Hydrochemical Characteristics and Evolution of Underground Brine in Lop Nur,Northwestern China

Lop Nur is located at the eastmost end of the Tarim Basin in Xinjiang,Northwestern China.This study reviews the hydrochemical characteristics and evolution of underground brine in Lop Nur,based on analytical data from 429 water samples(mainly brine).It is found that in the NE-SW direction,from the periphery to the Luobei sub-depression,while the hydrochemical type varies from the sodium sulfate subtype(S)to the magnesium sulfate subtype(M),the corresponding brine in the phase diagram transfers from the thenardite phase(Then)area,through the bloedite phase(Blo),epsomite phase(Eps),picromerite phase(Picro),finally reaching the sylvite phase(Syl)area.As for the degree of evolution,the sequence is the periphery<Luobei horizontally and the overlying glauberite brine<the underlying clastic brine vertically.It is concluded that the oxygen and hydrogen isotopic compositions of the brine have evidently been affected through the effects of evaporation and altitude,as well as the changes in local water circulation in recent years.Boron and chloride isotopic compositions show that the glauberite brine is formed under more arid conditions than the clastic one.The strontium isotopic composition indicates that the Lop Nur brine primarily originates from surface water;however,deep recharge may also be involved in the evolution of the brine,according to previous noble gas studies.It is confirmed that the brine in Lop Nur has become enriched with potassium prior to halite precipitation over the full course of the salt lake's evolution.Based on chemical compositions of brine from drillhole LDK01 and previous lithological studies,the evolution of the salt lake can be divided into three stages and it is inferred that the brine in Lop Nur may have undergone at least two significant concentration-dilution periods.

Genotypic Difference of Plants in K-Enrichment Capability and the Distribution of K in Plant Rhizosphere

Plant genotypic difference of pot assiu m-enr ich ment capab ility and p ot assi um (K ) d ist rib ut ion at root-soil ioterface of different plant genotypes were studied by using seven plant species and eight varieties oftobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). The results indicated that K enrichment capability was: Ethiopian guizotia(Guizotia abyssinica Cass.)>feather cockscomb (Celosia arpentea L.)>alligator alternanthera (Alternantheraphiloxeroides (Mart.) Griseb.)> tobacco>sesbania (Sesbania cannabina (Retz.) Pers.)>wheat (Thticumaestivum L.)>broadbean (Vicia faba L.). Ethiopian guizotia showed very high K-enrichment capability atdifferent soil K levels, and the K content in its dry matter was over 110 mg kg-1 when soil K was fullysupplied, and about 60 mg kg-1 when no K fertilizer was applied. For alligator alternanthera, the capabilityto accumulate K was closely related with its growth medium. When it was grown on soils, both the K contentand K uptake rate of the plant were similar to those of tobacco. Evident K dep1etion was observed in therhizosphere of all plant species, and the depletion rate was related to the capability of K enrichment of plant.

Chemical Analysis of Water and the Resource of Br,K Prospects of Oilfield Brines from Ordovician and Carboniferous in Tarim,China

China is lack of bromine and potassium seriously.Oilfield brines is the headline goal of bromine and potassium resources exploration.Applicants grab 24oilfield brines samples from various wells of Ordovician

四川盆地三叠系气田型深层富钾锂卤水勘探历程、进展与展望

四川盆地三叠系嘉陵江组和雷口坡组不仅是常规天然气的主要赋存层位,同时也形成和储存了富含钾锂等关键元素的卤水资源。本文梳理总结了四川盆地三叠系气田型深层卤水勘探进程、成因机理、富集规律方面的进展和认识,并对潜在的研究重点进行了展望。四川盆地三叠系气田型深层卤水中钾、锂等关键金属元素均达到了工业品位,随着全球对锂资源需求的增大,由起初的“气钾兼探”逐渐向“气钾锂综合勘探”过渡。四川盆地三叠系深层富钾锂卤水的成因机制大体上相同,其中干旱气候条件下古海水的蒸发浓缩致使卤水中的钾锂富集;高温高压下含钾/锂元素的杂卤石/绿豆岩与埋藏卤水发生水岩反应,进一步促进了钾锂的富集;淋滤作用也是卤水中钾元素富集的重要成因。深层卤水主要储集于各类白云岩中,其富集主要受断裂、裂缝发育带和背斜等构造控制,富集规律可归纳为“孔隙裂缝储卤、断裂运卤、背斜核部富卤”。基于目前四川盆地气田型深层卤水的勘探现状和不足,未来应该加强地球物理勘探集成新技术的研发、资源评价方法与体系的优化、含高品位伴生元素新层系的勘探以及气田型卤水有效开发利用技术的研究。未来有望在四川盆地气田型深层卤水继续取得新的找矿突破。

