Kidney transplantation is considered the treatment of choice for end-stage kidney disease patients.However,the residual cardiovascular risk remains significantly higher in kidney transplant recipients(KTRs)than in the...Kidney transplantation is considered the treatment of choice for end-stage kidney disease patients.However,the residual cardiovascular risk remains significantly higher in kidney transplant recipients(KTRs)than in the general population.Hypertension is highly prevalent in KTRs and represents a major modifiable risk factor associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes and reduced patient and graft survival.Proper definition of hypertension and recognition of special phenotypes and abnormal diurnal blood pressure(BP)patterns is crucial for adequate BP control.Misclassification by office BP is commonly encountered in these patients,and a high proportion of masked and uncontrolled hypertension,as well as of white-coat hypertension,has been revealed in these patients with the use of ambulatory BP monitoring.The pathophysiology of hypertension in KTRs is multifactorial,involving traditional risk factors,factors related to chronic kidney disease and factors related to the transplantation procedure.In the absence of evidence from large-scale randomized controlled trials in this population,BP targets for hypertension management in KTR have been extrapolated from chronic kidney disease populations.The most recent Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes 2021 guidelines recommend lowering BP to less than 130/80 mmHg using standardized BP office measurements.Dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin-II receptor blockers have been established as the preferred first-line agents,on the basis of emphasis placed on their favorable outcomes on graft survival.The aim of this review is to provide previous and recent evidence on prevalence,accurate diagnosis,pathophysiology and treatment of hypertension in KTRs.展开更多
AIM To investigate the secreting functions of saliva in patients with TCM Piyinxu (Spleen yin deficiency). METHODS According to the traditional Chinese medical diagnositic standard, 25 cases of Piyinxu (male 15, ...AIM To investigate the secreting functions of saliva in patients with TCM Piyinxu (Spleen yin deficiency). METHODS According to the traditional Chinese medical diagnositic standard, 25 cases of Piyinxu (male 15, female 10, aged from 26～70, average 45 years) were observed and compared with 20 cases of Shenyinxu (Kidney yin deficiency) patients (male 11, female 9, aged from 35～75, average 50) and 30 normal persons (male 17, female 13, aged from 35～65, average 49). After acid stimulation, the secretion flow was measured, the saliva amylase and protein were surveyed using the automatic biochemical analyzer. Statistical analysis was carried out with Kruskal Wallis test and one way factorial ANOVA test. RESULTS In Piyinxu patients, the saliva′s secreting flow rate (0 27ml/min±0 016ml/min) and amylase per min (2134 13IU/min±343 51IU/min) was lower than that in normal subjects (0 46ml/min±0 027ml/min and 3501 63IU/min±1099 63IU/min, P <0 01) and higher than that in Shenyinxu group (0 13ml/min±0 051ml/min and 951 62IU/min±383 17IU/min, P <0 01). But there was no significant difference between each group in total salivary protein (Piyinxu group 3 07g/L±0 60g/L, Shenyinxu 3 01g/L±0 90g/L and control 2 94g/L±1 13g/L, P =0 869), amylase per volume and the ratio of the amylase to the protein ( P =0 173 and 0 436). CONCLUSION The secreting functions of saliva in Piyinxu patients are low.展开更多
文摘Kidney transplantation is considered the treatment of choice for end-stage kidney disease patients.However,the residual cardiovascular risk remains significantly higher in kidney transplant recipients(KTRs)than in the general population.Hypertension is highly prevalent in KTRs and represents a major modifiable risk factor associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes and reduced patient and graft survival.Proper definition of hypertension and recognition of special phenotypes and abnormal diurnal blood pressure(BP)patterns is crucial for adequate BP control.Misclassification by office BP is commonly encountered in these patients,and a high proportion of masked and uncontrolled hypertension,as well as of white-coat hypertension,has been revealed in these patients with the use of ambulatory BP monitoring.The pathophysiology of hypertension in KTRs is multifactorial,involving traditional risk factors,factors related to chronic kidney disease and factors related to the transplantation procedure.In the absence of evidence from large-scale randomized controlled trials in this population,BP targets for hypertension management in KTR have been extrapolated from chronic kidney disease populations.The most recent Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes 2021 guidelines recommend lowering BP to less than 130/80 mmHg using standardized BP office measurements.Dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin-II receptor blockers have been established as the preferred first-line agents,on the basis of emphasis placed on their favorable outcomes on graft survival.The aim of this review is to provide previous and recent evidence on prevalence,accurate diagnosis,pathophysiology and treatment of hypertension in KTRs.
文摘AIM To investigate the secreting functions of saliva in patients with TCM Piyinxu (Spleen yin deficiency). METHODS According to the traditional Chinese medical diagnositic standard, 25 cases of Piyinxu (male 15, female 10, aged from 26～70, average 45 years) were observed and compared with 20 cases of Shenyinxu (Kidney yin deficiency) patients (male 11, female 9, aged from 35～75, average 50) and 30 normal persons (male 17, female 13, aged from 35～65, average 49). After acid stimulation, the secretion flow was measured, the saliva amylase and protein were surveyed using the automatic biochemical analyzer. Statistical analysis was carried out with Kruskal Wallis test and one way factorial ANOVA test. RESULTS In Piyinxu patients, the saliva′s secreting flow rate (0 27ml/min±0 016ml/min) and amylase per min (2134 13IU/min±343 51IU/min) was lower than that in normal subjects (0 46ml/min±0 027ml/min and 3501 63IU/min±1099 63IU/min, P <0 01) and higher than that in Shenyinxu group (0 13ml/min±0 051ml/min and 951 62IU/min±383 17IU/min, P <0 01). But there was no significant difference between each group in total salivary protein (Piyinxu group 3 07g/L±0 60g/L, Shenyinxu 3 01g/L±0 90g/L and control 2 94g/L±1 13g/L, P =0 869), amylase per volume and the ratio of the amylase to the protein ( P =0 173 and 0 436). CONCLUSION The secreting functions of saliva in Piyinxu patients are low.
