Analysis of Volatile Compounds and Identification of Characteristic Aroma Components of <i>Toona sinensis</i>(A. Juss.) Roem. Using GC-MS and GC-O

In this study, volatile compounds present in Toona sinensis (A. Juss.) Roem (TS) were investigated and their characteristic aromatic components were identified using Headspace Solid-phase Microextraction (HS-SPME) followed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and Gas Chromatography-Olfactometry (GC-O). The optimum conditions for extracting the volatiles from TS were achieved with the experimental parameters including the use of a 65 μm polydimethylsiloxane/divinyl benzene (PDMS/DVB) fibre, an extraction temperature of 40℃ and an extraction time of 30 min. Under these conditions, 56 volatile compounds were separated and 53 were identified by GC-MS. Among them, 21 sulfide compounds (42.146%) and 27 terpenes(55.984%) were found to be the major components. The sample was analyzed by GC-O and 26 elutes were sniffed and their sensory descriptions evaluated by an odor panelists. Analysis of the data indicated, two compounds cis and trans isomers of 2-Mercapto-3,4-dimethyl-2,3-dihydrothiophene were major contributors to the characteristic aroma of TS.

Effect of Different Plant Growth Regulators on Callus Induction and in vitro Rapid Propagation of Wild Petunia Juss.

In this study,the seeds of wild Petunia Juss.were used as explants to investigate the optimal condition for tissue culture.Several different kinds and concentrations of growth regulators were adopted to produce more multiple bud clumps,callus or roots in this study.The experiments may provide experimental foundation for the rapid propagation technology and establishment of tissue culture system for wild Petunia Juss.

Two New Dihydroflavanoids from Patrinia villosa Juss

Two new dihydroflavonoids were obtained from the traditional Chinese medicinal herb Patrinia villosa Juss. Their structures were elucidated as （2S）-5, 7, 2＇, 6＇-tetrahydroxy-6, 8-di （γ, γ-dimethylallyl） flavanone （1） and （2S）-5, 7, 2＇, 6＇-tetrahydroxy-6-1avandulylated flavanone （2） by spectroscopic methods including UV, IR, HR-TOF-MS, 1D NMR and 2D NMR techniques.

Two New Dihydroflavanoids from Patrinia vittosa Juss (II)

Two new dihydroflavonoids named villosin A and viUosin B were obtained from the traditional Chinese medicinal herb Patrinia viUosa Juss. Their structures were elucidated as （2S）-5, 2＇, 6＇-trihydroxy-2＂, 2＂-dimethylpyrano [5＂, 6＂： 6, 7]flavanone 1 and （2S, 3＂S）-5, 2＇, 6＇- trihydroxy-3＂-γ, γ-dimethylallyl-2＂, 2＂-dimethyl-3＂, 4＂-dihydropyrano [5＂, 6＂： 6, 7] flavanone 2 by spectroscopic methods including UV, IR, HR-TOF- MS, 1D NMR and 2D NMR techniques.

Toxicity Experiment of Polysaccharides from Dicliptera chinensis( L. ) Juss.

[Objectives] To study the acute toxicity,mutation,and feeding experiment of polysaccharides from Dicliptera chinensis( L.)Juss.,and assess its safety. [Methods]In accordance with Procedures for toxicological Assessment on Food Safety,acute toxicity to mice,micronucleus experiment for bone marrow cell in mice,sperm shape abnormality test in mice,and Ames experiment were carried out,and 30 d feeding experiment was detected for rats. [Results] when the maximum tolerance dose( MTD) of mice was higher than 20 g/kg,at polysaccharides from Dicliptera chinensis( L.) Juss. ≤10 g/kg,there was no statistical difference between the control group and mouse bone marrow cell micronucleus and sperm shape abnormality test group; Ames experiment indicated that the number of revertant colonies of different dose groups of polysaccharides from Dicliptera chinensis( L.) Juss. with and without S9 did not exceed two times of the blank control group; rat 30 d feeding experiment indicated that when polysaccharides from Dicliptera chinensis( L.) Juss. ≤ 3. 2 g/kg,rats grew and developed well,and there was no statistical difference with the control group in blood,multiple organ biochemical indicators and liver tissue. [Conclusions]Polysaccharides from Dicliptera chinensis( L.) Juss. are safe and non-toxic chemical compounds and can be used as health products or drugs.

