Kudzu Forage Quality Evaluation as an Animal Feed Source

The nutritional value of kudzu (Pueraria lobata) was evaluated as a potential animal feed. Randomly selected samples from natural habitats with Jacksonville area (Alabama, USA) were utilized in the study. Kudzu leaves showed significantly higher dry matter and crude protein content than the stems;whereas, ADF fiber was significantly lower in the leaves. However, NDF and total digestible nutrients (TDN) were similar in the leaves and the stems. The leaf part of kudzu was especially rich in CP (24.46%) and met the requirements and recommendations for most ruminants. The TDN value for kudzu stem is 55.99%, which falls below but within the recommended range. Macronutrients concentration between the stem and leaf of kudzu, nitrogen, calcium, and magnesium showed a significantly higher in the leaf than the stem. However, phosphorous was similar in concentration in the stem and the leaf, and potassium was higher in the stem. In regard to the micronutrients, the only significant difference between the leaf and the stem was iron. However, iron, manganese, zinc, and copper were all above the recommended concentrations by the National Research Council. In general, kudzu can be considered a good source for animal feed, especially the leaf, which shows a higher value in most of the determined criteria in comparison to what was recommended by the National Research Council. This should provide a new outlook to kudzu, which has been considered a noxious weed and help in the utilization of kudzu in a positive way in the southern region of the US.

Effects of <i>Myrothecium verrucaria</i>on Ultrastructural Integrity of Kudzu (<i>Pueraria montana var. lobata</i>) and Phytotoxin Implications

The fungus Myrothecium verrucaria (Alb. & Schwein.) (MV), originally isolated from diseased sicklepod (Senna obtusifolia L.), has bioherbicial activity against kudzu and several other weeds when applied with low concentrations of the surfactant Silwet L-77. To more fully understand the initial events of MV infection or disease progression, and to improve knowledge related to its mechanism of action, the effects of MV and its product (roridin A) on kudzu seedlings were examined at the ultrastructural level. Ultrastructural analysis of MV effects on kudzu seedlings revealed a rapid (~1 h after treatment) detachment of the protoplast from the cell wall and plasmodesmata appeared to be broken off and retained in the wall. These symptoms occurred well in advance of the appearance of any fungal growth structures. Some fungal growth was observed after severe tissue degeneration (24 to 48 h after treatment), but this occurred primarily at the extra-cellular location with respect to the kudzu tissues. Kudzu seedlings treated with roridin A, a trichothecene produced by the fungus, exhibited some symptoms similar to those induced by the fungus applied in spore formulations with surfactant. The overall results are the first to report the ultrastructural effects of this bioherbicide on plants and suggest that penetration of a phytotoxic substance(s) in the fungal formulation was facilitated by the surfactant, and that roridin A exerts phytotoxicity toward kudzu.

Interaction of the Bioherbicide Myrothecium verrucaria and Glyphosate for Kudzu Control

Kudzu is an exotic invasive weed in the southeastern U.S. that is difficult to control with current commercial herbicides. Some success for its control has been achieved using a bioherbicidal agent, Myrothecium verrucaria (MV). Spore and mycelial formulations of MV were tested alone and in combination with glyphosate for control of kudzu (Pueraria lobata) under greenhouse and field conditions in naturally-infested areas. In greenhouse and field experiments, kudzu control increased as the concentration of spores or mycelia increased. Glyphosate alone provided 10%, 35%, 50% and 60% control in field experiments at 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.0X rates, respectively and MV alone spores provided 15%, 50%, 65% and 85% control at 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.0X rates, respectively. However, when MV spores were combined with glyphosate, significantly higher control occurred than that caused by either component alone. Similar levels of control were observed for MV mycelial formulations applied alone or with glyphosate at equivalent concentrations of the fungus. The rate of disease progression was more rapid and severe at all fungal spore or mycelial formulations and herbicide rates when these propagules were applied in combination with glyphosate. In field tests, 24 h after application, only 20% of kudzu plants were severely damaged by MV alone (0.25X), whereas 80% were severely diseased when MV spores and glyphosate were mixed and applied at 0.25X rates each. A similar trend occurred with the MV mycelial formulation applied at these rates. Synergist interactions on kudzu control were observed, especially when lower levels of MV (spores or mycelia) and glyphosate were combined and applied to kudzu in the greenhouse or in the field. These results suggest that it may be possible to incorporate glyphosate to improve the bioherbicidal control potential and reduce herbicide and inoculum requirements of M. verrucaria spores or mycelium for controlling kudzu.

