Carrageenan Fiber Prepared by a New Process Route of Ba^(2+)Ion Pre-Crosslinking in the Spinning Solution

Ba^(2+)pre-crosslinked carrageenan fiber(Ba/CAF)was prepared by adding a small amount of Ba^(2+) to the carrageenan(CA)solution as the spinning solution.Ba/CAF-n/A,Ba/CAF-n/B and Ba/CAF-n/C were prepared with ethanol solution(combine A),high concentration BaCl_(2)solution(combine B)and low concentration BaCl_(2)solution(combine C),as coagulation bath and stretch bath,respectively.The combination of coagulation bath and stretch bath suitable for Ba^(2+) pre-crosslinking wet spinning was screened.The results showed that Ba^(2+) can induce the birefringence of the CA molecular chain,and the Ba^(2+) pre-crosslinking effect is the best when the CA mass fraction is 8.0 wt%.From the perspective of production safety,fiber performance and spinning cost,the coagulation bath of 3.5 wt%BaCl_(2)solution and stretch bath of 1.7 wt%BaCl_(2)solution,that is,combination C with low concentration BaCl_(2)solution,is the best choice.Ba/CAF-8.0/C was obtained under the best conditions.The linear intensity,water absorption and flame retardancy study showed that the breaking strength of Ba/CAF-8.0/C is as high as 1.61 cN/dtex,the water absorption was 649.2%and 574.3%,in deionized water and normal saline,respectively,and the LOI value reached 32.

卡拉胶-变性淀粉-蛋清蛋白复合凝胶的制备及特性表征

以卡拉胶、羟丙基二淀粉磷酸酯和蛋清粉为原料,制备卡拉胶-羟丙基二淀粉磷酸酯-蛋清蛋白三元复合凝胶并对其凝胶特性和微观结构特性进行表征,同时探究不同改性蛋清粉与复合多糖的相互作用及其对复合凝胶特性的影响。结果显示,与单体卡拉胶、卡拉胶/变性淀粉二元复合凝胶相比,多糖-蛋白复合凝胶的凝胶强度和持水性增大,弹性模量G’值显著提高,弛豫时间T_(23)显著缩短,其相对峰面积占比A23减小,可冻结水分含量下降。多糖-蛋白复合凝胶红外光谱出现振幅增大以及峰位弱移现象。利用X射线衍射仪分析凝胶的结晶特性,多糖-蛋白复合凝胶的衍射峰强度减弱,结晶度存在一定程度的降低。利用扫描电子显微镜观察凝胶的微观结构发现复合多糖与蛋清蛋白的相互作用可以促成稳定的复合凝胶,形成致密均匀的凝胶网络结构。与此同时,不同改性蛋清粉(P10、PHG14、PHG21)与多糖结合的三元复合凝胶在以上所运用的各种分析工具结果中呈现出不同程度的改善,其中PHG14、PHG21参与形成的多糖-蛋白复合凝胶表现出相对更显著的效果,具有更稳定的凝胶特性和微观结构特性。

南瓜籽蛋白-卡拉胶乳液凝胶脂肪替代物的制备与特性分析

利用南瓜籽蛋白和卡拉胶为原料制备乳液凝胶脂肪替代物,通过单因素试验研究了不同配比下南瓜籽蛋白、卡拉胶与大豆油对热诱导乳液凝胶理化特性的影响。结果表明,不同配比的南瓜籽蛋白、卡拉胶和大豆油均能显著影响热诱导凝胶的理化特性。综合分析,当南瓜籽蛋白添加量为3%、卡拉胶添加量为1.5%、大豆油添加量为10%时,制备的乳液凝胶的凝胶特性、乳化稳定性、冻融稳定性、蒸煮损失等指标更稳定。

Immobilization of microorganisms using carrageenan gels coated with chitosan and application to biodegradation of 4-chlorophenol

A new cell immobilization method based on the replacement of KCl by KCl+chitosan as the gelling agent was developed. The experimental results showed that through addition of chitosan into gelling agent, the mechanical strength and the thermal stability of the carrageenan gel were greatly improved. The new immobilization method was used to entrap a chlorophenol degrading microorganism. The immobilized microbial cells were applied for chlorophenol biodegradation. The experiments demonstrated that immobilized cells exhibit a higher bioactivity in the degradation of chlorophenol than free cells.

