Thermoelectric Stirling Engine (TEG-Stirling Engine) Based on the Analysis of Thermomechanical Dynamics (TMD)

The thermoelectric energy conversion technique by employing the Disk-Magnet Electromagnetic Induction (DM-EMI) is examined in detail, and possible applications to heat engines as one of the energy-harvesting technologies are discussed. The idea is induced by the analysis of thermomechanical dynamics (TMD) for a nonequilibrium irreversible thermodynamic system of heat engines, such as a drinking bird and a low temperature Stirling engine, resulting in thermoelectric energy generation different from conventional heat engines. The current thermoelectric energy conversion with DM-EMI can be applied to wide ranges of machines and temperature differences. The mechanism of DM-EMI energy converter is categorized as the axial flux generator (AFG), which is the reason why the technology is applicable to sensitive thermoelectric conversions. On the other hand, almost all the conventional turbines use the radius flux generator to extract huge electric power, which uses the radial flux generator (RFG). The axial flux generator is helpful for a low mechanoelectric energy conversion and activations of waste heat from macroscopic energy generators such as wind, geothermal, thermal, nuclear power plants and heat-dissipation lines. The technique of DM-EMI will contribute to solving environmental problems to maintain clean and sustainable energy as one of the energy harvesting technologies.

Catalyst Engineering for Electrochemical Energy Conversion from Water to Water:Water Electrolysis and the Hydrogen Fuel Cell

In the context of the current serious problems related to energy demand and climate change,substantial progress has been made in developing a sustainable energy system.Electrochemical hydrogen-water conversion is an ideal energy system that can produce fuels via sustainable,fossil-free pathways.However,the energy conversion efficiency of two functioning technologies in this energy system—namely,water electrolysis and the fuel cell—still has great scope for improvement.This review analyzes the energy dissipation of water electrolysis and the fuel cell in the hydrogen-water energy system and discusses the key barriers in the hydrogen-and oxygen-involving reactions that occur on the catalyst surface.By means of the scaling relations between reactive intermediates and their apparent catalytic performance,this article summarizes the frameworks of the catalytic activity trends,providing insights into the design of highly active electrocatalysts for the involved reactions.A series of structural engineering methodologies(including nano architecture,facet engineering,polymorph engineering,amorphization,defect engineering,element doping,interface engineering,and alloying)and their applications based on catalytic performance are then introduced,w让h an emphasis on the rational guidance from previous theoretical and experimental studies.The key scientific problems in the electrochemical hydrogen-water conversion system are outlined,and future directions are proposed for developing advanced catalysts for technologies with high energy-conversion efficiency.

Raster to Vector Conversion for Engineering Drawings:Survey and Prospect

Recent development and recognition methods of raster to vector conversion for engineering drawings are presented. The advantages and disadvantages of all existing models are analyzed. Some research challenges and future directions are discussed.

Influence of Urea Uneven Injection on the Performances of a Diesel Engine

The influence of heterogeneous flow injection of urea at different velocities and temperatures on NO x conversion efficiency,ammonia storage and ammonia leakage is investigated experimentally.A diesel engine employing a selective catalytic reduction(SCR)technology is considered.It is found that for a fixed injection velocity,the degree of ammonia leakage changes depending on the temperature.The higher the temperature,the faster the catalytic reduction reaction and the smaller the degree of ammonia leakage.The temperature has a great influence on the catalytic reduction reaction rate.At an injection velocity of 10000/h,the average reaction rate at 420℃ is 12 times higher than that at 180℃.The injection velocity has a weak influence on the reaction rate.When the injection velocity changes from 10000/h to 40000/h at the same temperature,the average reaction rate does not change appreciably.However,increasing the space velocity can accelerate the leakage of ammonia,thereby miti-gating the benefits associated with the NO_(x) conversion.