普光地区下三叠统富锂钾卤水成因与分布规律

通过对普光地区钻孔卤水和油田水水化学分析测试,开展离子比例研究,明确嘉陵江组和飞仙关组各亚段卤水的成因机制和分布规律。研究结果表明:嘉陵江组卤水K^(+)质量浓度在4060.00~20160.00 mg/L,Li^(+)质量浓度在26.00~271.00 mg/L,整体为海水浓缩特征。嘉四段—嘉五段卤水K^(+)质量浓度在4110.00~20160.00 mg/L,Li^(+)质量浓度在76.15~271.00 mg/L,Li^(+),K^(+)富集受海水蒸发浓缩、“绿豆岩”风化作用和淋滤作用主控;嘉二段卤水K^(+)质量浓度在4060.00~4140.00 mg/L,Li^(+)质量浓度在26.00~27.80 mg/L,受海水蒸发浓缩及膏盐溶解主控。飞仙关组卤水K^(+)质量浓度在6.13~650.00 mg/L,Li^(+)质量浓度在0.02~50.60 mg/L,整体为地下溶滤特征。飞三段—飞四段卤水K^(+)质量浓度在588.00~650.00 mg/L,Li^(+)质量浓度在40.40~50.60 mg/L,Li^(+),K^(+)富集受膏岩等围岩溶滤和嘉陵江组卤水运移主控;飞一段—飞二段卤水K^(+)质量浓度在6.13~478.00 mg/L,Li^(+)质量浓度在0.02~17.90 mg/L,由地层水对碳酸盐岩溶解主控。富锂钾卤水平面上主要分布在大湾-土主构造及其构造作用中等的翼部。

中国地热水中锂元素分布特征及资源开发利用

【研究目的】近年来,锂在新兴技术和低碳技术产业需求增长迅速,已成为全球主要经济体的关键矿产。尤其在“双碳”目标下,中国对锂资源的需求也日益迫切,当前锂的安全供应已严重制约了中国新能源产业发展。中国锂资源开发对象以卤水型和伟晶岩型为主,但地热卤水型也具有一定资源潜力,因此需要研究中国地热水锂元素分布特征。【研究方法】基于前人对全国范围地热水调查和研究的成果,本文介绍和讨论中国地热水中锂含量分布特征、影响因素、地热水提锂技术及地热勘查技术。【研究结果】分析了全国30个省市主要热储中地热水锂含量,实际计算出1989处地热水锂金属年排放量为789 t,估算中国地热水锂金属年排放量3233 t,显示地热水中锂资源具有一定的潜力。【研究结论】影响地热水锂含量的主要因素为围岩及热储岩石性质、温度、水岩相互作用等,也发现锂同位素在示踪陆区地热系统来源、水岩相互作用及物质来源方面具有良好潜力。中国富锂地热水富集机制主要分为喜马拉雅地热带型和四川盆地型,前者与上地壳重熔型岩浆上涌有关,后者与地层中膏盐的溶滤有关。此外,本文提出未来我国富锂地热水找矿方向集中在青藏高原、四川盆地、江汉盆地等及油(气)田水。“热锂兼探”、“热锂兼采”,实现资源利用最大化,多元地热勘查技术也将助力地热产业发展。