De novo sequencing and comparative analysis of three red algal species of Family Solieriaceae to discover putative genes associated with carrageenan biosysthesis

Betaphycus gelatinus, Kappaphycus alvarezii and Eucheuma denticulatum of Family Solieriaceae, Order Gi-gartinales, Class Rhodophyceae are three important carrageenan-producing red algal species, which pro-duce different types of carrageenans, beta （β）-carrageenan, kappa （κ）-carrageenan and iota （ι）-carrageenan. So far the carrageenan biosynthesis pathway is not fully understood and few information is about the So-lieriaceae genome and transcriptome sequence. Here, we performed the de novo transcriptome sequencing, assembly, functional annotation and comparative analysis of these three commercial-valuable species using an Illumina short-sequencing platform Hiseq 2000 and bioinformatic software. Furthermore, we compared the different expression of some unigenes involved in some pathways relevant to carrageenan biosynthe-sis. We finally found 861 different expressed KEGG orthologs which contained a glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathway （21 orthologs）, carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms （16 orthologs）, galactose metabolism （5 orthologs）, and fructose and mannose metabolism （9 orthologs） which are parts of the carbohydrate me-tabolism. We also found 8 different expressed KEGG orthologs for sulfur metabolism which might be impor-tantly related to biosynthesis of different types of carrageenans. The results presented in this study provided valuable resources for functional genomics annotation and investigation of mechanisms underlying the biosynthesis of carrageenan in Family Solieriaceae.

Formulation Development of a Carrageenan Based Delivery System for Buccal Drug Delivery Using Ibuprofen as a Model Drug

Solvent cast films are used as oral strips with potential to adhere to the mucosal surface, hydrate and deliver drugs across the buccal membrane. The objective of this study was the formulation development of bioadhesive films with optimum drug loading for buccal delivery. Films prepared from κ-carrageenan, poloxamer and polyethylene glycol or glycerol, were loaded with ibuprofen as a model water insoluble drug. The films were characterized using texture analysis (TA), hot stage microscopy (HSM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and in vitro drug dissolution. Optimized films were obtained from aqueous gels containing 2.5% w/w κ-carrageenan 911, 4% w/w poloxamer 407 and polyethylene glycol (PEG) 600 [5.5% w/w (non-drug loaded) and 6.5% w/w (drug loaded)]. A maximum of 0.8% w/w ibuprofen could be incorporated into the gels to obtain films with optimum characteristics. Texture analysis confirmed that optimum film flexibility was achieved from 5.5% w/w and 6.5% (w/w) of PEG 600 for blank films and ibuprofen loaded films respectively. TGA showed residual water content of the films as approximately 5%. DSC revealed a Tg for ibuprofen at -53.87。C, a unified Tm for PEG 600/poloxamer mixture at 32.74。C and the existence of ibuprofen in amorphous form, and confirmed by XRPD. Drug dissolution at a pH simulating that of saliva showed that amorphous ibuprofen was released from the films at a faster rate than the pure crystalline drug. The results show successful design of a carrageenan and poloxamer based drug delivery system with potential for buccal drug delivery and showed the conversion of crystalline ibuprofen to the amorphous form during film formation.

Optimization of genistein solubilization byκ-carrageenan hydrogel using response surface methodology

κ-Carrageenan was explored to improve genistein solubility by matrix retention.The corresponding maximum value in the efficiency of retention(Re)(50.48 mg/100 mg)was achieved when variables were set as:pH 4.76,temperature 52.12◦C and genistein concentration 0.27 mg/mL.The coefficient of determination(R2)of the response surface regression model presented in this study was 0.9848.The evidences from XRD,DSC and FT-IR attested the amorphous form of genistein in hydrogel matrix.Importantly,the solubility of genistein in hydrogel amorphous form(16.84–34.42g/mL)was much higher than that of its free crystalline form(1.89–6.09g/mL)over 30–90◦C.©2013 Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.