基于ArcGIS Engine的城市地下管网数据转换处理方法

为满足智慧管网系统的数据存储、管理和可视化的要求,通常需要将常用的CAD管网数据格式转换为更加符合智慧管网系统需求的GIS数据格式。因此,提出一种基于ArcGIS Engine的城市地下管网数据转换处理方法,实现地下管网数据的拓扑关系构建、属性信息关联和流向计算等自动处理,利用海口市地下管网数据进行综合验证,说明该方法可有效提高地下管网数据转换、运维和管理效率。

基于ArcGIS Engine的退耕还林决策支持系统研究

采用ArcGIS Engine组件式开发环境,开发退耕还林信息管理系统,并在此基础上结合退耕还林地区立地条件、退耕还林规程规划、造林知识库,实现了退耕还林工程中多源数据的集成管理、空间分析、专家知识推理和退耕还林规划合理性分析,为退耕还林工程的规划、实施和监测提供技术支撑和辅助决策。

Pro/ENGINEER与AutoCAD文档转换技巧研究

在Pro/ENGINEER环境下,通过对Config.pro与Dxf-export.pro文件进行编辑修改,解决了Pro/ENGINEER与AutoCAD软件在文档转换时的中文乱码、图层分类及绘图比例等问题,有效地避免了文档转换后所需的处理和编辑工作,实现了Pro/ENGINEER文档与AutoCAD文档的等效转换,提高了设计效率。

SolidWorks与Pro/ENGINEER软件间三维模型的转换

SolidWorks和Pro/ENGINEER软件是目前应用最为广泛的两大三维机械设计软件.以PEQ400×600型倾斜式破碎机为例研究这两种软件间三维装配模型的转换技巧.

基于Arcgis Engine的GeoDatabase数据转换研究和实现

为了实现GIS数据的共享,人们往往需要进行跨平台的数据转换。本文从GIS矢量数据内容入手,介绍了公司自主开发ForeStar地理信息系统平台的矢量数据以及GeoDatabase数据的特点,结合Arcgis Engine组件技术,采用Visual Basic6.0实现了ForeStar平台矢量数据向GeoDatabase数据的相互转换。

Pro/ENGINEER和AutoCAD在工程图中的转换

结合AutoCAD高效的二维图制作和普及率高的优势与Pro/ENGINEER优秀的三维设计优势,以一简单实例说明其在工程图中的转换过程,以充分展现其各自的优势,并避免了重复工作,提高了生产效率.

STEADY-STATE AND IDLE OPTIMIZA-TION OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES

A novel steady-state optimization （SSO） of internal combustion engine （ICE） strategy is proposed to maximize the efficiency of the overall powertrain for hybrid electric vehicles, in which the ICE efficiency, the efficiencies of the electric motor （EM） and the energy storage device are all explicitly taken into account. In addition, a novel idle optimization of ICE strategy is implemented to obtain the optimal idle operating point of the ICE and corresponding optimal parking generation power of the EM using the view of the novel SSO of ICE strategy. Simulations results show that potential fuel economy improvement is achieved relative to the conventional one which only optimized the ICE efficiency by the novel SSO of ICE strategy, and fuel consumption per voltage increment decreases a lot during the parking charge by the novel idle optimization of ICE strategy.

Experimental study on characteristics of pore water conversion during methane hydrates formation in unsaturated sand

Understanding the pore water conversion characteristics during hydrate formation in porous media is important to study the accumulation mechanism of marine gas hydrate.In this study,low-field NMR was used to study the pore water conversion characteristics during methane hydrate formation in unsaturated sand samples.Results show that the signal intensity of T_(2) distribution isn’t affected by sediment type and pore pressure,but is affected by temperature.The increase in the pressure of hydrogen-containing gas can cause the increase in the signal intensity of T_(2) distribution.The heterogeneity of pore structure is aggravated due to the hydrate formation in porous media.The water conversion rate fluctuates during the hydrate formation.The sand size affects the water conversion ratio and rate by affecting the specific surface of sand in unsaturated porous media.For the fine sand sample,the large specific surface causes a large gas-water contact area resulting in a higher water conversion rate,but causes a large water-sand contact area resulting in a low water conversion ratio(C_(w)=96.2%).The clay can reduce the water conversion rate and ratio,especially montmorillonite(C_(w)=95.8%).The crystal layer of montmorillonite affects the pore water conversion characteristics by hindering the conversion of interlayer water.