盐度对日本囊对虾仔虾生长发育和Na^+-K^+-ATPase活力的影响

研究了盐度对日本囊对虾仔虾(Marsupenaeus Japonicus)的生长发育和Na+-K+-ATPase活力的影响。结果表明,盐度对日本囊对虾仔虾存活率、增重率和Na+-K+-ATPase活力的影响显著(P<0.05)。随着向低盐度变化的增加,仔虾的存活率和增重率明显下降,而向高盐度变化无显著差异;在盐度变化48h内,随着盐度变化的增加仔虾Na+-K+-ATPase活力变化增大,各处理组仔虾Na+-K+-ATPase活力随着取样时间的增加呈峰值变化,至24h时低盐度处理组酶活力达到最大值,而高盐度处理组达到最小值:至48h^72h时,不同盐度下仔虾Na+-K+-ATPase活力趋于稳定,而且盐度越低酶活力越大。由此表明日本囊对虾仔虾在低盐度地下卤水中的适宜盐度为20‰—24‰。

增压富氧燃烧烟气辐射特性宽带关联k模型

针对增压富氧燃烧方式下烟气中高浓度H2O和CO2混合气体的辐射换热问题,以改进的宽带关联k分布模型为基础,建立了CO2气体4.3μm多谱带合并带的分段处理模型,并与逐线计算和简化模型的计算结果进行对比,结果表明,随着压力的增大,该分段模型与逐线计算结果吻合较好,与简化模型相比,计算精度大大提高。针对电站燃煤锅炉采用富氧燃烧方式炉内H2O和CO2的生成状况,基于以上模型计算得出不同压力下H2O和CO2各谱带的吸收系数,并计算了不同温度和压力下混合气体的辐射强度和发射率,结果显示:在相同的压力下,混合气体的辐射强度和发射率随着温度的升高而升高;当压力由0.1MPa逐渐升至1.5MPa时,辐射强度和发射率逐渐增大,但二者的相对变化却逐渐减小。

基于宽带关联k模型的气体辐射特性分析与计算

针对富氧燃烧方式下烟气中高浓度H2O和CO2混合气体的辐射换热问题,建立了一种改进的宽带关联(IWBCK)分布模型.为了验证IWBCK模型计算的有效性,首先选取不同配比的H2O/CO2混合气体进行计算分析,并与逐线计算和基于指数的宽带关联k分布模型进行对比,表明IWBCK模型对H2O/CO2混合气体的处理较合理,与逐线计算的结果更加接近;以某电站300MW燃煤锅炉为例,采用IWBCK模型计算了空气燃烧方式下三原子气体的辐射特性,并与前苏联锅炉机组热力计算标准的计算模型进行了对比分析,结果表明:两种模型的计算结果基本吻合,说明IWBCK模型对空气燃烧方式也是有效的.基于分区段热力计算的方法,采用IWBCK模型分别计算了该锅炉在空气燃烧方式和富氧燃烧方式(30%O2/70%CO2)下各区段三原子气体的吸收系数和发射率,结果表明:在不同温度下,富氧燃烧方式下三原子气体的吸收系数和发射率有不同程度的提高,辐射换热加强.

富氧燃烧含灰烟气辐射特性的部分光谱k模型

针对煤粉在富氧燃烧方式下烟气为炭黑、飞灰、高浓度CO2和H2O蒸气混合物的辐射换热问题,建立了描述混合物非灰辐射特性的部分光谱k分布模型。为了验证模型的有效性,以文献中煤粉在富氧燃烧方式下烟气生成状况为例,采用该模型与离散坐标法相结合的方法,计算了一维无限大平行平板、单光谱行程和二维矩形封闭系统内混合物的辐射源项和壁面热流量,并与逐线计算、全光谱k分布模型和宽带k分布模型的计算结果进行了比较。结果表明:所提出的部分光谱k分布模型与逐线计算的结果吻合较好;与文献报道的两个模型相比,计算精度有所提高,因此适用于富氧燃烧方式下含灰烟气辐射特性的计算。

西藏西北部盐湖卤水富矿因素及成矿机理

青藏高原盐湖区是我国四大现代盐湖区之一,矿产资源十分丰富,所含的资源量及潜在经济价值巨大,其盐湖卤水成矿机制一直是众多学者研究的重点。对西藏西北部37个湖泊地表卤水进行系统采样和分析测试的结果表明,这些盐湖地表卤水中氯化锂的平均品位为0.19~748.20 mg/L,其中洞错盐湖成矿潜力较大,矿床地表卤水锂矿可达中型规模;此外,加琼错、懂布错、别若则错及热帮错同样具有较好的开发利用价值。通过对盐湖卤水成矿条件综合研究分析认为,西藏西北部盐湖卤水成矿可能与新特提斯洋壳俯冲及印度欧亚大陆碰撞作用关系密切。

