Geology and Geochemistry of K-feldspar Veins in Lamprophyre at the Zhenyuan Gold Deposit,Yunnan,Southwest China:Implications for Gold Mineralization

Lamprophyres typically appear in hydrothermal gold deposits.The relationship between lamprophyres and gold deposits is investigated widely.Some researchers suggest that the emplacement of lamprophyres triggers gold mineralization,whereas others hypothesize that the formation of lamprophyres increases the fertility of mantle sources and ore-forming fluids.K-feldspar veins,with ages between those of lamprophyres and gold deposits,appear in lamprophyres in Zhenyuan.Therefore,K-feldspar veins are ideal for investigating the relationship between lamprophyres and gold deposits.Phlogopite in K-feldspar veins has lower Mg#,Ni,and Cr contents and higher TiO2,Li,Ba,Sr,Sc,Zr,Nb,and Cs contents than phlogopite in lamprophyres.The in-situ Sr isotopic values of apatites(0.7063–0.7066)in K-feldspar veins are within the range for apatites(0.7064–0.7078)from lamprophyres.High large-ion lithophile element concentrations and low Nb and Ta concentrations in phlogopite from lamprophyres,in addition to high(87Sr/86Sr)i values of apatite(0.7064–0.7078),indicate that the magma parental to these phlogopite and apatite crystals is derived from an enriched mantle.Kfeldspar veins are genetically correlated with lamprophyres,whereas sulfide mineral assemblage and trace element compositions of pyrite in K-feldspar veins suggest that K-feldspar veins in lamprophyres are not directly related to gold mineralization of the Zhenyuan deposit.

The complexity of sediment recycling as revealed by common Pb isotopes in K-feldspar

Detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology has become the gold standard in evaluating source to sink relationships in sedimentary basins. However, the physical and chemical robustness of zircon, which make it such a useful mineral for provenance studies, is also a hindrance as zircon can be recycled through numerous sedimentary basins, thus obscuring the first cycle source to sink relationship. An elegant approach to addressing this potential issue is to compare the Pb isotope composition of detrital K-feldspar, a mineral which is unlikely to survive more than one erosion-transport-deposition cycle, with that of magmatic K-feldspar from potential basement source terranes. Here we present new in situ Pb isotope data on detrital K-feldspar from two Proterozoic arkosic sandstones from Western Australia, and magmatic K-feldspar grains from potential igneous source rocks, as inferred by the age and Hf isotope composition of detrital zircon grains. The data indicate that the detrital zircon and K-feldspar grains could not have been liberated from the same source rocks, and that the zircon has most likely been recycled through older sedimentary basins. These results provide a more complete understanding of apparently simple source to sink relationships in this part of Proterozoic Western Australia.

^(40)Ar-^(39)Ar Age of K-feldspar from K-feldspar Granite in the Qiaohuote Copper Deposit, Bayanbulak, Xinjiang, and Its Geological Significance

By using the 40Ar-39Ar chronological method to date K-feldspar from K-feldspar granite in the Qiaohuote copper district, the authors obtained a plateau age of 274.78±0.44 Ma and an isochron age of 272.7±3.0 Ma. Because there is no tectonic deformation overprinted or hydrothermal alteration in the K-feldspar granite intrusion after its emplacement, the 40Ar-39Ar age represents the crystallization age of K-feldspar in K-feldspar granite, i.e. the late crystallization age of the K-feldspar granite intrusion, which indicates that the K-feldspar granite formed in the intraplate extensional stage during the Early Permian. Moreover, based on the spatial relationship between the K-feldspar granite intrusion and copper orebodies, variations of copper ore grade, REE characteristics of K-feldspar granite and copper ores, and H and O isotopic compositions of fluid inclusions in copper ores, the metallogenesis of the Qiaohuote copper deposit is directly related to intrusive activities of the K-feldspar granite, and thus the crystallization age of K-feldspar in the granite approximately approaches the metallogenic epoch of the Qiaohuote copper deposit.