Evaluation of the Estrogenic Activity of Pueraria (Kudzu) Flower Extract and Its Major Isoflavones Using ER-Binding and Uterotrophic Bioassays

Pueraria flower extract (PFE) is a hot water extract of the Kudzu flower (Pueraria thomsonii). Tea made from dried Kudzu flower is widely used inChina, and PFE is utilized as a nutritional supplement inJapan. PFE contains unique isoflavones such as 6-hydroxygenistein 6,7-di-O-glucoside (6HGDG), tectorigenin 7-O-xylosylglucoside (TGXG), and tectoridin. 6HGDG is known to be metabolized into 6-hydroxygenistein, and TGXG and tectoridin are known to be metabolized into tectorigenin in the digestive tract. Isoflavones typically mimic the effects β-estradiol has on estrogen receptors (ERs) and may influence the female genital system in the case of excessive intake. As a result, the upper limit of safe daily consumption of soy isoflavones has been enforced inJapan. In the present study, ER-binding assays were performed using the EnBio estrogen receptor/cofactor assay system to compare the estrogenic activity of 6-hydroxygenistein and tectorigenin to that of the soy isoflavone genistein. In addition, uterotrophic bioassays were performed to investigate the estrogenic effects of PFE in vivo. The ER-binding assays revealed that the ER-binding affinities of 6-hydroxygenistein and tectorigenin were approximately 0.01 - 0.04 that of genistein. Soy isoflavone products also induced an increase in uterine wet and blotted weight at doses of 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg, whereas PFE did not cause adverse estrogenic effects, even at a dose of 1000 mg/kg. Based on these results, PFE does not appear to contain compounds with strong estrogenic activity or cause adverse estrogenic effects in vivo. Importantly, the results of this study confirm the safety of PFE as a food supplement.

Chemical Profiling and Quantification of Isoflavone Phytoestrogens in Kudzu Using LC/UV/MSD

Method development for determination of isoflavones in kudzu was achieved by HPLC/UV/ESI-MSD. Us- ing three kudzu species of Pueraria lobata, P. thomsonii and P. edulis, and analyzing the isoflavones sepa- rately by species and from different plant tissues (roots, stems, leaves, flowers and fruits) in each species, a total of 25 isoflavones were identified by their molecular ions and characteristic fragment ion peaks using LC/MSD under MS and MS/MS mode, and in comparison with standard isoflavones. Two main chemical groups were identified: 1) 8-C-glycosyl isoflavone of puerarin and the analogues of 5-OH puerarin, 3’-OH puerarin, 3’-OMe puerarin, and their glycosides;and 2) daidzein, genistein, glycitein and their glycosyl and malonyl derivatives, which are similar to those known in soy. To accurately quantitate total isoflavones, acidic hydrolysis during extraction of kudzu samples was applied to convert the oxygen glycosides into their respective isoflavone aglycones of daidzein, genistein and glycitein, or non-hydrolyzed carbon glycosides of puerarin, 5-OH puerarin, 3’-OH puerarin and 3’-OMe puerarin. Under the multiple optimized conditions, all seven isoflavones in acidic hydrolyzed kudzu extracts were successfully separated within 30 min and quanti- fied individually with calycosin used as internal standard by both UV and MS detectors. For the quantitative study, several standards e.g. 5-OH puerarin, 3’-OH puerarin and 3’-OMe puerarin are not commercially available. Using polyamide, sephdex-LH20 chromatography and Prep-HPLC, we purified these three stan- dards from kudzu extracts and then elucidated their structures by UV, MS and NMR spectrometric methods. This is the first method to simultaneously quantitate all the isoflavones in kudzu.

