in the GRS region absorb the energy of its winds, the vortex loses energy by radiating heat. In the work, it is proved with a mathematical and non-classical approach that the GRS and anticyclones will live for a long time;otherwise, we had to first of all prove that the vortex threads (loops) and ovals could not exist. Based on these supports, mathematical methods prove their existence forever by observing a large vortex (GRS);moreover, they are sources of heat. When proofs are obtained, the results are consistent with the previous hypotheses of the researcher. The introduction of the work gives a comparison of various hypotheses;for example, one of them states that the decrease in the size of the GRS is only an illusory observation. Next, we first consider the applicability conditions for the mathematical justification of the hypothesis of the longevity of the Great Red Spot. The wind equation and the GRS are energized by absorbing smaller eddies and ovals, and this total energy is constant. With the help of the KH mechanism in the case of Brunt Vaisala, the frequencies (which can be calculated by a program with given formulas) are determined using very strictly mathematical evidence to substantiate the validity of the hypothesis about the longevity of Jupiter’s Great Red Spot.
文摘The history of our solar system has been greatly influenced by the fact that there is a large gas giant planet, Jupiter that has a nearly circular orbit. This has allowed relics of the early solar system formation to still be observable today. Since Jupiter orbits the Sun with a period of approximately 12 years, it has always been thought that this could be connected to the nearly 11-year periodic peak in the number of sunspots observed. In this paper, the Sun and planets are considered to be moving about a center of mass point as the different planets orbit the Sun. This is the action of gravity that holds the solar system together. The center of mass for the Jupiter-Sun system actually lies outside the Sun. The four gas giant planets dominate such effects and the four gas giant Jovian planets can be projected together to determine an effective distance from the Sun’s center. Taken together these effects do seem to function as a sunspot forcing factor with a periodicity very close to 11 years. These predictions are made without consideration of any details of what is happening in the interior of the Sun. From these estimates, sunspot cycle 25 will be expected to peak in about September-October of 2025. Sunspot cycle 26 should peak in the year March of 2037.
基金partly supported by Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas Number 26106006
文摘We studied the particle growth in a protoplanetary disk in a high-ionization environment and found that icy planet formation is inactive for a disk with an ionization rate 100 times higher than that of the present Solar System. In particular, in the case of M 〈 10^(-7.4)M_☉yr^(-1), only rocky planet formation occurs. In such a case, all the solid materials in the disk drift inward, eventually reach the inner MRI front,and accumulate there. They form a dense, thin sub-disk of solid particles, which undergoes gravitational instability to form rocky planetesimals. The planetesimals rapidly grow into a planet through pebble accretion. Consequently, rocky planets tend to be much larger than planets formed through other regimes(tandem planet formation regime and dispersed planet formation regime), in which icy planet formation actively takes place. These rocky planets may evolve into hot Jupiters if they grow fast enough to the critical core mass of the runaway gas accretion before the dispersal of the disk gas, or they may evolve into super-Earths if the gas dispersed sufficiently early.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) under Grant Nos. 11178006, 11273066 and 11533004
文摘A new programmable prediction method is developed to refine the occultation band by taking into consideration the triaxiality of an occulting body, as well as two more factors, namely, the barycenter offset of an occulting planet from the relevant planetary satellite system and the gravitational deflection of light rays due to an occulting planet. Although these factors can be neglected in most cases, it is shown that there are cases when these factors can cause a variation ranging from several tens to thousands of kilometers in the boundaries of occultation bands. Knowledge of analytic geometry simplifies the process of derivation and computation. This method is applied to long-term predictions of Jovian and Saturnian events.
文摘In this paper, the case of Jupiter being found in hydrodynamic equilibrium is for the first time investigated solely by mathematical methods. With the help of the hydrodynamic method, formulas of energy balance for oval and vortex are found, which are summed as permanent kinetic energy and constantly provide equilibrium for the stable rotational movements of Jupiter. To find the total kinetic energy of the oval and vortex in turbulent mode, Green’s function methods with special definitions and flow functions that describe the movement of the vortex are applied. The results are expressed in lemmas and theorems. For the hydrodynamic equilibrium of Jupiter, the necessary and sufficient conditions for the preservation of the cyclone and the anticyclone are mentioned. The relationships between the angular velocity and the gradient of pressure and the Corolias parameter are also given. The Rossby number is given for steady rotational motion. These facts show the existence of necessary and sufficient conditions for maintaining the stability of rotational motion and prove the hydrodynamic equilibrium of Jupiter. In this case using stream function and constructing generalized Green’s function and accordance energy conservation laws, the hydrodynamic equilibrium of Jupiter is proved.
文摘据JupiterResearch公司的一份最新的报告称,美国青少年手机用户的增长速度有望超过整个美国人口的增速。该公司是一家市场调研公司,主要致力于研究互联网络和新兴的消费技术对商业的影响。这篇名为“Mobile Subscriber Acquisition:Marketing to Parents,Teens and Tweens”的报告对青少年的数据习惯进行了研究,发现这一群体将会成为无线运营商和移动内容播放器厂商的、一个蕴含着巨大利润空间的潜在客户群。
基金Supported by the Minor Planet Foundation,Purple Mountain Observatory,Chinese Academy of Sciences。
文摘The fragments of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 entering the Jovian atmosphere suffered ablation and dissociation as a result of interaction with the atmosphere,and then exploded in the twinkle of an eye.A typical comet fragment is modeled as 1013 kg with a density of 1.0g/cm^(3).Our results show that the fragment exploded below the ammonia cloud layer,near the 1-bar level,which can explain why there was ammonia but no water in the observations.Our simple explosion model shows that the explosion could uplift the atmosphere to 5000km above the Jovian atmosphere,as observed,with the area covered by the ejecta to Jupiter's center making an angle of about 10°.