湍流模型在列车空调气流组织中的应用

空调车室内空气的速度场,温度场研究是空调车室内气流组织设计及空调室内舒适环境评价与研究的基础。针对零方程模型,k-ε湍流模型,湍流大涡模型在列车空调气流组织中的应用进行分析比较,所得结论对列车的空调效果及车内舒适环境的优化提供了依据。

Numerical simulation of the hydrodynamics within octagonal tanks in recirculating aquaculture systems

A three-dimensional numerical model was established to simulate the hydrodynamics within an octagonal tank of a recirculating aquaculture system. The realizable k-e turbulence model was applied to describe the flow, the discrete phase model （DPM） was applied to generate particle trajectories, and the governing equations are solved using the finite volume method. To validate this model, the numerical results were compared with data obtained from a full-scale physical model. The results show that： （1） the realizable k-e model applied for turbulence modeling describes well the flow pattern in octagonal tanks, giving an average relative error of velocities between simulated and measured values of 18% from contour maps of velocity magnitudes; （2） the DPM was applied to obtain particle trajectories and to simulate the rate of particle removal from the tank. The average relative error of the removal rates between simulated and measured values was 11%. The DPM can be used to assess the self-cleaning capability of an octagonal tank; （3） a comprehensive account of the hydrodynamics within an octagonal tank can be assessed from simulations. The velocity distribution was uniform with an average velocity of 15 cm/s; the velocity reached 0.8 m/s near the inlet pipe, which can result in energy losses and cause wall abrasion; the velocity in tank corners was more than 15 cm/s, which suggests good water mixing, and there was no particle sedimentation. The percentage of particle removal for octagonal tanks was 90% with the exception of a little accumulation of 〈5 mm particle in the area between the inlet pipe and the wall. This study demonstrated a consistent numerical model of the hydrodynamics within octagonal tanks that can be further used in their design and optimization as well as promote the wide use of computational fluid dynamics in aquaculture engineering.

Numerical Simulation of the Stokes Wave for the Flow around a Ship Hull Coupled with the VOF Model

The surface wave generated by flow around a ship hull moving near free surface of water is simulated numerically in this study. The three-dimensional implicit finite volume method （FVM） is applied to solve Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes （RANS） equation. The realizable k-e turbulence model has been implemented to capture turbulent flow around the ship hull in the free surface zone. The volume of fluid （VOF） method coupled with the Stokes wave theory has been used to determine the free surface effect of water. By using is a six degrees of freedom model, the ship hull＇s movement is numerically solved with the Stokes wave together. Under the action of Stokes waves on the sea, the interface between the air and water waves at the same regular pattem and so does the pressure and the vertical velocity. The ship hull moves in the same way as the wave. The amplitude of the ship hull＇s heave is less than the wave height because of the viscosity damping. This method could provide an important reference for the study of ships＇ movement, wave and hydrodynamics.

Numerical Simulation and Kinetic Analysis of Turbine Sail

This paper firstly introduces the structure and working principle of turbine sail. Numerical model of a turbine sail is established with Gambit software. The aerodynamic characteristics of the turbine sail are described with RNG k-e turbulence model and the numerical simulation is carded out with Fluent software. The influence of sail＇s structure is analyzed including plate, separation type and height/width ratio. The lift coefficients and drag coefficients of the simulated turbine sail are calculated under different rotation angles, suction intensity and separation plate position. The calculated results are compared with the wind tunnel experimental results, which verifies the feasibility of the numerical results and establishes a foundation for the optimal design of turbine sails.

液力缓速器变叶片数的三维数值模拟

将液力缓速器动静结合面定义为内部边界,解决了流体出入口在同一平面内的问题.利用Fluent软件对不同叶片数的液力缓速器的内流场进行数值模拟,计算采用雷诺时均方程和k-ε湍流模型,计算结果显示了液力缓速器不同叶片数下的速度分布、压力分布规律,并对流场内部流动进行了分析和研究.结果表明,随着叶片数的增加,进出口面速度的大小有先增大后减小趋势.轴面流道涡旋范围先增加后逐渐减小;而叶片吸力面的低压区逐渐扩大;叶片数为36时压力面的静压分布最均匀.

不同建筑物宽高比的街道峡谷内部气流场数值模拟

基于标准的kε双方程湍流模型,数值模拟了2种峡谷宽高比和4种建筑物宽高比下的开阔地域街道峡谷内部气流场.模拟结果表明,峡谷上部生成一顺时针大旋涡,并在此大旋涡的驱动下,峡谷内部形成一个逆时针旋涡;建筑物宽高比(W/H)对峡谷内部气流场具有显著影响,在W/H较小的情况下(如W/H=1/5),峡谷上部顺时针旋涡向峡谷内扩展而挤压峡谷内的逆时针旋涡,在峡谷宽高比(B/H)一定的前提下,上部顺时针旋涡向峡谷内部扩展的程度随W/H的减小而增大,而在W/H一定的条件下,上部顺时针旋涡向峡谷内部扩展的程度随B/H的加大而增强.从上述峡谷内部流场的特征中可推断出,在建筑物高度一定的条件下,缩小建筑物宽度和加大峡谷宽度会增强峡谷内外空气的交换,从而有利于峡谷内空气品质的改善.

