Due to morphological plasticity and paucity of diagnostic morphological characters, the taxonomy of Kap- paphycus gets more and more confused with the expanding of commercial cultivation. In this study, the phylogenet...Due to morphological plasticity and paucity of diagnostic morphological characters, the taxonomy of Kap- paphycus gets more and more confused with the expanding of commercial cultivation. In this study, the phylogenetic relationship of 13 strains of introduced Kappaphycus species in China was defined using DNA molecular markers, such as 18S rDNA, rbcL and cox2-cox3 spacer region. The resolutions obtained by three different molecular markers were compared： both cox2--cox3 spacer region and rbcL sequences are eligible in inter- species identification of Kappaphycus, whereas cox2-cox3 spacer region is more variable than rbcL sequence. There is several basepairs＇ discrepancy among 18S rDNA sequences, while it is 100% identical among both cox2-cox3 spacer region and rbcL sequences of the ten strains of K. alvarezii. We suppose that 18S rDNA sequence can provide more information in biogeography study of Kappaphycus than other two DNA sequences.展开更多
A sauna drying technique—the solar drier was designed and imposed, constructed and tested for drying of seaweed. The seaweed moisture content was decreased around 50% in 2-day sauna. Kinetic curves of drying of seawe...A sauna drying technique—the solar drier was designed and imposed, constructed and tested for drying of seaweed. The seaweed moisture content was decreased around 50% in 2-day sauna. Kinetic curves of drying of seaweed were known to be used in this system. The non-linear regression procedure was used to fit three different drying models. The models were compared with experimental data of red seaweed being dried on the daily average of air temperature about 40℃. The fit quality of the models was evaluated using the coefficient of determination (R2), Mean Bias Error (MBE) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). The highest values of R2 (0.99027), the lowest MBE (0.00044) and RMSE (0.03039) indicated that the Page model was the best mathematical model to describe the drying behavior of sauna dried seaweed. The percentage of the saved time using this technique was calculated at 57.9% on the average solar radiation of about 500 W/m2 and air flow rate of 0.056 kg/s.展开更多
In this study, protoplasts were successfully isolated from Kappaphycus alvarezii using snail enzymes, abalone enzymes and cellulase. The optimum enzymic ratio was fixed to be 20% of abalone enzyme, 12% of cellulase an...In this study, protoplasts were successfully isolated from Kappaphycus alvarezii using snail enzymes, abalone enzymes and cellulase. The optimum enzymic ratio was fixed to be 20% of abalone enzyme, 12% of cellulase and the osmotic stabilizer was 2.0 mol/L glucose. The optimum enzymic hydrolysis conditions were found to be dark enzymolysis at 30°C continuing for 4.0 h. The resultant density and yield of protoplasts achieved 32.60×10^4 mL-1, 65.20×10^4 g-1 tissue for Kappaphycus alvarezii. Finally, under the temperature of 20°C, light intensity of 1 500–2 000 lx and photoperiod of 12 h/d, two developmental pathways were investigated：（1） callus-like cell mass and regenerated plantlet occurred on protoplast;（2） young shoots and calluslike cell mass occurred in tissue blocks after enzymolysis.展开更多
Objective: To evaluate the antimicrobial properties of Kappaphycus alvarezii(K. alvarezii) and Andrographis paniculata(A. paniculata) and to compare the microbial inhibition activities between these two crude extracts...Objective: To evaluate the antimicrobial properties of Kappaphycus alvarezii(K. alvarezii) and Andrographis paniculata(A. paniculata) and to compare the microbial inhibition activities between these two crude extracts.Methods: Both K. alvarezii and A. paniculata were extracted with methanol before the commencement of antimicrobial properties studies. There were a total of eight species of bacteria, including Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis and Gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella enterica. The antimicrobial activity was tested by disk diffusion method.Results: Crude extract of K. alvarezii was found not effective against both Grampositive and Gram-negative bacteria. In contrast, A. paniculata showed higher inhibition towards the growth of Gram-positive bacteria compared to Gram-negative bacteria.Results revealed that Bacillus subtilis was susceptible at lower concentration of A. paniculata crude extract however Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most susceptible towards A. paniculata at higher concentration. Although the inhibition zones produced by the crude extract were smaller than that of the positive control, streptomycin disc. A. paniculata crude extract still can be considered as potential antimicrobial agents either because it is a natural product or the active compound which is yet identified from its crude extract.Conclusions: Crude extract of K. alvarezii has zero inhibition in bacteria growth whereas A. paniculata exerted higher inhibition towards Gram-positive bacteria. The bioactive compounds contained by A. paniculata can be evaluated in order to yield a better vision towards the mode of action.展开更多