饲粮中葛藤不同添加量对肉兔养分表观消化率、胃肠道发育及消化酶活性的影响

为探讨葛藤在肉兔饲粮中的应用效果,开展葛藤的常规营养成分分析,选取35±2日龄体重(0.88±0.13 kg)相近的断奶伊拉兔肉兔200只,随机分成4组,每组5个重复,每个重复10只,分别饲喂添加0(对照组)、15%、25%、35%葛藤的试验饲粮。预试期7 d,正试期42 d。于正试期第36天开始进行为期7 d的消化代谢试验,分析肉兔养分表观消化率,试验结束后测定分析肉兔盲肠消化酶活性及胃肠道的变化。结果显示,饲粮中添加不同量的葛藤:1)提高了各处理组肉兔对饲粮中干物质、粗蛋白、粗纤维、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、酸性木质素、粗脂肪和半乳糖醛酸的表观消化率,35%葛藤组表观消化率最高,显著高于15%葛藤组与对照组(P<0.05)。2)提高了肉兔盲肠中纤维素酶、半纤维素酶与果胶酶活性,15%葛藤组酶活性最高,显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。3)对肉兔胃及小肠的相对长度无显著影响(P>0.05),但显著提高了盲肠相对长度和重量、胃相对重量与小肠相对重量,25%与35%葛藤组显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。4)提高了肉兔空肠、回肠与十二指肠的绒毛长度、绒毛长度/隐窝深度比值(V/C)和黏膜层厚度,降低了隐窝深度值,35%葛藤组肉兔回肠、十二指肠的绒毛长度显著高于对照组(P<0.05),空肠、回肠的隐窝深度低于对照组,空肠、回肠的V/C显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。因此,生长肉兔饲粮中最适宜的葛藤添加量为35%。

Pueraria isoflavones inhibit XOD and GLUT9 to decrease uric acid production and promote uric acid excretion, respectively

Objective: To analyze the possible mechanism of Pueraria isoflavones inhibiting XOD and GLUT9 to reduce uric acid production and promote uric acid excretion. Methods: August 2021-April 2022, a total of forty SPF male Kunming mice were divided into the healthy group (carboxymethylcellulose sodium at a dose of 250 mg/kg), the model group (HUA mice were given carboxymethylcellulose sodium at a dose of 250 mg/kg), the low group (HUA mice were given pueraria isoflavone at a dose of 125 mg/kg), HUA mice were given pueraria isoflavones at a dose of 250 mg/kg once d frequency)and the high group (HUA mice were given pueraria isoflavones at a dose of 500 mg/kg once d frequency) dosage groups, with 8 mice in each group. The contents of uric acid (SUA), urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (SCr) in serum and urine of each group were compared before and after intervention (30 d). Statistical differences of xanthine oxidase (XOD) and human glucose transporter 9(GLUT9), cy- clooxygenase- 2(COX-2), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 (IL-1β) contents in renal tissues of each group after intervention (30 d) were compared. Results: After intervention, kidney inflammatory factors (COX-2, TNF-α and IL-1β) in the model group were compared. Blood and urine indexes (SUA, BUN, SCr);The contents of XOD and GLUT9 were higher than those of healthy group(P<0.05). Renal inflammatory cytokines (COX-2, TNF-α and IL-1β) in low, medium and high dose groups;Blood and urine indexes (SUA, BUN, SCr);The contents of XOD and GLUT9 were lower than those of model group, and there were low > medium > high dose groups, the comparison between the two groups had statistical significance(P< 0.05). After intervention, the contents of 3 indicators in blood or urine(COX-2, TNF-α and IL-1β) all decreased compared with before intervention, and the differences in intra-group comparison were statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion: Pueraria isoflavones can treat HUA mice by inhibiting the expression of XOD and GLUT9, and then play a role in reducing uric acid pro- duction and promoting uric acid excretion, as well as alleviating the degree of disease inflammation.