Surface and structure characteristics of commercial K-Feldspar powders:Effects of temperature and leaching media

This study presents morphological and structural variations of K-Feldspar mineral after acid treatment. Both organic and inorganic acids such as C2H2O4, HCl, HNO3 and H2SO4 were employed for this purpose. Another aim of this study was to find an optimum experimental condition for iron(Fe) removal with a minimum damage on the structure of K-Feldspar in which high whiteness index is obtained. The effect of different parameters such as concentration, pH and temperature on the final structure of this mineral was investigated. To find out the chemical composition of powder, XRF was utilized. FTIR, XRD and SEM were employed to study the structure of mineral. Spectrophotometry was chosen to analyze whiteness index of powder after acid treatment. It was found that O—Al—O bond at 647 cm^-1 for H2SO4 and HNO3 treated sample disappeared. However, HCl and C2H2O4 were ineffective at this band. In addition, the results revealed an increase in K-Feldspar content, a decrease in Fe content, an increase in whiteness index and no significant structural change for C2H2O4 leached sample. Whiteness index of 91% was obtained for C2H2O4 leached sample with the pH of 2.5 to 3 at temperature of 50 ℃ and during 1 h.

Ar-Ar Geochronology Study on K-feldspar in Xishan W-Sn Ore Deposit in Yangchun, Guangdong Province

1 Introduction Yangchun basin locates in the west of Guangdong Province,where more than 50 deposits have been discovered to date,including Xishan W-Sn deposit,Shilv Cu-Mo deposits,Tiantang Cu-Pb-Zn polymetallic

Influence of anisotropy on the electrical conductivity and diffusion coefficient of dry K-feldspar： Implications of the mechanism of conduction

The electrical conductivities of single-crystal K-feldspar along three different crystallographic directions are investigated by the Solartron-1260 Impedance/Gain-phase analyzer at 873 K–1223 K and 1.0 GPa–3.0 GPa in a frequency range of 10-1 Hz–106 Hz. The measured electrical conductivity along the ⊥ [001] axis direction decreases with increasing pressure, and the activation energy and activation volume of charge carriers are determined to be 1.04 ± 0.06 e V and 2.51 ± 0.19 cm~3/mole, respectively. The electrical conductivity of K-feldspar is highly anisotropic, and its value along the⊥ [001] axis is approximately three times higher than that along the ⊥ [100] axis. At 2.0 GPa, the diffusion coefficient of ionic potassium is obtained from the electrical conductivity data using the Nernst–Einstein equation. The measured electrical conductivity and calculated diffusion coefficient of potassium suggest that the main conduction mechanism is of ionic conduction, therefore the dominant charge carrier is transferred between normal lattice potassium positions and adjacent interstitial sites along the thermally activated electric field.

An efficient methodology for utilization of K-feldspar and phosphogypsum with reduced energy consumption and CO2 emissions

The issues of reducing CO_2 emissions, sustainably utilizing natural mineral resources, and dealing with industrial waste offer challenges for sustainable development in energy and the environment. We propose an efficient methodology via the co-reaction of K-feldspar and phosphogypsum for the extraction of soluble potassium salts and recovery of SO_2 with reduced CO_2 emission and energy consumption. The results of characterization and reactivity evaluation indicated that the partial melting of K-feldspar and phosphogypsum in the hightemperature co-reaction significantly facilitated the reduction of phosphogypsum to SO_2 and the exchange of K^+(K-feldspar) with Ca^(2+)(CaSO_4 in phosphogypsum). The reaction parameters were systematically investigated with the highest sulfur recovery ratio of ~ 60% and K extraction ratio of ~ 87.7%. This novel methodology possesses an energy consumption reduction of ~ 28% and CO_2 emission reduction of ~ 55% comparing with the present typical commercial technologies for utilization of K-feldspar and the treatment of phosphogypsum.