Oligo-carrageenan kappa increases C, N and S assimilation, auxin and gibberellin contents, and growth in Pinus radiata trees

Oligo-carrageenans （OCs） obtained from pure carrageenans extracted from marine red algae stimulate growth by enhancing photosynthesis and basal metabolism in tobacco plants and Eucalyptus trees. In addition, OCs stimulate secondary metabolism, increasing the level of metabolites involved in defense against pathogens. In this work, we analyzed the effect of OC kappa on the increase in height, in activities of basal metabolism enzymes in- volved in carbon, nitrogen and sulphur assimilation, ribu- lose 1,5 biphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase （rubisco）, glutamate dehydrogenase （GDH） and O-acetylserine thiol- lyase （OASTL）, and in the level of growth-promoting hormones, the auxin indole acetic acid （IAA） and the gibberellin GA3, in pine （Pinus radiata） trees treated with OC kappa at concentrations of 1 and 5 mg mL-1 and cultivated for 9 months without additional treatment. Pines treated with OC kappa at 1 mg mL-1 showed a similar increase in height but displayed a higher increased in total chlorophyll, activities of rubisco, GDH and OASTL and level of IAA and GA3 than those treated with OC kappa at 5 mg mL-1. Thus, OC kappa stimulates growth and basal metabolism and increases the level of growth-promoting hormones in pine trees, mainly at 1 mg mL-1.

Dietary Supplementation of <i>κ</i>-Carrageenan to Improve the Physio-Chemical and Functional Properties of White Bread

Fiber intake improves gut health and prevents non-communicable diseases. The current study investigates the substitution of carrageenan in white bread and evaluates its effect on the physiochemical and structural characteristics of bread. The 100% wheat flour was used as control and the test sample contained 4% carrageenan. The physio-chemical analysis showed that carrageenan-substitution improved the hydration properties of the flour (WHC—1.33 g/g;SC—3.50 ml/g). Carrageen substituted bread had reduced the loaf volume. The fiber content in carrageenan-substituted bread was noticeably higher (9.4 g%) than control (3.5 g%). Crude lipid (4.6 g%) and protein (7.0 g%) content improved with carrageenan-substitution. The mineral contents (Na, K, Mg, Ca, Fe, and Zn) were increased in carrageenan-breads. The texture profile analysis showed a decreased hardness (H1—92.3 N, H2—62.5 N) and improved springiness (5.3 mm) in carrageenan-bread.

Preparation and Properties of Carrageenan-g-Poly(Acrylic Acid)/Bentonite Superabsorbent Composite

A novel biopolymer-based superabsorbent hydrogel composite based on kappa-carrageenan (κC) have been prepared via graft copolymerization of acrylic acid (AA) in the presence of bentonite powder using methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) as a crosslinking agent and ammonium persulfate (APS) as an initiator. The hydrogel structure was confirmed using FTIR spectroscopy and the morphology of the samples was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The affecting variables onto graft polymerization (i.e. AA, MBA and APS concentration, as well as the bentonite amount) were systematically optimized to achieve a hydrogel with swelling capacity as high as possible. The results of Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis showed that the average pore diameter of the synthesized hydrogel was 11.5 nm. The effect of various salt media and solutions with different pHs on the swelling of the superabsorbent was also studied.

Capillary Zone Electrophoresis Investigation of Interactions between Granulocyte-colony Stimulating Factor and Dextran Sulfate/Carrageenan Oligosaccharide

The interactions between granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) and dextran sulfate / κ-carrageenan oligosaccharide were studied by capillary zone electrophoresis. Dextran sulfate could strongly interact with G-CSF and the complex was detected. The binding constant and stoichiometry were determined to be 1.2×106 (mol/L)-1 and 3:1, respectively. However, the interaction between κ-carrageenan oligosaccharide and G-CSF was not found.