转柱泵瞬时流量的理论推导及数值模拟

为研究转柱泵瞬时流量变化规律的影响因素,设计转柱泵的计算模型.按照其结构与工作原理,从理论上推导出瞬时流量的计算公式,采用动网格技术和编译自定义函数,并结合k-ε湍流模型,对转柱泵内部流场进行非定常数值模拟.结果表明:转柱泵瞬时流量理论计算的推导结果与数值模拟结果基本吻合,转柱泵的瞬时流量呈周期性脉动;泵进出口配流位置角度极为重要,若出口位置滞后,则产生闭死容积,液压腔内盘内压力迅速升高,并产生压力自由震荡,导致在数值模拟中瞬时流量每个周期会出现一段周期性、无规律的上下波动;除了外部尺寸参数以外,配流盘转角设置是转柱泵瞬时流量重要的影响因素.

旋转射流搅拌器全场数值模拟分析

目前应用于大型工程流体储罐最安全、最有效的搅拌系统是旋转射流搅拌(RJM)系统。在RJM系统的设计开发过程中,工业上对该系统的要求是不仅要射程远,能够使储罐流体横向有运动,而且要求四周的扩散效果要更好。针对以高粘度流体为工作介质,采用标准k-ε湍流模型,对储罐内射流搅拌的全三维流场进行了数值模拟计算,估算了射流的流程、影响范围及搅拌效果,采用数值计算方法考察了搅拌效果。研究结果显示,该方法可以克服实验中经费投入和测量精度等方面的限制,对工程应用具有很重要的意义。

基于CFD的混流式水轮机减压管数值分析

水轮机中的减压管对于水力发电机组稳定性的影响,已经引起了研究人员和运行人员的普遍关注。基于计算流体动力学软件CFX,采用N-S方程和RNG k-ε湍流模型,通过对某电站原型水轮机进行三维定常全流道数值计算,分析了含减压管和转轮上冠密封间隙的混流式水轮机三维全流道数值模拟的建模过程,以及减压管对转轮上冠密封间隙流场的影响,并且分析了转轮上冠密封间隙和减压管内部流动的特性。

基于FLUENT软件的闸后水跃二维数值模拟

本文采用标准k-ε湍流模型封闭Reynolds方程作为紊流控制方程组,用几何重构VOF法追踪自由表面,流场计算用PISO算法,对水闸后水跃强紊流区流速场进行了数值模拟;用毕托管测水跃流速,将数值模拟结果与实测结果进行了比较,表明了算法的可行性与实用性。

基于空调车厢内气流分布的人体热舒适研究

利用带浮升力效应的K—ε湍流模型对空调硬座车内三维素流流动和传热进行了数值模拟。将人体散热和太阳辐射作为能量方程的附加源项,采用有限容积法将计算区域离散为均匀网格,用SIMPLE算法求解离散控制方程,研究了空调硬座车内空气流动速度、温度及热舒适性评价指标PMV分布规律。研究结果为空调车内气流组织的优化设计提供依据,对改善车厢内人体热舒适环境具有指导意义。图7,参8。

进口压力对一种引射系统性能的影响

为模拟一种用于发动机台架的引射系统的性能 ,对该系统建立了三维计算网格 ,应用k ε湍流模型对一系列不同进口压力的状况分别进行了计算。得到了全管内的详尽的压力、温度、速度场的分布情况。对不同进口压力下 ,主要计算结果进行了对比。

Numerical simulation and analysis of solid-liquid two-phase threedimensional unsteady flow in centrifugal slurry pump

Based on RNG k-ε turbulence model and sliding grid technique, solid-liquid two-phase three-dimensional(3-D) unsteady turbulence of full passage in slurry pump was simulated by means of Fluent software. The effects of unsteady flow characteristics on solid-liquid two-phase flow and pump performance were researched under design condition. The results show that clocking effect has a significant influence on the flow in pump, and the fluctuation of flow velocity and pressure is obvious, particularly near the volute tongue, at the position of small sections of volute and within diffuser. Clocking effect has a more influence on liquid-phase than on solid-phase, and the wake-jet structure of relative velocity of solid-phase is less obvious than liquid-phase near the volute tongue and the impeller passage outlet. The fluctuation of relative velocity of solid-phase flow is 7.6% smaller than liquid-phase flow at the impeller outlet on circular path. Head and radial forces of the impeller are 8.1% and 85.7% of fluctuation, respectively. The results provide a theoretical basis for further research for turbulence, improving efficient, reducing the hydraulic losses and wear. Finally, field tests were carried out to verify the operation and wear of slurry pump.