Detrital K-feldspar^(40)Ar/^(39)Ar Ages:Source Constraints of the Lower Miocene Sandstones in the Pearl River Mouth Basin,South China Sea

The South China Sea began to outspread in the Oligocene. A great quantity of terraneous detritus was deposited in the northern continental shelf of the sea, mostly in Pearl River Mouth Basin, which constituted the main paleo-Pearl River Delta. The delta developed for a long geological time and formed a superimposed area. Almost all the oil and gas fields of detrital rock reservoir distribute in this delta. Thirty-three oil sandstone core samples in the Zhujiang Formation, lower Miocene （23-16 Ma）, were collected from nine wells. The illite samples with detrital K feldspar （Kfs） separated from these sandstone cores in four sub-structural belts were analysed by the high-precision 40Ar/39Ar laser stepwise heating technique. All 33 illite 40Ar/39Ar data consistently yielded gradually rising age spectra at the low-temperature steps until reaching age plateaus at mid-high temperature steps. The youngest ages corresponding to the beginning steps were interpreted as the hydrocarbon accumulation ages and the plateau ages in mid-high temperature steps as the contributions of the detrital feldspar representing the ages of the granitic parent rocks in the provenances. The ages of the detrital feldspar from the Zhujiang Formation in the four sub-structural belts were different： （1） the late Cretaceous ages in the Lufeng 13 fault structural belt; （2） the late Cretaceous and early Cretaceous-Jurassic ages in the Huizhou 21 buried hill-fault belt; （3） the Jurassic and Triassic ages in the Xijiang 24 buried hill-fault belt; and （4） the early Cretaceous - late Jurassic ages in the Panyu 4 oil area. These detrital feldspar 4~Ar/39Ar ages become younger and younger from west to east, corresponding to the age distribution of the granites in the adjacent Guangdong Province, Southern China.

The extraction of potassium from K-feldspar ore by low temperature molten salt method

The low temperature molten salt method was used to extract potassium from K-feldspar ore, and some related factors including mass ratio between NaNO_3, NaOH, H_2O and K-feldspar ore, particle size of K-feldspar ore,reaction temperature and time were investigated, respectively. In addition, the optimum condition for this method was determined by a series of condition experiments. What was more, the K-feldspar ore and the leach residue after reaction based on the above optimum condition were analyzed by XRD, SEM and EDS,separately. The results of which indicated that the mechanism of extraction of potassium for this method was according to the ion exchange reaction between sodium ion and potassium ion, and the extraction ratio of potassium had an obvious improvement than that of traditional methods, which could reach up to 96.25%.Therefore, this method can be a feasible solution to extract potassium from K-feldspar ore for its low energy consumption and high efficiency.

Lead in K-Feldspar and Its Relations to Pb Metallogenesis

In intermediate-acid magmatic rocks,alkaline magmatic rocks,gneisses and migmatitic rocks K-feldspar is a rook-forming rock in which the contents of Pb are highest,just 2-10 times those of the whole rock,3-16 times those of mica minerals and 6-32 times those of quartz.The lowest contents of K-feldspar are recognized in Early Proterozoic and Achaean rocks,with Pb in the K-feldspar accounting for less than 10% of that in the whole rock;in post-Middle Proterozoic alkaline magmatic rocks,K-feldspar-rich granites and metamorphic rocks the contents of K-feldspar tend to increase,with the proportion of Pb over that in the whole rock being obviously increased.In the alkaline rocks in which K-feldspar accounts for 50%-70%of the total in the whole rock,the contents of Pb in K-feldspar account approximately for 70%-95% of the total lead in the whole rock.Being accessible to hydrothermal alteration in the late periods,K-feldspar was conversed to sericite,calcite,quartz,etc.In the process of such conversion the lead would be leached out and then find its way into fluid phase.This kind of trans-formation can provide sufficent ore-forming material for later Pb metallogenesis.