Antibacterial Activity of Polyethylenimine/Carrageenan Multilayer against Pathogenic Bacteria

The multilayer of polyethylenimine (PEI) and carrageenan (k, i, l) formed by layer-by-layer assembly was investigated for its antibacterial activity against Enterobacter cloaceae, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis 29505 for potential use as coating on biomaterial surface. All the multilayers exhibited growth inhibition. PEI/Iota carrageenan multilayer was effective in inhibiting the growth of the E. cloaceae, S. aureus and E. faecalis while PEI/Lambda carrageenan was effective in inhibiting the growth of E. cloaceae. Results of the paper strip test for combined action of carrageenan and PEI showed synergism with regards to bacterial growth inhibition. The multilayers had also contact-killing effect with the test organisms. The multilayer was also characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and biomolecular interaction analysis.

Structural Studies on <i>ι</i>-Carrageenan Derived Oligosaccharides and Its Application

Mild hydrochloric acid hydrolysis of i-carrageenan from Eucheuma spinosum yielded two oligosaccharides of sulfated tetrasaccharide structure. These were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (ESIMS). Both oligosaccharides have structure of b-D-galactopyranose(Galp)4S-(1→4)-α-D-AnGalp2S-(1→3)-b-D-galactopyranose Galp)4S-(1→4)-α-D-AnGalp2S-(1→3). Application of the resulting oligosaccharides on protein delivery system in terms of encapsulation efficiency was performed.

Rheological and DSC Studies on the Interaction between κ-Carrageenan and Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNC)

Rheometer and differential scanning calorimetry （DSC） have been used to probe the mechanism of gelation in gels formed by mixture of k-carrageenan and cellulose nanocrystals （CNC）. The results indicated that an association occurred between CNC chains and aggregated k-carrageenan helices.

响应面法优化草莓混合凝胶3D打印配方

为提高草莓尾果利用率,扩宽草莓加工产品品类,将草莓制浆后与黄原胶、卡拉胶复配成适合3D打印的基料,并利用单因素及响应面优化试验,得到草莓混合凝胶3D打印最优配方。结果表明:不同原料对打印精度的影响大小依次为K-卡拉胶>草莓浆>黄原胶,最佳工艺配方为草莓浆添加量40 g,黄原胶添加量2 g,K-卡拉胶添加量3 g,在此条件下,测得草莓3D打印产品打印精度为98.39%,草莓3D打印产品最符合设置模型(正方体:上边长15 mm、下边长15 mm、高15 mm),此时材料能够很好地挤出且支撑能力最好。

“混凝沉淀+A/O+芬顿反应”处理卡拉胶生产废水

为解决AO(厌氧+好氧)工艺处理卡拉胶废水难达标的问题,针对卡拉胶生产过程中产生大量含藻类颗粒的废液富含盐碱和有机物的特点,采用混凝沉淀去除富盐碱的混合溶液,然后用厌氧、好氧生化处理工艺+芬顿反应池处理去盐碱的有机废液。经过一年期的运行结果表明:该工艺的最终出水pH值都落在6-9、色度为15-20度、CODcr、排放质量浓度为55-68 mg/L,出水质量达到《中华人民共和国污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996)一级排放标准。该工艺的整体效果好,可为卡拉胶生产企业提供参考借鉴。

亲水胶体对马铃薯冷冻面团及烘焙特性的作用

为改善马铃薯冷冻面团的品质,对比研究了黄原胶、卡拉胶和羧甲基纤维素钠(sodium carboxymethyl cellulose,CMC)3种亲水胶体对冷冻面团的流变特性、水分分布、微观结构和马铃薯面包的质构、色差、水分分布的影响。研究表明,质量分数0.15%的黄原胶,质量分数0.30%的卡拉胶和质量分数0.50%的CMC可有效提高冷冻面团的黏弹性模量;卡拉胶可以显著增强冷冻面团的持水性;冻藏过程中3种亲水胶体都可以提高面筋结构的完整性,其中黄原胶冷冻面团的面筋结构改善最明显;黄原胶和卡拉胶降低了马铃薯面包的硬度,增强了面包的保水性,改善了面包整体的色泽,CMC提高了面包弹性和咀嚼性,对面包保水性和色泽无明显改善效果。