葛根异黄酮抑制XOD和GLUT9分别发挥减少尿酸生成、促进尿酸排泄双重途径的机制

目的:分析葛根异黄酮抑制XOD和GLUT9分别发挥减少尿酸生成、促进尿酸排泄的可能机制。方法:2021年8月~2022年4月,采用随机数字表法将40只SPF级雄性昆明小鼠分为健康组(1次d频率250 mg/kg剂量灌胃羧甲基纤维素钠)、模型组(HUA小鼠1次d频率250 mg/kg剂量灌胃羧甲基纤维素钠)和低(HUA小鼠1次d频率125 mg/kg剂量灌胃葛根异黄酮)、中(HUA小鼠1次d频率250 mg/kg剂量灌胃葛根异黄酮)、高(HUA小鼠1次d频率500 mg/kg剂量灌胃葛根异黄酮)剂量组,每组各8只。比较各组干预前和干预后(30 d)血清和尿液中尿酸(SUA)、尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(SCr)含量的统计学差异,比较各组干预后(30 d)肾脏组织中黄嘌呤氧化酶(XOD)和人葡萄糖转运蛋白9(GLUT9)、环氧化酶-2(COX-2)、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-ɑ)、白细胞介素-1(IL-1β)含量的统计学差异。结果:干预后比较,模型组肾脏炎症因子(COX-2、TNF-ɑ、IL-1β);血液和尿液3项指标(SUA、BUN、SCr);XOD、GLUT9含量均高于健康组(P<0.05);低、中、高剂量组肾脏炎症因子(COX-2、TNF-ɑ、IL-1β);血液和尿液3项指标(SUA、BUN、SCr);XOD、GLUT9含量均低于模型组,且有低>中>高剂量组,两两分组的比较均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。干预后相比干预前,血液或尿液3项指标(COX-2、TNF-ɑ、IL-1β)含量均有下降,组内比较的差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:葛根异黄酮能治疗HUA小鼠能通过抑制XOD、GLUT9表达,继而发挥减少尿酸生成、促进尿酸排泄作用,同时有利于缓解疾病的炎症程度。

莓茶黄酮提取物对粉葛淀粉结构和体外消化的影响

将莓茶黄酮提取物(VTE)加入粉葛淀粉(KS)中制备复合物,采用激光共聚焦扫描显微镜(CLSM)、傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)和X射线衍射(XRD)对复合物进行结构表征,通过体外消化模型预测复合物的消化性和血糖生成指数(GI)。结果表明:FT-IR和XRD图谱显示成功制备的复合物为A+V型复合物;CLSM图像检测证明VTE直接作用于KS;体外模拟消化试验结果显示,复合物的抗性淀粉(RS)含量较KS提高20.56%,预测GI为63.83±0.46,属于中GI食物。

中药葛根防治糖尿病的作用机制和研究进展

糖尿病患病率高且并发症多,严重影响各种疾病的预后。在治疗上,降糖西药不良反应较多,限制临床治疗。中医药对于防治糖尿病经验丰富,可通过多靶点多通路降低患者血糖。中药葛根作为辛凉解表药,有清热、生津、止渴之效,药理学研究其具有抗氧化应激反应、减少炎症因子积聚、增强胰岛素敏感性、减少胰岛素抵抗等作用。葛根治疗糖尿病的主要活性成分为葛根素,临床研究表明以葛根素、葛根药对、葛根类方辨证论治各种糖尿病患者,疗效显著。近年来研究发现葛根素、葛根药对及葛根类方可以通过多靶点、多通路抑制氧化应激反应、调节体内炎症因子水平、减少AGEs的形成与累积、抑制胰岛β细胞凋亡、增加胰岛素敏感性、减少胰岛素抵抗等多种途径达到降低血糖,控制并改善各种并发症。文章旨在通过梳理相关文献,从葛根素、葛根药对、葛根类方3个方面总结归纳中药葛根防治糖尿病的作用机制和研究进展。