Wells Turbine for Wave Energy Conversion —Improvement of the Performance by Means of Impulse Turbine for Bi-Directional Flow

Wells turbine has inherent disadvantages in comparison with conventional turbines: relative low efficiency at high flow coefficient and poor starting characteristics. To solve these problems, the authors propose Wells turbine with booster turbine for wave energy conversion, in order to improve the performance in this study. This turbine consists of three parts: a large Wells turbine, a small impulse turbine with fixed guide vanes for oscillating airflow, and a generator. It was conjectured that, by coupling the two axial flow turbines together, pneumatic energy from oscillating airflow is captured by Wells turbine at low flow coefficient and that the impulse turbine gets the energy at high flow coefficient. As the first step of this study on the proposed turbine topology, the performance of turbines under steady flow conditions has been investigated experimentally by model testings. Furthermore, we estimate mean efficiency of the turbine by quasi-steady analysis.

Experimental study on compression stroke characteristics of free- piston engine generator

The compression stroke characteristics of free-piston engine generator were studied. The numerical model of the compression stroke was established based on thermodynamics and dynamics equation,and the leak loss,heat loss and friction loss were considered. Through solving numerical equations,the in-cylinder pressure of compression stroke under different compression ratios was calculated,energy transfer and conversion process was analyzed,and the calculated results were experimentally verified. The results showed that the actual effective output of electronic energy and the compression energy stored in the com-pressed gas accounted for about 70%. The compression energy gradually increased with the increasing com-pression ratio. When the compression ratio was more than 7. 5,the actual compression energy increased slowly and the energy error between simulation and test decreased.

Conversion relationship of rainfall-soil moisture-groundwater in Quaternary thick cohesive soil in Jianghan Plain,Hubei Province,China

The scientific field test site of rainfall-soil moisture-groundwater conversion in Dabie Mountain Area–Jianghan Plain is located in the northern region of the Jianghan Plain,the transition zone between the Dabie Mountain Area and Jianghan Plain.It’s a great field test site to study the material and energy exchange among rainfall,soil moisture,and groundwater of the Earth’s critical zone in subtropical monsoon climate plain areas.This paper analyzed the connection between rainfall and volume water content(VWC)of soil at different depths of several soil profiles,and the dynamic feature of groundwater was discussed,which reveals the rainfall infiltration recharge of Quaternary Upper Pleistocene strata.The results show that the Quaternary Upper Pleistocene aquifer groundwater accepts a little direct rainfall recharge,while the lateral recharge is the main supplement source.There were 75 effective rainfall events among 120 rainfall events during the monitoring period,with an accumulated amount of 672.9 mm,and the percentages of effective rainfall amount and duration time were 62.50%and 91.56%,respectively.The max evaporation depth at the upper part in Quaternary cohesive soil was no less than 1.4 m.The soil profile was divided into four zones:(1)The sensitive zone of rainfall infiltration within 1.4 m,where the material and energy exchange frequently near the interface between atmosphere and soil;(2)the buffer zone of rainfall infiltration between 1.4 m and 3.5 m;(3)the migration zone of rainfall infiltration between 3.5 m and 5.0 m;and(4)the rainfall infiltration and groundwater level co-influenced zone below 5.0 m.The results revealed the reaction of soil moisture and groundwater to rainfall in the area covered by cohesive soil under humid climate in Earth’s critical zone,which is of great theoretical and practical significance for groundwater resources evaluation and development,groundwater environmental protection,ecological environmental improvement,drought disaster prevention,and flood disaster prevention in subtropical monsoon climate plain areas.

Jet Plasma-Chemical Reactor for the Conversion of Methane: the Use of Clustering

The research results of processes proceeding in supersonic jets of light hydrocarbons, activated by an electron beam are presented. It is shown, that condensation suppressed at activation by electrons in the initial stage of condensation. The developed condensation conditions mode leads to increasing of a part of heavy corpuscles in activated stream and not only owing to stimulation of condensation but because of formation of heavy hydrocarbonic molecules.

