Investigation of the Boundary between Abderaz and Kalat Formations Based on Calcareous Nannofossils in West Kopet-Dagh (NE IRAN)

The biostratigraphy of calcareous nannofossils of the Cretaceous is investigated in the boundary between Abderaz and Kalat Formations through the record of species richness, diversity and distribution patterns in the west Kopet-Dagh region. The Kalat Formation comprising of coarse-grained detritus limestone with subordinate sandstone intercalations and the Abderaz Formation mainly consists of limestone, Shale and Limy marl. Nannofossils of this boundary in each of studied sections are listed and figured. 21 species in?Ghalehzoo section, 29 species in Sheikh section and 19 species in Jozak section have been determined. Boistratigraphy based on calcareous nannofossil allow the identification of nannofossil standard zones CC21 and CC26 in all of sections, According to these zones in all of sections, the age of the studied thickness is Early Late Campanian-Late Late Maastrichtian in these sections.

论英属印度对俾路支斯坦统治的形成

巴基斯坦俾路支省是从英属印度治下的俾路支斯坦继承而来。英印确立对俾路支斯坦的统治经历了一个较长的历史过程,从19世纪中期持续至19世纪90年代初。卡拉特汗国是俾路支斯坦当时最大政治体和当地布拉灰、俾路支部落的宗主,英印建立对俾路支斯坦的统治以控制汗国为主要手段。最初,英印介入俾路支斯坦出于确保英国军队过境和旁遮普、信德边疆稳定之目的,主要采取了在政治上扶持卡拉特汗、军事上以英印军队打击部落的“雅各布政策”,但政策最终因卡拉特汗国内乱而失败。而后,英印逐步建立了起“桑德曼体制”。这是一套挪用卡拉特汗国既有部落国家体制的间接统治政策:政治上,英印成为卡拉特汗与各部落之间的“争议仲裁者”;军事上,在英印有限驻军的基础上,资助各部落建立武装以维护统治。英印对俾路支斯坦统治的形成与英国外交、英印内部政治以及其边疆政策有着密切关系。首先,英国外交转向帝国事务、趋向防御性,以防范俄国控制阿富汗为基本目标,这既促使英国在俾路支斯坦建立影响力,但也限制英国兼并该地建立直接统治。其次,英印当局介入俾路支斯坦事务,既有巩固边疆的需要,也有自身政治利益的诉求。最后,英印政策被卷入卡拉特汗国内部矛盾旋涡中,存在着自我推动的演进逻辑。桑德曼在政策中挪用部落体制,最终使英印对俾路支斯坦的统治成为部落国家体制的“加强版”变种。