葛根-山药复合功能性鲜湿薯类粉条工艺优化

目的探究葛根、山药不同添加量对鲜湿薯类粉条品质的影响,加工一种功能性鲜湿薯类粉条。方法使用白度测定仪、混合实验仪、数字粘度计等探究葛根粉、山药粉添加量对混合粉白度、糊化老化特性、黏度等的影响;在此基础上,以感官评价和弹性为响应值,采用单因素和Box-Behnken响应面实验优化得出葛根-山药复合功能性鲜湿薯类粉条最佳加工工艺,并通过体外消化模型研究葛根-山药复合鲜湿薯类粉条的血糖生成指数。结果随着葛根粉含量增加,混合粉水分含量、吸水率、白度下降,糊化黏度增大,粉团糊化特性总体上逐渐下降;粉条感官评分先升高后降低,硬度在葛根粉添加量为15%达到最大值1357.5 gf;黏性、弹性和回复性先升高后降低。随着山药粉含量增加,混合粉水分含量和白度下降,吸水率上升,糊化黏度减小,延缓粉团淀粉回生;粉条感官评分先升高后降低,硬度在山药粉添加量为10%达到最大值1439.7 gf,黏性、弹性和回复性整体上减小。水添加量为53%时粉条品质最佳。响应面实验得出鲜湿薯类粉条最佳工艺条件为:葛根粉添加量13%、山药粉添加量4%、水添加量53%。该工艺制备的粉条感官评分为92.97±0.36,弹性为0.911±0.010,血糖生成指数比空白样降低13.10。结论在最佳工艺条件下制作的葛根-山药复合鲜湿薯类粉条,具有葛根和山药风味,感官品质好,口感爽滑,抗老化特性得到一定改善,血糖生成指数降低,为鲜湿薯类粉条企业生产提供了理论依据和技术支撑。

气相色谱法测定葛根和淫羊藿总黄酮提取物中大孔树脂有机残留物

目的:建立葛根和淫羊藿总黄酮提取物中大孔吸附树脂7种有机残留物的含量测定方法。方法:采用气相色谱法,DB-1毛细管柱(柱长为60 m,内径为0.25 mm,膜厚度为1.0μm),柱温为程序升温,起始温度为40℃,再以4℃/min升温至175℃,保持12 min,用氢火焰离子化检测器检测,检测器温度250℃,进样口温度200℃;载气为氮气,流速为0.8 mL/min,分流比为20∶1,顶空进样,顶空瓶平衡温度为90℃,平衡时间为50 min。结果:7种有机溶剂残留物的峰面积与浓度呈良好线性关系,正己烷、苯、甲苯、二甲苯、苯乙烯、二乙烯苯、1,2-二乙基苯的平均回收率分别为101%、90%、87%、85%、84%、76%、79%。结论:该方法测定准确度高、精密度重复性好。