Effect of pumping chamber on performance of non-overload centrifugal pump

In order to specify the characteristics of un-overloaded centrifugal pumps, the IH100-65-200 pump was chosen as the model pump. Different calculation models for centrifugal pumps were established under different pumping chamber sectional parameters. In the numerical simulation of the centrifugal pumps flow field, the shaft power, head, efficiency, and the changes of the internal flow field under different sectional areas and sectional shapes were studied with the RNG k-ε turbulence model, and the influence of the pumping chamber section characteristics of the non-overloaded centrifugal pumps were analyzed. The results show that sectional areas have a significant impact on the non-overload characteristics of centrifugal pumps. The shaft power and head of centrifugal pump are increasing with a lager sectional area, by which the gradient of head curves decreases. The efficiency is improved under a large flow rate condition, but the head and the efficiency are reduced at a small flow rate. It is also observed that the sectional shapes have less influence on the shaft power, the hydraulic performance and flow field characteristics of a centrifugal pump.

Computational fluid dynamics simulation of gas-liquid two phases flow in 320 m^3 air-blowing mechanical flotation cell using different turbulence models

According to the recently developed single-trough floating machine with the world's largest volume(inflatable mechanical agitation flotation machine with volume of 320 m3) in China, the gas-fluid two-phase flow in flotation cell was simulated using computational fluid dynamics method. It is shown that hexahedral mesh scheme is more suitable for the complex structure of the flotation cell than tetrahedral mesh scheme, and a mesh quality ranging from 0.7 to 1.0 is obtained. Comparative studies of the standard k-ε, k-ω and realizable k-ε turbulence models were carried out. It is indicated that the standard k-ε turbulence model could give a result relatively close to the practice and the liquid phase flow field is well characterized. In addition, two obvious recirculation zones are formed in the mixing zones, and the pressure on the rotor and stator is well characterized. Furthermore, the simulation results using improved standard k-ε turbulence model show that surface tension coefficient of 0.072, drag model of Grace and coefficient of 4, and lift coefficient of 0.001 can be achieved. The research results suggest that gas-fluid two-phase flow in large flotation cell can be well simulated using computational fluid dynamics method.

Effect of Inlet Guide Vanes on the Performance of Small Axial Flow Fan

Effects of the inlet guide vanes on the static characteristics, aerodynamic noise and internal flow characteristics of a small axial flow fan are studied in this work. The inlet guide vanes with different outlet angle are designed, which are mounted on the casing and located at the upstream of the impeller of the prototype fan. Both steady and unsteady flow simulations arc performed. The steady flow is simulated by the calculations of Navier-Stokes equa- tions coupled with RNG k-epsilon turbulence model, while the unsteady flow is computed with large eddy simu- lation. According to the theoretical analysis, the inlet guide vanes with outlet angle of 60° are regarded as the op- timal inlet guide vanes. The static characteristic experiment is carried out in a standard test rig and the aerody- namic noise is tested in a semi-anechoic room. Then, performances of the fan with optimal inlet guide vanes are compared with those of the prototype fan. The results show that there is reasonable agreement between the simu- lation results and the experimental data. It is found that the static characteristics of small axial flow fan is im- proved obviously after installing the optimal inlet guide vanes. Meanwhile, the optimal inlet guide vanes have effect on reducing noise at the near field, but have little effect on the noise at the far field.

Simulation and Experiment Research of Aerodynamic Performance of Small Axial Fans with Struts

Interaction between rotor and struts has great effect on the performance of small axial fan systems. The small axial fan systems are selected as the studied objects in this paper, and four square struts are downstream of the rotor. The cross section of the struts is changed to the cylindrical shapes for the investigation： one is in the same hy- draulic diameter as the square struts and another one is in the same cross section as the square struts. Influence of the shape of the struts on the static pressure characteristics, the internal flow and the sound emission of the small axial fans are studied. Standard K-s turbulence model and SIMPLE algorithm are applied in the calculation of the steady fluid field, and the curves of the pressure rising against the flow rate are obtained, which demonstrates that the simulation results are in nice consistence with the experimental data. The steady calculation results are set as the initial field in the unsteady calculation. Large eddy simulation and PISO algorithm are used in the transient calculation, and the Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings model is introduced to predict the sound level at the eight monitoring points. The research results show that： the static pressure coefficients of the fan with cylindrical struts increase by about 25% compared to the fan with square strum, and the efficiencies increase by about 28.6%. The research provides a theoretical guide for shape optimization and noise reduction of small axial fan with struts.

Numerical simulation of air entrainment and suppression in pump sump

The dynamics of air entrainment and suppression schemes in a pump sump are investigated. Four different turbulence models(standard k-ε model, realizable k-ε model, renormalization group(RNG) k-ε model and shear-stress transport(SST) k-ω model) and the volume of fluid(VOF) multiphase model are employed to simulate the three-dimensional unsteady turbulent flow in a pump sump. The dynamic processes of air entrainment are simulated under conditions of relatively high discharge and low submergence; the mechanism of air entrainment is discussed in detail. Then suppression means for air entrainment is adopted by placing a circular plate on the intake pipe at three different heights. The results show: the position and structure of the free-surface vortices, sidewall-attached vortices, back wall-attached vortices, and floor-attached vortices calculated by SST k-ω turbulence model agree well with the experimental data. The two main contributors for air entrainment are pressure difference and vortex strength. By placing a circular plate in the middle of the intake pipe under water, air entrainment is suppressed because vortex strength is reduced.