Chemical constituents and biological activities of Azadirachta indica A. Juss

Azadirachta indica A. Juss is a tropical evergreen plant, belonging to the Meliaceae family. The plant is used as folk medicines for the treatment of fever, neuromuscular pains, skin infections, diabetes and heart disease. Previous researches show that the plant possesses several types of chemical constituents and diverse biological activities. The paper concludes chemical constituents, biological activities and pesticide products of A. indica.

白花败酱草总黄酮对实验性急性肺损伤模型大鼠的肺保护作用及其机制

目的:探讨白花败酱草总黄酮(total flavoniods from Patrina villosa Juss,PJF)对实验性急性肺损伤(acute lung injury,ALI)模型大鼠的肺保护作用及其潜在机制。方法:用气管内滴注5 mg/kg脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)构建ALI大鼠模型。将60只雄性SD大鼠随机分为对照组、LPS组、LPS+低剂量(100 mg/kg)PJF组和LPS+高剂量(300 mg/kg)PJF组(后2组在ALI造模前1 h给予PJF灌胃),每组15只。造模后24 h,收集支气管肺泡灌洗液(bronchoalveolar lavage fluid,BALF)和肺组织。HE染色显示肺组织形态;干湿称重法测量肺组织的湿/干重比;伊文思蓝染色评估肺组织中上皮屏障的通透性;ELISA检测BALF中炎症因子肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、白细胞介素1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)和IL-6含量,以及肺组织中氧化应激指标超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)、髓过氧化物酶(myeloperoxidase,MPO)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px)活性及丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量;免疫印迹法检测肺组织中C/EBP同源蛋白(C/EBP homologous protein,CHOP)、葡萄糖调节蛋白78(glucose-regulated protein 78,GRP78)和X框结合蛋白1(X-box binding protein 1,XBP1)蛋白表达。结果:与对照组比较,LPS组大鼠肺组织呈现肺泡结构不清和大量炎症细胞浸润,ALI评分和肺组织的湿/干重比显著升高(P<0.05),BALF中IL-6、IL-1β和TNF-α水平,以及肺组织中MDA含量、MPO活性及CHOP、GRP78和XBP1蛋白表达水平显著升高(P<0.05),肺组织中SOD和GSH-Px活性显著降低(P<0.05)。与LPS组比较,PJF干预组肺组织形态改善,ALI评分和肺组织的湿/干重比显著下降(P<0.05),BALF中IL-6、IL-1β和TNF-α水平,以及肺组织中MDA含量、MPO活性及CHOP、GRP78和XBP1蛋白表达水平显著降低(P<0.05),肺组织中SOD和GSH-Px活性显著升高(P<0.05);且高剂量组的效果明显优于低剂量组。结论:PJF对ALI大鼠具有肺保护作用,其机制可能与抑制炎症反应、氧化应激和内质网应激有关。

白花败酱草化学成分与药理活性研究进展

白花败酱草是败酱属植物,分布广泛,植物资源量大。在我国,白花败酱草具有悠久的药用历史,作为一味传统中药在多种方剂中出现。在中医临床应用中,白花败酱草在治疗呼吸系统、消化系统、泌尿生殖系统、妇科、皮肤科等多学科疾病的治疗实践中得到了广泛应用。目前,对于白花败酱草的化学成分研究进展颇丰,已提取分离出81种单体成分,包括苯丙酸类、黄酮类、萜类等多种结构类型。同时,药理学研究发现白花败酱草具有多种明确的药理活性,包括抗肿瘤、消炎镇痛、抑菌以及保护肝脏等,并对其作用机制进行了初步研究探讨。该文在临床功效、化学成分、药理作用等方面对白花败酱草进行了综述,归纳总结现有已发表的研究成果,为其临床应用和进一步研究提供依据和基础。

Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Dicliptera chinensis(L.)Juss.Ameliorates Liver Fibrosis by Inducing Autophagy via PI3K/AKT/m TOR/p70S6K Signaling Pathways