柴达木盆地砂砾型孔隙卤水夏季自然蒸发实验

这是一篇矿业工程领域的论文。柴达木盆地深层砂砾型孔隙卤水属高钙、高钠、低钾的不饱和氯化物型卤水,尚未开发。选取大浪滩矿区地下1000~2000 m处砂砾型孔隙卤水480 kg,在夏季自然状态下蒸发结晶,分析各离子在固、液相中的分布规律及盐类结晶规律、结晶形态,研究钾的主要析出特点。结果表明:在室外自然状态下蒸发时,析盐过程主要分为石盐→光卤石→水氯镁石→溢晶石四个阶段,其中石盐阶段析盐规律符合Na^(+),K^(+),Mg^(2+)//Cl^(-)—H_(2)O体系25℃相图,光卤石、水氯镁石阶段符合K^(+),Ca^(2+),Mg^(2+)//Cl^(-)—H_(2)O体系25℃相图;钾有单独的析出阶段,该阶段钾主要以光卤石形态析出,钾的回收率达85.76%,钾混盐中K^(+)含量9.27%,是生产钾肥的优质原料;钙在水氯镁石阶段之后析出。实验结果可为该类型卤水的开发利用提供参考。

SO_(2)-H_(2)O体系中锌电解阳极泥还原浸出锰的研究

锌电解阳极泥中含有大量的锰,目前企业常用的处理方法为返回浸出工序再利用,但该法会导致系统溶液中锰离子浓度偏高,影响电解。本研究利用SO_(2)还原特性,探究了锌电解阳极泥在SO_(2)-H2O体系中锰的还原浸出行为,并考察了工艺条件对锰浸出率及钾、钙溶出率的影响。结果表明,在初始酸度0 g/L、液固比4.0、SO_(2)用量3.5 mol、反应温度40℃、反应时间1.5 h、搅拌转速400 r/min的条件下,Mn浸出率达到99.7%,钾、钙的溶出率分别为89.7%、28.6%,富锰液中钾、钙等杂质通过化学沉淀法除去后可用于制备工业级硫酸锰;浸出渣的主要化学成分为铅37.79%、银1480 g/t、锶12.49%和硅6.07%,分别以PbSO_(4)、SrSO_(4)和SiO_(2)等形式存在,后续可通过火法工艺还原挥发渣中铅、银和锶至烟尘中,再进一步分离。本文处理锌电解阳极泥的方法实现了锰的高效浸出回收,避免了锰返回浸出工序造成电解系统锰离子浓度过高影响生产的问题,同时实现了浸出渣中有价金属元素铅、银、锶的富集,富集倍数约为9,提高了浸出渣的附加值。

TWO TYPES OF CENOZOIC HIGH-K MAGMATINSM IN EASTERN TIBET:IMPLICATIONS FOR THE NATURE OF MANTLE SOURCES

Cenozoic high\|K igneous rocks are widely distributed in eastern Tibet. These rocks are exposed as flows, dykes and small intrusions along a narrow north\|south trending zone, which follows Tertiary fold belts and the Batang—Lijiang and Ailao Shan—Red River strike\|slip systems. Although several models were proposed to interpret their petrogenesis (Deng, 1989; Arnaud et al., 1991; Turner et al., 1996; Yin et al., 1995; Miller et al., 1999), their origin still remains hotly debated. Moreover, the published results were only focused on the high\|K igneous rocks resulted from partial melting of an enriched lithospheric mantle. Here, we present the detailed documents to testify the existence of a new kind of high\|K igneous rocks in eastern Tibet.Our new 39 Ar/ 40 Ar age data (Wang et al., 1999) and published age data for high\|K rocks in eastern Tibet show two distinctive magmatic episodes: one between 42Ma and 24Ma, and the other since ca.16Ma. They correspond to two types of high\|K magmatism in eastern Tibet. We name the older and younger groups as types Ⅰ and Ⅱ, respectively.