Authigenetic K-feldspars and Their Relations to Sn-polymetallic Mineralization in the Dachang Ore Field

Sn-polymetallic ores at Dachang,Guangxi Autonomous Region,China,are hosted in Middle-Upper Devonian reef limestones,siliceous rocks,banded and lenticular limestones,etc.Two types of orebodies can be distinguished according to their telations to the bedding:one is distributed along the bedding and the.other cuts across the bedding.Sn and sulfide orebodies associated with K-feldspare are mostly characterized by laminated ore structure. Microscopic examinations of K-feldspar-bearing rocks,in conjunction with X-ray diffraction,chemical composiion and cathodoluminescence data for K-feldspars,as well as their telations to mineralization,the authors consider that the K-feldspare are of authigenic origin,subordinate to the epigenetic stage of diagenesis,They resulted from the reaction of mixed,deep-seated,circulating underground hot waters rich in K,Al and Si with argillaceous carbonates during the Indo nesian orogenic movement.It is suggested more attention should be paid to the effect of authigenic K-feldspars on Sn mineralization.In the meantime the event related to circulating underground hot waters should also be taken into account so as to provide new clues to blind ore prospecting.

钾长石混盐焙烧-浸出提钾过程研究

中国钾盐资源匮乏,而钾长石是一种重要的钾赋存形式。然而,钾长石的开发技术难度大、成本高,至今尚未实现工业化应用。为了解决钾长石开发利用过程中钾提取温度高、浸出率低等问题,该研究选取了贵州铜仁地区钾长石矿为研究对象,探究了钾长石-硫酸钠-碳酸钙混盐的焙烧-浸出过程,考察了钾长石-硫酸钠-碳酸钙的焙烧配比、焙烧温度、焙烧时间、浸取剂浓度等因素对钾长石中钾元素浸出率的影响。实验结果显示,在焙烧体系均匀混合、焙烧温度为800~900℃、焙烧时间为1 h、m(钾长石)∶m(硫酸钠)∶m(碳酸钙)为(1∶1∶6)^(1∶1∶8)条件下,以质量分数为5%NaOH溶液作为浸取液,钾的浸出率可高达99.79%。该研究提供了一条提高钾长石资源利用效率、解决钾盐资源供应问题的新途径,并为相关工业生产提供了有力的技术支持。

Ultrahigh pressure (>7 GPa) gneissic K-feldspar (-bearing) garnet clinopyroxenite in the Altyn Tagh, NW China: Evi- dence from clinopyroxene exsolution in garnet

The exsolution of clinopyroxene and rutile in coarse-grain garnet is found in the gneissic K-feldspar(-bearing) garnet clinopyroxenite from Yinggelisayi in the Altyn Tagh, NW China. The maximum content of the exsolved clinopyroxene in the garnet is up to >5% by volume. The reconstructed precursor garnet (Grt1) before exsolution has a maximum Si content of 3.061 per formula uint, being of supersilicic or majoritic garnet. The peak-stage metamorphic pressure of >7 GPa is estimated using the geobarometer for volume percentage of exsolved pyroxene in garnet and the Si-(Al+Cr) geobarometer for majoritic garnet, and the temperature of about 1000℃ using the ternary alkali-feldspar geothermometer and the experimental data of ilmen- ite-magnetite solid solution. The protoliths of the rocks are intra-plate basic and intermediate ig- neous rocks, of which the geochemical features indicate that they are probably the products of the evolution of basic magma deriving from the continental lithosphere mantle. The rocks are in outcrops associated with ultrahigh pressure garnet-bearing lherzolite and ultrahigh pressure garnet granitoid gneiss. All of these data suggest that the ultrahigh pressure metamorphic rocks in the Altyn Tagh are the products of deep-subduction of the continental crust, and such deep- subduction probably reaches to >200 km in depth. This may provide new evidence for further discussion of the dynamic mechanism of the formation and evolvement of the Altyn Tagh and the other collision orogenic belts in western China.