Objective:To investigate the molecular mechanism underlying the anti-hepatic fibrosis activity of ethyl acetate fraction Dicliptera chinensis(L.)Juss.(EDC)in human hepatic stellate cells(HSCs)in vitro and in a carbon tetrachloride(CCl4)-induced hepatic fibrosis mouse model in vivo.Methods:For in vitro study,HSCs were pre-treated with platelet-derived growth factor(10 ng/mL)for 2 h to ensure activation and treated with EDC for 24 h and 48 h,respectively.The effect of EDC on HSCs was assessed using cell counting kit-8 assay,EdU staining,transmission electron microscopy,immunofluorescence staining,and Western blot,respectively.For in vivo experiments,mice were intraperitoneally injected with CCl4(2μL/g,adjusted to a 25%concentration in olive oil),3 times per week for 6 weeks,to develop a hepatic fibrosis model.Forty 8-week-old male C57 BL/6 mice were divided into 4 groups using a random number table(n=10),including control,model,positive control and EDC treatment groups.Mice in the EDC and colchicine groups were intragastrically administered EDC(0.5 g/kg)or colchicine(0.2 mg/kg)once per day for 6 weeks.Mice in the control and model groups received an equal volume of saline.Biochemical assays and histological examinations were used to assess liver damage.Protein expression levels ofα-smooth muscle actin(α-SMA)and microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 B(LC3 B)were measured by Western blot.Results:EDC reduced pathological damage associated with liver fibrosis,downregulated the expression ofα-SMA and upregulated the expression of LC3 B(P<0.05),both in HSCs and the CCl4-induced liver fibrosis mouse model.The intervention of bafilomycin A1 and rapamycin in HSCs strongly supported the notion that inhibition of autophagy enhancedα-SMA protein expression levels(P<0.01).The results also found that the levels of phosphoinositide(PI3 K),p-PI3 K,AKT,p-AKT,mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR),p-mTOR,and p-p70 S6 K all decreased after EDC treatment(P<0.05).Conclusion:EDC has anti-hepatic fibrosis activity by inducing autophagy and might be a potential drug to be further developed for human liver fibrosis therapy.

HPLC法测定泡吴茱萸中柠檬苦素、吴茱萸碱和吴茱萸次碱含量

目的:建立用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定泡吴茱萸中柠檬苦素、吴茱萸碱、吴茱萸次碱三种成分的含量。方法:色谱柱为Eclipse XDB C18(4.6×250mm,5μm),流动相:A乙腈,B甲醇,C 0.05%磷酸溶液,各流动相配比为30∶20∶50,流速:1.000mL·min^(-1),检测波长:215nm,柱温:30℃。结果:柠檬苦素、吴茱萸碱、吴茱萸次碱三者依次在0.1303~1.6291μg(r=0.9995)、0.0500~0.6251μg(r=1.0000)、0.0354~0.4429μg(r=0.9999)范围内与其峰面积有良好的线性关系,且三者的平均加样回收率和RSD值分别为100.11%(RSD=0.7%)、100.74%(RSD=1.4%)和99.39%(RSD=1.3%)。结论:该方法操作简单,结果稳定,有着高准确度,适用于泡吴茱萸中柠檬苦素、吴茱萸碱、吴茱萸次碱含量的测定。

兰科植物叶绿体基因组研究进展

叶绿体基因组(cpDNA)中含有大量功能基因,在系统发育研究及物种识别鉴定中的应用价值已经受到研究者们的重视和认可。兰科物种数量庞大,基因多样性极高,是叶绿体基因组研究的一个热点,本文就兰科主要植物的叶绿体基因组特征、基因类型分布和序列特征、密码子偏好性以及兰科主要植物叶绿体基因组在系统发育中的应用等方面进行了综合分析,为下一步将叶绿体基因组的研究应用于兰科植物的系统发育关系、野生植物资源保护、遗传育种等方面的研究奠定基础。