体外模拟消化环境中消化酶对κ-卡拉胶/酪蛋白复合体系流变学特性及微观结构的影响

卡拉胶与酪蛋白的结合对肠道屏障具有一定的保护作用,为研究两者在体外消化模拟中消化酶是否是影响多糖或多糖-蛋白复合体系构象转变的主要因素,本文以κ-卡拉胶为研究对象,选择酪蛋白为基质,探究体外模拟消化环境中消化酶对κ-卡拉胶/酪蛋白复合体系结合稳定性的影响。结果表明,消化酶对κ-卡拉胶与酪蛋白的结合影响不大,但可以使体系硫酸基团暴露量显著增加,不利于κ-卡拉胶的构型。体系中的酪蛋白被分解为低分子量的蛋白质或肽段,使得复合体系的特征长度增加,相互作用减弱,粘弹性下降,双螺旋结构稳定性降低。本研究为κ-卡拉胶的安全应用提供了理论依据。

TG酶/k-卡拉胶协同改性明胶复合膜的工艺优化及表征

为了研制一种性能优良的天然保鲜膜,该研究以明胶为基质,通过k-卡拉胶与谷氨酰胺转氨酶(TG酶)对明胶进行协同改性,采用流延法制备一种新型明胶复合膜,通过单因素试验与正交试验研究k-卡拉胶添加量、TG酶添加量、TG酶反应时间和干燥温度对明胶复合膜物理性能的影响。得出最佳制备工艺为明胶添加量5%、k-卡拉胶添加量0.5%、TG酶添加量0.2%、反应时间60 min、干燥温度45℃。在最佳工艺条件下制备的明胶复合膜拉伸强度为14.33 MPa,断裂伸长率为44.24%,水溶性为26.72%,水蒸气透过系数为0.278 g·mm/(kPa·h·m^(2))。优化制备工艺后,利用X射线衍射、热重分析等手段对不同明胶复合膜的结构进行表征。表征结果表明,k-卡拉胶与TG酶分别通过静电相互作用与氨基酸异肽键对明胶进行协同改性。该研究为新型明胶复合膜的开发提供了理论依据。

氧化κ-卡拉胶/聚丙稀酰胺水凝胶的制备与表征

为提高κ-卡拉胶水凝胶的应用性能,该文以κ-卡拉胶(κ-carrageenan, KC)为原料,通过TEMPO/NaClO/NaBr(TEMPO:2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶-1-氧基自由基,2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidoxyl)反应体系制备氧化κ-卡拉胶(oxidizedκ-carrageenan, OKC),再用OKC与聚丙烯酰胺(polyacrylamide, PAM)以不同质量比进行复配,采用化学交联法制备了氧化κ-卡拉胶/聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶,通过测定水凝胶的含水率、水溶性、溶胀率、机械性能、红外光谱和微观结构,探究了氧化κ-卡拉胶对水凝胶应用性能的影响。结果表明,OKC可显著提高复合水凝胶的溶胀率、拉伸强度和断裂伸长率、降低水溶性(P<0.05),且当OKC与AM质量比为3∶4时,复合水凝胶的性能指标达最优值,即OKC3/PAM4含水率为82.7%,水溶性为12.2%,溶胀率为887%,拉伸强度达0.223 MPa,断裂伸长率达448%;红外光谱分析显示,κ-卡拉胶中的C-6醇羟基成功氧化为C-6羧基,氧化κ-卡拉胶/聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶各组分之间存在氢键;扫描电镜显示,OKC/PAM水凝胶具有致密多孔的三维网状结构,孔径均匀、规整。因此,氧化κ-卡拉胶与聚丙烯酰胺复配可制备成性能良好的水凝胶,将为开发卡拉胶水凝胶医用敷料提供理论基础。