Laser probe ^(40)Ar-^(39)Ar ages of metasomatic K-feldspar from the Hougou gold deposit,northwestern Hebei Province,China

The Hougou gold deposit in northwestern Hebei is a typical K-metasomatism-related gold deposit hosted by K-altered rocks overprinting alkali intrusive rocks. In order to determine the age and pulse intervals of K-metasomatism in this gold deposit, some metasomatic K-feldspars from K-altered rocks are selected to measure their formation time by laser probe 40Ar-39Ar dating method. The new analyzing data show that these metasomatic K-feldspar formed during 202.6 Ma and 176.7 Ma, and the corresponding K-metasomatism and associated gold mineralization occurred in the early stage of Mesozoic era. The pulse intervals of K-metasomatism in the Hougou area are estimated to be about 4 Ma.

滇西那俄花岗伟晶岩型铍矿床矿石矿物的元素组成特征及其成矿意义

滇西那俄铍矿床是近年评价的小型稀有金属矿床,矿体主要为石榴子石钠长石化花岗伟晶岩脉,赋存于二长花岗岩中。矿体长100~1150 m,厚度0.43~3.70 m,w(BeO)为0.007%~1.790%,w(Ta_(2)O_(5))为0.0032%~0.0533%,w(Rb_(2)O)为0.041%~0.317%。有用组分以铍矿为主,共伴生钽、铷矿;少数矿石以钽矿为主,共伴生铍、铷矿。矿石矿物以绿柱石、铌钽铁矿、白云母、钾长石为主,区内最明显的找矿标志是含绿柱石伟晶岩,其次是含石榴子石钠长石化伟晶岩。电子探针分析显示:绿柱石属于无碱绿柱石-低碱绿柱石,分子式为Be_(2.8928~2.9481)AI_(1.9766~2.0225)Si_(6)O_(18);云母中w(Li_(2)O)为0.5001%~2.4279%,w(Rb_(2)O)为0.7303%~2.3042%,属白云母—多硅白云母—富锂多硅白云母;钾长石中含有较高的w(Rb_(2)O),为0.4861%~1.0334%,分子式为K_(0.8932~0.9713)[Al_(1.0013~1.0151)Si_(2.9809~2.9990)O_(8)];石榴子石能谱谱系以发育Mn、Fe双峰为特征,以锰铝榴石(Spe)和铁铝榴石(Alm)为主,锰铝榴石体积分数达67.02%~69.07%,属岩浆成因锰铝榴石。本区Be元素主要赋存于绿柱石中,Rb元素赋存于钾长石和白云母中,Li元素赋存于白云母—多硅白云母—富锂多硅白云母中。白云母和绿柱石成分显示那俄地区花岗质岩浆初始Li并不富集,在伟晶岩演化晚期岩浆中高度富集F-Li流体活动是该地区稀有金属异常富集的重要因素。

川西德昌馒头山离子吸附型重稀土矿床的发现及其地质意义

冕宁—德昌稀土成矿带是我国重要硬岩型稀土资源基地,已发现的稀土资源均与喜马拉雅期形成的碳酸岩-碱性杂岩体有关,作者在该地区开展地质调查时在德昌馒头山新发现了与二叠纪晚期钾长花岗岩相关的离子吸附型稀土矿床,因此,本文通过对德昌馒头山地区开展矿产地质调查,经3个浅钻验证,该地区风化壳厚度最深可达17 m,并根据风化程度将风化壳由地表至基岩,依次划分为腐殖土层、黏土层、全风化层和半风化层,风化壳全相稀土氧化物品位(TREO)变化范围为0.07%~0.19%,平均为0.12%,高于工业品位的0.05%;离子相稀土氧化物(SREO)品位变化范围为0.02%~0.056%,平均为0.03%,高于边界品位的0.02%;重稀土配分范围为50%~72%,平均为62%。稀土品位变化在风化壳剖面呈现出“上低—下高”和“上高—下低”两种类型,全风化层和黏土层是主要赋矿层位。这是首次在冕宁—德昌稀土成矿带发现离子吸附型重稀土矿,具有重大经济价值和科学意义。