狗肝菜总黄酮微波辐射预处理提取工艺及其生物活性研究

为了更深入研究狗肝菜总黄酮的提取工艺,为后续的研究奠定基础,本文采用微波辐射预处理结合传统水浴法对狗肝菜总黄酮进行提取,并以芦丁标准品作为对照品,采用紫外可见分光光度计测定吸光度并分析狗肝菜中总黄酮的含量。以单因素试验为基础,采用响应面优化工艺参数得到狗肝菜总黄酮的最佳提取率。结果显示:微波辐射预处理提取狗肝菜总黄酮的最佳工艺条件为微波功率350 W、微波时间77 s、汽化剂用量4.3 mL,在此条件下狗肝菜总黄酮提取率为8.382‰。在抗肺癌活性细胞试验中,狗肝菜总黄酮提取物的半抑制浓度为9.516 mg/mL,在药物浓度27 mg/mL时,抑制率达到了88.419%。研究结果表明:微波辐射预处理提取狗肝菜总黄酮是可行的,其总黄酮提取物(乙醇提取物)具有一定的抗肿瘤细胞活性,可以为今后的研究提供参考。

基于红外光谱法结合化学计量学鉴别中药材墓头回及其伪品的研究

目的:建立红外指纹图谱结合化学计量学鉴别中药材墓头回及其伪品。方法:采集墓头回、白花败酱、黄花败酱和斑花败酱共50批药材的红外光谱,对光谱数据进行平滑、基线校正、纵坐标归一化、二阶求导等预处理,选取10个共有特征峰采用主成分分析(PCA)、正交偏最小二乘判别分析法(OPLS-DA)和簇类独立软模式识别法(SIMCA)分析光谱数据。结果:二阶导数红外光谱3500~2000 cm^(-1)波段中存在差异,墓头回及其伪品可以通过部分区域中吸收峰的峰形和峰强进行鉴别;PCA结果表现为B1~B11聚为一类,S1~S11聚为一类,M1~M15和H1~H13中有少数样品重叠;OPLS-DA将50批样品分为4类,分别为M1~M15,B1~B11,H1~H13,S1~S11,表明OPLS-DA能更好地将墓头回及其伪品区分开,且通过变量重要性投影(VIP)分析可得1、2、5、7号为区分贡献度最大的4个标志;SIMCA模式识别法建立的模型对样品的识别率为100%,说明该方法很好地将墓头回及其伪品分类。结论:红外光谱法结合二阶导数、PCA、OPLS-DA和SIMCA法为墓头回质量控制提供了理论基础与实验依据。

遮阴对白花败酱叶片形态解剖结构及生理的影响

采用不同遮阴处理(全光照、73%全光照、55%全光照、30%全光照)研究遮阴条件下白花败酱[Patrinia villosa(Thunb.)Juss.]叶片的形态、解剖结构及生理特性的差异,并探讨其在夏季环境条件下的产量及药用成分。结果表明,随着遮阴程度的增大,白花败酱叶宽、单叶面积、单叶鲜重和叶绿素含量呈增大的趋势,气孔密度、比叶重、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质、脯氨酸和丙二醛含量呈降低的趋势,单株产量呈先增后减的趋势,而总皂苷和总黄酮含量则呈先减后增的趋势。综合考虑,在夏季给予55%全光照的遮阴,白花败酱的产量及药用成分含量均较高。

苦菜的繁育技术初探

利用苦菜[Patrinia villosa(Thunb.)Juss.]种子和插条进行繁殖试验,对繁育成活的幼苗生长情况进行比较分析。结果表明,种子经湿冷处理,去种皮在变温条件下培养皿法播种发芽率最高,为56%;带顶芽插条经过生根粉处理在沙土中扦插成活率和平均生根数最高,分别为83%和9.7根/株;插条繁育幼苗成苗后后期生长快,生长势明显好于种子繁育的幼苗。

Chemical constituents of the unripe fruits of Evodia rutaecarpa

Aim To investigate the chemical constituents of the unripe fruits of Evodia rutaecarpa （Juss.） Benth. and provide a scientific basis for its quality control. Methods The compounds were isolated by silica gel column chromatography and identified by spectral analysis. Results Sixteen compounds were identified as evodiamine （1）, rutaecarpine （2）, β-sitosterol （3）, isorhamnetin（4）, evodol （5）, quercetin （6）, limonin （7）, wuzhuyurutine A （8）, evodirutaenin （9）, shihulimonin A （10）, wuzhuyurutine B（ll）, wuchuyuamide Ⅰ （12）, daucosterol （13）, trans-caffeic acid methylate （14）, dehydroevodiamine （15）and sucrose （16）. Conclusion Compounds 4, 6, 10 and 14 were isolated from the title plant for the first time.