Formation of Li Salts from Natural Brines during Isothermal Evaporation at 25℃

Li brines are the primary resources for Li salt industries.Evaporation is necessary to concentrate Li due to its low level of concentration in raw brines.The salt sequences during the evaporation of Li brines,especially the behavior of Li salts,represent key data for solar technologies.However,chemists cannot use any phase diagram to estimate Li salt sequences during evaporation at 25℃.The thermodynamic model proposed by us in 2003 represents the only tool for the prediction of equilibrium conditions during the evaporation of solutions containing Li^+,Na^+,K^+,Mg^2+/Cl^-,SO4^2-,and-H2O components at 25℃.In this paper,the predicted salt sequences of 20 brines are reported.The results indicate that (1) the first crystallized Li salt during evaporation of Li brine varies in brine composition;(2) lithium sulfate is crystallized in many cases initially for brines of magnesium sulfate subtype,while Db4 (Li2SO4 ·K2SO4 ) or Db3 (2Li2SO4 ·Na2SO4 ·K2SO4 ) appears first for sodium sulfate and magnesium sulfate subtypes with lower Mg/Li composition,and the final eutectic point is H+LiC+Lc+Ls+Car;(3) the final eutectic point is H+LiC+Lc+Car for brines of chloride type;and (4) Li content corresponding to the first crystallized Li salt is in the range of 0.43%-1%.These findings enhance our knowledge of Li chemistry and provide insights into solar pond technology of the Li-brine process.

全球锂矿床的分类、外生锂矿成矿作用与提取技术

【研究目的】为明确锂矿的找矿方向与勘查部署重点工作,矿床类型的合理划分非常重要。【研究方法】本文按照锂资源赋存性质,对其详加厘定和划分,尝试把锂矿床(资源)按内、外生成因进行划分。【研究结果】将全球锂矿床按照内外生成因划分为10种类型和5个亚类。【结论】国外已查明新生代外生锂矿床的形成与分布主要受控于板块碰撞带,主要物质来源与深部洋壳重熔岩浆有关,形成时代主要在中新世和古近纪后期;具有偏酸性的岩浆专属性,盐湖型、地热型、火山沉积型锂矿与含锂凝灰岩和热水密切相关,且锂盐湖具有趋低性迁聚,超常富集机制,但对晚古生代黏土亚型和深部卤水物质来源,有待进一步查明;由于锂矿床(资源)类型多,成因复杂,它们是在多圈层相互作用形成的,建议要用构造地球化学、古大气环流和盐类学相结合研究的路线,开展外生锂矿床(资源)成矿作用研究。

Classification and mineralization of global lithium deposits and lithium extraction technologies for exogenetic lithium deposits

A reasonable classification of deposits holds great significance for identifying prospecting targets and deploying exploration. The world ’s keen demand for lithium resources has expedited the discovery of numerous novel lithium resources. Given the presence of varied classification criteria for lithium resources presently, this study further ascertained and classified the lithium resources according to their occurrence modes, obtaining 10 types and 5 subtypes of lithium deposits(resources) based on endogenetic and exogenetic factors. As indicated by surveys of Cenozoic exogenetic lithium deposits in China and abroad,the formation and distribution of the deposits are primarily determined by plate collision zones, their primary material sources are linked to the anatectic magmas in the deep oceanic crust, and they were formed primarily during the Miocene and Late Paleogene. The researchers ascertained that these deposits,especially those of the salt lake, geothermal, and volcanic deposit types, are formed by unique slightly acidic magmas, tend to migrate and accumulate toward low-lying areas, and display supernormal enrichment. However, the material sources of lithium deposits(resources) of the Neopaleozoic clay subtype and the deep brine type are yet to be further identified. Given the various types and complex origins of lithium deposits(resources), which were formed due to the interactions of multiple spheres, it is recommended that the mineralization of exogenetic lithium deposits(resources) be investigated by integrating tectono-geochemistry, paleoatmospheric circulation, and salinology. So far, industrialized lithium extraction is primarily achieved in lithium deposits of the salt lake, clay, and hard rock types. The lithium extraction employs different processes, with lithium extraction from salt lake-type lithium deposits proving the most energy-saving and cost-effective.