黄河和长江碎屑物质扩散研究——来自江苏沙脊物源示踪的约束

研究源-汇系统对于理解岩石风化、河流输砂、泥砂沉积以及陆地和海洋沉积过程具有重要意义。我国江苏省东海岸具有丰富的沉积物供应,在某些沿海地段形成了一系列沙脊,是进行沉积物源-汇过程研究的理想沉积记录之一。但目前对其物源区来自哪里还未达成共识。我们利用已发表的碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄和钾长石Pb同位素数据,结合江苏沙脊及其周缘区域的数据结果,详细厘定江苏沙脊的物源区,并运用蒙特卡罗反演模型定量评估江苏沙脊潜在物源区对其物质贡献率。结果表明江苏沙脊北部的碎屑物质主要受大别山(45%)和鲁中山区(24%)的共同影响;黄河(29%)、古黄河(27%)和长江(25%)的碎屑物质对江苏沙脊中部的物质组成起重要影响。江苏沙脊南部的物源主要来自长江(68%)。江苏沙脊的出现得益于黄河和长江这样的大陆尺度的大河搬运了丰富的碎屑物质到下游,南黄海西海岸的平坦地貌有利于保存这些碎屑物质,末次冰期后东亚陆架海动力过程(潮汐、海浪和沿岸流等)持续对其改造,这体现了河流-海洋在塑造河口-海岸地貌中的交互作用。

Barite in omphacite-hosted K-feldspar + quartz poly-crystalline aggregates from the Sulu eclogites and its implications

K-feldspar + quartz polycrystalline aggregates were found as sub-millimeter-size inclusions with a pseudomorph after coesite (?) in omphacites from a number of Sulu eclogites. In these aggregates, round or subhedral barites occur as tiny inclusions in either K-feldspar or quartz. Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analyses show that these barites have (1) 33.86%―41.12% SO3, 0%―34.65% SrO, and 24.12%―63.55% BaO, (2) seemingly negative linear correlations between SrO and BaO, indicating that they are ideal solid solutions of barite (BaSO4) and celestite (SrSO4), and (3) highly variable Sr/Ba molar ratios ranging from 0 to 2.1. Presence of barites in the Sulu eclogites not only indicates oxidation of the subducting continental crust, but also very limited and restricted fluids pre- sented during exhumation of the Sulu UHP eclogites.

基于响应曲面法的钾长石提钾优化工艺

为了确定K_(2)O浸出钾长石的最佳工艺条件,采用基于Box-Behnken设计的响应曲面法考察水热过程中水热温度、水热时间、液固比、Ca与Al+Si摩尔比4个因素的交互作用对K_(2)O提取率的影响.通过实验设计、方差分析、模型拟合、参数优化和结果验证等步骤确定了最优工艺条件.结果表明:水热温度以及Ca与Al+Si摩尔比的交互作用对K_(2)O提取率的影响最为显著;提取K_(2)O的最优工艺条件为:水热温度280℃,水热时间7.22 h,液固质量比20,Ca与Al+Si摩尔比1.5;最优工艺条件下K_(2)O提取率的预测值为100%,实验结果的平均值为99.14%,预测值与实验结果平均值的一致性较好.

蔗糖对钾长石水热分解过程的相变影响机理

在氧化钙与钾长石的水热分解反应中加入蔗糖,以改善水热产物雪硅钙石的吸附性能。以氧化钾的提取率作为衡量标准,研究蔗糖浓度对钾长石分解速率的影响,阐明蔗糖对钾长石水热分解过程的相变影响机理。结果表明,当蔗糖与氧化钙的摩尔比为0.1:1时,氧化钾的提取率为83.83%,随着蔗糖浓度的增加,钾长石的分解被抑制。反应体系黏度的增加和水热过程中钙络合物的形成是抑制钾长石分解的主要原因。此外,从微观形貌角度解释蔗糖改性雪硅钙石对亚甲基蓝吸附能力的增强机理。