武陵山区4种块根类淀粉的糊化特性和冲调性质分析

目的:探究葛根、蕨根、百合、凉薯4种块根类植物淀粉的糊化特性与冲调特性。方法:采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、快速黏度分析仪(RVA)、差式量热扫描仪(DSC)等分析淀粉的微观形态和糊化特性;对4种淀粉进行冲泡,并分析淀粉糊的透明度和表观形态等。结果:葛根、蕨根、凉薯淀粉的颗粒形态较为相似,大多为球形;百合淀粉颗粒较大,且形态为纺锤形。糊化特性表明,百合淀粉的峰值黏度最高,为(7.00±0.03) Pa·s;葛根和百合淀粉的回生值较大,表明其易于回生。热力学特性表明,蕨根淀粉的起始糊化温度最低,为59.4℃,表明其容易糊化;百合淀粉的糊化焓值最高,为15.64 J/g,表明其糊化时需要更多的热量。冲调特性表明,葛根淀粉糊的透明度最好,其透光率为29.11%;而百合淀粉糊的透光率仅为12.25%;冲调后,葛根淀粉糊和百合淀粉糊易于形成凝胶,但流动性较差;蕨根淀粉糊和凉薯淀粉糊凝胶能力较差,易于流动。结论:百合淀粉和葛根淀粉的冲调性质相似,具有冲调类食品的开发潜力;蕨根淀粉和凉薯淀粉回生值较低,糊的流动性较好,可用于抑制食品的回生。

基于K-Means分析法的葛根粉电商产品发展现状研究

该研究运用网络爬虫技术对淘宝网上的葛根粉商品进行信息收集,并使用K-Means分析法对葛根粉商品的月销量、价格、收藏量、评论量和评分进行聚类分析,总结出我国葛根粉电商产品的发展现状,并为葛根粉电商产品经营提出相应建议。研究发现,目前我国葛根粉电商产品主要集中在湖北、江苏、湖南、安徽、浙江、江西,占比为69.99%;价格区间为4.60~56.00元/500 g的葛根粉电商产品为“红海市场”商品,竞争最为激烈,价格区间为56.00~133.00元/500 g的葛根粉电商产品为“蓝海市场”商品,是利润的主要来源,葛根粉电商中的高端产品因存在一定的溢价而购买人数较少,为“金牛市场”商品;绝大多数葛根粉电商产品的收藏量与评论量都低,可能是因为葛根粉电商行业总体顾客关注度较低,市场规模较小;葛根粉电商商品评分与月销量总体呈显著的正相关关系。在此基础上,提出提升商品精深加工、多元化水平,占据更大市场份额;改进商品铺货策略,打造全系列商品体系;采用多种策略,提高商品综合评分等建议。

葛根芩连汤不同配伍对犊牛腹泻的治疗效果分析

[目的]为探究葛根芩连汤不同配伍在犊牛腹泻的治疗效果。[方法]选取69头3~60日龄的腹泻犊牛,将其随机平分为3组,每组23例。试验Ⅰ组使用中药方剂一进行治疗,服用剂量根据犊牛日龄和体重控制在100~150 g/次·头;试验Ⅱ组使用中药方剂二进行治疗,用法用量同试验Ⅰ组;试验Ⅲ组使用庆大霉素或青霉素治疗,并根据疗效标准判定不同方案的治疗效果。[结果]试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组的总有效率均为91.31%,显著高于试验Ⅲ组的治疗总有效率56.52%(P<0.05);试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组分别发生呕吐、心律加快、皮疹等不良反应的情况为0,显著低于试验Ⅲ组的26.09%、4.35%、4.35%(P<0.05)。[结论]葛根芩连汤两种不同配伍方剂治疗犊牛腹泻均有明显的治疗效果,且无不良反应出现,可用于犊牛腹泻的临床治疗。

葛粉-马蹄粉南湾鱼丸的加工工艺研究

为进一步丰富南湾鱼制品的种类,助力南湾鱼的高质量发展,该研究以信阳市特色食品资源南湾鱼为原料,辅助添加葛粉、马蹄粉制成鱼丸产品,以鱼丸的质构特性和感官评分为考察指标,通过单因素试验和正交试验优化葛粉、马蹄粉、大豆分离蛋白、食盐的添加量,确定鱼丸的最佳配方。结果表明,当葛粉添加量为6%、马蹄粉添加量为8%、大豆分离蛋白添加量为4%、食盐添加量为4%时,鱼丸的感官评分达到52.2分,具有色泽洁白、组织紧密、富有弹性的特点。葛粉-马蹄粉南湾鱼丸的蛋白质含量为12.05 g/100 g,脂肪含量为1.10 g/100 g,挥发性盐基氮含量为2.44 mg/100 g,致病菌未检出,符合国家标准,拥有高蛋白、低脂肪的优势,安全无毒,适于食用。