Towards Long-Life Replacement Joint Prostheses - A Surface Engineering Approach

How to improve the wear resistance of bearing surfaces, hereby achieving long life of orthopaedic joint prostheses has long been a technical challenge with much fundamental interest and social and economic impacts. Surface engineering has been emerging as one of the most promising technologies to improve the tribological properties of biomedical materials. A current area of research within the Birmingham Surface Engineering Group has been directed at developing novel surface engineering technologies for biomedical materials towards long-life joint prostheses. Following a brief introduction, the author reports their recent progress in the surface engineering of biomedical materials particular for joint prosthesis. The potential of these innovative surface engineering technologies in enhancing the performance of oral and maxillofacial implants and surgical devices is also discussed.

基于AMESim的柴油机SCR系统NO_(X)转化率仿真与验证

为研究车用柴油机SCR系统催化转化效率的影响因素,利用AMESim软件建立SCR系统仿真模型,结合台架试验,分析了排气温度、NO_(2)/NO_(X)值以及排气流量对系统NO_(X)转化率的影响。将不同温度下SCR系统仿真输出的NO_(X)转化率数据进行了实验验证,结果表明模型预测误差小于5%。仿真结果显示:SCR系统的NO_(X)转化率会随排气温度升高而明显增大,370~450℃为系统性能的最佳温度区间,NO_(X)转化率最大值均在88%以上。NO_(X)转化率随着NO_(2)/NO_(X)值的提高而增加,且当NO_(2)/NO_(X)值为55%~60%时达到峰值。当排气温度处于400~450℃之间时,NO_(X)转化率受排气流量影响较小,转化率稳定在90%左右。确定了SCR系统在发动机不同工况条件下的工作性能,为后续的尿素喷射控制研究提供指导依据。

碱金属迁移转化对生物质灰沾污结渣的影响研究进展

生物质热化学转化利用过程会产生大量的生物质灰,其钾、钠等碱金属元素的含量高,导致其熔融温度低,在高温下极易熔融或挥发,进而对锅炉、管道或设备受热面造成沾污结渣、腐蚀等危害。为系统了解碱金属迁移转化对生物质灰沾污结渣影响的研究并预测其发展趋势,首先,归纳生物质热化学转化过程中由碱金属迁移转化引发的安全问题及危害;其次,回顾和总结近年来国内外生物质灰沾污结渣机理方面的研究进展,主要包括不同热化学转化来源生物质灰沾污结渣演变规律和碱金属迁移转化特性研究等;最后,预测生物质灰沾污结渣防治研究的发展趋势。研究结果显示:生物质热化学转化过程中碱金属的赋存形式和演化特征是影响灰熔融和沾污结渣特性的重要因素,不同热化学转化来源生物质灰的熔融和烧结规律是灰沾污结渣防治研究的关键。以往针对碱金属迁移转化特性的研究,大多只考虑生物质自身的燃料性质、矿物组成等,对不同热化学转化过程中碱金属迁移转化对生物质灰沾污结渣和熔融烧结的影响以及不同形式碱金属成分的影响研究仍不够深入和系统,尚未形成完善的理论体系,这将成为以后的重点研究方向。

大口径反射镜Bipod支撑结构的装调与检测方法

随着我国遥感卫星对地观测分辨率的不断提升,空间遥感相机的有效口径逐步增大,为有效应对相机在地表装调时的重力误差干扰,大口径遥感相机的装调方式逐步从光轴水平形式转变为光轴竖直形式,与之对应的,相机主反射镜支撑结构与装配需求也在不断革新。为满足反射镜支撑与减重需求,在1 m及以上口径的反射镜支撑形式中,Bipod结构是较为常见的一种结构形式,不同于传统的框式支撑形式,它在光机结构粘接与结构位置标定需求上都有了巨大变革。为保证Bipod支撑结构下反射镜的装配定位精度和面形变化满足系统指标要求,提出了一种结合多目标空间位置转换和Stewart结构运动反演的大口径反射镜组件装调方法,该方法可在有效保证光机结构粘接点精度的同时,仅依靠反射镜自身支撑结构,实现反射镜与主承力板之间的高精度六维调节,系统装调误差可控制在0.04 mm左右。在遥感相机的实际装调过程中,通过分析主反射镜在系统中的装调误差区间,并以此为标准制定了反射镜Bipod结构的定位、粘接、调整和检测方案,实践结果表明该方法可有效控制反射镜的装配定位精度和面形误差,装调结果能够满足大口径遥感相机的系统成像需求。