反相高效液相色谱法同时测定香椿果中3种酚性化合物

[目的]建立了同时测定香椿果提取物中没食子酸、没食子酸甲酯、1,2,3,4,6-五-O-没食子酰-β-D-葡萄糖3种酚性化合物含量的方法。[方法]采用Hypersil C18色谱柱(6.0 mm×150.0 mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-0.1%甲酸,以1.0 ml/min流速为进行梯度洗脱,柱0.480、0.018～0.180和0.022～0.220μg之间线性关系良好(r≥0.999 8),平均加样回收率分别为101.6%、99.5%和99.1%,RSD值≤2.9%。[结论]该含量测定方法简便、准确、分离效果好,可用于香椿果中的酚性成分含量的测定。

三种楝科植物的挥发物成分分析

为了探究红椿(Toona ciliata Roem.)、毛麻楝[Chukrasia tabularis var.velutina(Wall)King]和非洲桃花心木[Khaya senegalensis(Desr.)A.Juss]3种楝科植物挥发物组分,采用动态顶空采集法利用气相色谱/质谱(GC/MS)联用法分析了这3种植物挥发性有机物(Volatile organic compounds,VOCs)的主要成分。结果表明,3种楝科植物挥发物组分有萜烯类、芳香烃类、醇类、醛类、烷烃类、酮类、酯类、酸类和酚类,且均以萜烯类为主,以(1R)-(+)-α蒎烯为主要成分。红椿释放22种化合物,萜烯类含量占67.41%;毛麻楝释放19种化合物,萜烯类含量占55.96%;非洲桃花心木释放21种化合物,萜烯类含量占81.27%。

白花败酱营养器官的解剖学观察

[目的]对白花败酱营养器官进行解剖学观察。[方法]运用植物解剖学的方法对白花败酱的营养器官进行观察。[结果]白花败酱根的初生木质部为二原型或三原型,次生结构中的维管组织发达,导管直径大而木射线细胞直径小,木栓层较厚。冬季根皮层细胞中有大量的淀粉粒。成熟的茎具髓腔,维管束在横切面上呈环状排列,髓部及皮层薄壁细胞中有晶体存在。叶为典型的异面叶,海绵组织发达,细胞间隙较大。气孔主要分布于下表皮,为无规则型。叶上有长的表皮毛;叶及幼茎的表皮上有腺毛。茎及叶表层的细胞中还常有色素。[结论]试验观察的特征与白花败酱的生态适应性和抗逆性特点相适应。

橡胶子粒的物理特性测定

为提高橡胶[Hevea brasiliensis（Willd.ex A.Juss.）Muell.Arg.]子粒综合利用水平,研制高效率的橡胶籽粒脱壳装置,对橡胶子粒的三维几何尺寸、质量、密度、破碎力、静摩擦系数等物理特性进行了测定。结果表明,橡胶子粒的几何平均直径和算术平均直径都随着子粒含水率的增加而减小,当含水率达到35.4%时出现最小平均直径,分别为20.883、20.633 mm;橡胶子粒的球度随着含水率的增大从0.850增大到0.868,呈现出较好的线性关系;而表面积与含水率却是出现先减小、后增大的变化,当含水率为35.4%时,表面积出现最小值;橡胶子粒的单粒重、体积和密度与含水率均呈明显的线性关系,都随含水率的增大而增大;橡胶子粒在钢板和木板上的静摩擦系数变化范围分别为0.254~0.331、0.222~0.417,且均呈明显的线性增长;橡胶子粒在不同方向的破碎力与含水率的关系有所不同,长度方向和厚度方向的破碎力随含水率升高呈线性下降趋势,宽度方向则先减小、后增大。该研究结果可为橡胶子粒脱壳、榨油、分离等相关机械的设计生产提供基础数据,并可为橡胶子物理特性研究提供原始的参数。