黄芪桂枝五物汤加味治疗气虚血瘀型椎动脉型颈椎病临床研究

目的观察葛根、鸡血藤合黄芪桂枝五物汤治疗气虚血瘀型椎动脉型颈椎病临床疗效。方法将80例椎动脉型颈椎病气虚血瘀型患者随机数字表分为2组,观察组40例予中药颗粒葛根、鸡血藤合黄芪桂枝五物口服治疗,对照组予成药颈复康颗粒口服治疗。2组治疗一疗程统计疗效,比较2组治疗前后临床症状和体征评价、经颅多普勒(TCD)检测、脑干听觉诱发电位(BAEP)、血生化的血一氧化氮(NO)、神经元特异性烯醇酶(NSE)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)参数变化情况。结果规范疗程治疗后,观察组临床症状和体征评价优于对照组(P<0.05);2组在经颅多普勒检测中左右基底动脉(BA)、椎动脉(VA)、血管搏动指数(PI)参数均有提高,与观察组比较对照组实验参数改变更显著(P<0.05);2组血生化血一氧化氮(NO)、神经元特异性烯醇酶(NSE)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)治疗后均有改善,观察组在改变血管方面更优于对照组(P<0.05)。结论黄芪桂枝五物汤加味治疗气虚血瘀型椎动脉型颈椎病患者能消炎、镇痛,改善颈椎椎动脉血流变化,促进神经修复,缓解临床症状。

糖尿病视网膜病变分子病理学、中药及中药提取物干预治疗研究进展

糖尿病视网膜病变(diabetic retinopathy,DR),既是一种微血管病变,也是一种神经退行性变疾病,并且神经病变先于微血管病变。DR是危害视力健康的主要视网膜类疾病之一,其发病率呈现日益升高的趋势。DR的病变机制主要有氧化应激、血管新生反应、代谢反应和炎症反应等。本文主要针对DR分子病理学和三七、丹参、牡丹皮、黄芪甲苷等中药及其提取物干预治疗进行综述,以期为中药干预治疗DR的进一步研究和临床应用提供科学依据。

中药葛根及其同属植物的资源利用和评价

对我国葛属（ＰｕｅｒａｒｉａＤＣ，）９种和１变种植物进行了调查研究，认为目前国内市售中药葛根的主流品种为野葛Ｐ，ｌｏｂａｔａ（Ｗｉｌｌｄ．）Ｏｈｗｉ和粉葛Ｐ．ｔｈｏｍｓｏｎｉｉ）Ｂｅｎｔｈ．。野葛在我国大部份省区都有分布，资源最为丰富；粉葛在广西载培历史悠久；其他种主要分布在西南地区，并有少数种在当地作中药葛根用。从成分分析结果看，野葛的葛根素（ｐｕｅｒａｒｉｎ）及总黄酮含量显著高于本属其它植物，粉葛次之。除野葛和粉葛外其他种均不宜作葛根药用。峨嵋葛Ｐ．ｏｍｅｉｅｎｓｉｓＷａｎｇｅｔＴａｎｇ是个有争议的种，我们比较了化学成分的含量，其结果与粉葛相近，而与山葛藤有所区别，有待进一步研究。

响应面法优化超声提取葛根素工艺

利用响应面法优化超声提取葛根露酒中葛根素工艺。将葛根露酒进行超声波处理,缩短葛根露酒的浸泡时间,对超声波工艺条件进行优化,利用单因素试验和响应面法对浸泡时间、超声功率和超声时间3个工艺参数进行优化。结果表明,最佳的工艺参数条件为:浸泡时间22 h、超声功率120 W、超声时间12 min,此条件下的葛根素浸出量可达89.6 mg/g。