柴达木盆地马海盐湖地下卤水地球物理探测及应用

柴达木盆地盐湖地区地下卤水资源储量丰富,含卤水层具有孔隙度较小、非均质、各向异性较强及富卤水性能差异较大等特征。为精准探测马海盐湖地下卤水富集区域,获取盐岩分布密度差异性变化区间,针对柴达木盆地马海盐湖地区特有的盐岩介质、晶间高矿化度卤水,以及孔隙储卤、裂隙与断层控卤等多种储卤模式并存的地质条件,采用了包括抽水试验和高精度重力探测法、音频大地电磁探测法、高分辨率地震探测法的多尺度、多种物探方法对结晶盐层与富卤水地层进行了探测。抽水试验的结果表明,K_(12)、K_(13)、K_(14)等井组所处的卤水富集区Ⅰ出水量为37297 m^(3)/d,T_(1)、K_(1)、K_(4)等井组所处的卤水富集区Ⅱ出水量为35736 m^(3)/d;基于抽水试验和多种地球物理探测信息集成技术,确定了两处可实现持续与稳定开采的地下卤水富集区域,并刻画其地层结构与地质构造。

地质流体自然类型与成矿流体类型

水是地球上特征的地质流体 ,大部分矿床是在水热流体参与下形成的 ,但并不是所有流体都参与成矿。根据水的主要存在环境把水分为地质流体和成矿流体类型。各种环境广泛存在的水所构成的地质流体 ,又可细分为大气降水、盆地建造水、海水、岩浆水和变质水各种类型。研究认为成矿流体的形成主要与地质作用有关 ,是地质流体在特定环境特定演化阶段形成的特征产物。成矿流体则可划分为高温硅钾卤水、中温碳酸盐卤水及低温硫酸盐卤水。高温硅钾卤水中硅钾组分含量与温度、盐度成正相关关系 ,并且其中富含F-、B2 O3组分。这些特征与成矿作用中的高温钾化、硅化、萤石化及电气石化蚀变及热水沉积特征是一致的 ,高温成矿流体在演化过程中依次可以演变为中温或低温成矿流体。中温成矿流体以碳酸盐型流体为主 ,以富含Mn2 +,Fe2 +,Mg2 +的碳酸盐化合物为特征。低温成矿流体一般为硫酸盐型卤水 ,主要是Ba2 +,Sr2 +,Ca2 +的硫酸盐化合物 ,在海陆相各环境中广泛存在。大洋底部成矿流体是特殊环境下的地质流体类型 ,具有更广泛的温度区间 ,可以是从高温到中低温的系列流体类型 ,并且具有特殊地球化学组成。一般形成高温硅钾卤水与岩浆作用或变质作用有关 ,由于充分的水岩交代作用 ,可以获得较高的温度及足够的溶质组分 ;

库车前陆盆地古近系—新近系铜矿化特征及铜的来源、富集分布初探

库车盆地铜成矿作用发生在新近纪,主要有砂岩型、泥岩型、灰岩型铜矿化。矿化主要分布于盆地南部的秋里塔格构造带和北部的克拉苏构造带,基本位于背斜核部偏两翼部位,沿近东西向的断裂带呈带状分布,发育在盐丘附近。主要的地表铜矿物为氯铜矿,是干旱气候条件下含盐盆地的产物。盆地古近系石盐、石膏样品电镜分析、石膏铜含量化学分析及新近系碎屑岩中铜含量变化分析结果表明:盐岩、膏岩,褐红色碎屑岩(粉砂岩、泥质粉砂岩、泥岩)为铜的矿源层,灰绿色粉砂岩、泥岩、灰白色(含砾)中粗砂岩为铜的含矿层。铜离子的运移载体主要为源自大气降水溶解石盐、石膏所形成的卤水,卤水淋滤褐红色碎屑岩中的铜并下渗到地下,在以构造挤压为主及盐构造卸负作用产生流体上涌的驱动力下沿断裂向地表运移,随着卤水温度压力降低,干旱气候条件下,在地表碎屑岩节理面、部分层理面上发育石盐、石膏及氯铜矿,形成地表砂岩型、泥岩型、灰岩型铜矿化。当含铜卤水经过被方解石交代的硬石膏带(氧化-还原化学障)时,遇到因TSR反应形成富含还原硫的卤水,铜会发生富集,可能形成地下铜矿体。