The study was conducted to determine the effects of different positions in cultivation lines towards the direction of water current on growth rate of Kappaphycus striatum var. cottonii for a duration of 45 d at 4°...The study was conducted to determine the effects of different positions in cultivation lines towards the direction of water current on growth rate of Kappaphycus striatum var. cottonii for a duration of 45 d at 4°30′9.36″ N and 119°22′6.8″ E of Bungin Pondohan, Sitangkai, Tawi-Tawi. The experiment has three treatments;the parallel (T1), perpendicular (T2) and diagonal (T3) positions towards the direction of water current with five replicates in each treatment following the randomized complete block design (RCBD). Results showed that higher mean weight of 473 g and growth increment of 8.3 g/d were obtained from T3, although not significantly different from T1 and T2 with 431 g and 7.4 g/d, and 408 g and 6.8 g/d, respectively (p>0.05). However, results showed statistically similar growth rates of K. striatum var cottonii among all treatments. Thus, the positions of cultivation lines with respect to the direction of the current have no significant effect on the growth of the said seaweed species. Hence, the treatments used are viable in growing K. striatum var. cottonii in the selected study site.展开更多
Seaweeds are not used as much for edible use although many kinds of seaweed are collected in Sri Lanka.The objective of this study was to develop high quality bread using seaweed,Kappaphycus alvarezii collected from S...Seaweeds are not used as much for edible use although many kinds of seaweed are collected in Sri Lanka.The objective of this study was to develop high quality bread using seaweed,Kappaphycus alvarezii collected from Sri Lanka,and wild yeast,Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolated from nectarine in Japan.Dietary fiber in K.alvarezii,Japanese sea weeds,Wakame and Aosa contained 48.1,31.7 and 29.1 g/100 g,respectively.The amount of total organic acid increased in garlic bread compared to bread without garlic.The best swelling properties were evident in the bread with K.alvarezii(0.5%)and garlic.The bread including K.alvarezii increased the fermentative power of wild yeast while the addition of garlic increased the degree of swelling of the dough.In the sensory testing,the bread with K.alvarezii(0.5%)and garlic was favored for the fineness of its texture and had the most preferred texture.It is possible to develop seaweed bread that is rich in dietary fiber and has excellent flavor by adding a suitable amount of garlic during the fermentation process.展开更多
The Cr（III） sorption experiments onto Kappaphycus alvarezii waste biomass were conducted at different pH values（2-6） under the conditions of initial metal concentration of 10-50 mg/L and the chemical compositions ...The Cr（III） sorption experiments onto Kappaphycus alvarezii waste biomass were conducted at different pH values（2-6） under the conditions of initial metal concentration of 10-50 mg/L and the chemical compositions of Cr-Cu and Cr-Cd.The Cr（III） sorption capacities were slightly dependent on pH,and the maximum sorption capacity was 0.86 mg/g at pH 3.The sorption capacities increased with increase in the initial metal concentration,whereas it was suppressed by the presence of Cu（II） and Cd（III） in the solution.The Cr（III） sorption equilibrium was evaluated using Langmuir,Freundlich and BET isotherms.The sorption mechanisms were characterised using scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.The main mechanisms were ion exchange coupled with a complexation mechanism.Kappaphycus alvarezii waste biomass represents a potential for Cr（III） ion removal from aqueous solution.展开更多
Betaphycus gelatinus, Kappaphycus alvarezii and Eucheuma denticulatum of Family Solieriaceae, Order Gi-gartinales, Class Rhodophyceae are three important carrageenan-producing red algal species, which pro-duce differe...Betaphycus gelatinus, Kappaphycus alvarezii and Eucheuma denticulatum of Family Solieriaceae, Order Gi-gartinales, Class Rhodophyceae are three important carrageenan-producing red algal species, which pro-duce different types of carrageenans, beta （β）-carrageenan, kappa （κ）-carrageenan and iota （ι）-carrageenan. So far the carrageenan biosynthesis pathway is not fully understood and few information is about the So-lieriaceae genome and transcriptome sequence. Here, we performed the de novo transcriptome sequencing, assembly, functional annotation and comparative analysis of these three commercial-valuable species using an Illumina short-sequencing platform Hiseq 2000 and bioinformatic software. Furthermore, we compared the different expression of some unigenes involved in some pathways relevant to carrageenan biosynthe-sis. We finally found 861 different expressed KEGG orthologs which contained a glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathway （21 orthologs）, carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms （16 orthologs）, galactose metabolism （5 orthologs）, and fructose and mannose metabolism （9 orthologs） which are parts of the carbohydrate me-tabolism. We also found 8 different expressed KEGG orthologs for sulfur metabolism which might be impor-tantly related to biosynthesis of different types of carrageenans. The results presented in this study provided valuable resources for functional genomics annotation and investigation of mechanisms underlying the biosynthesis of carrageenan in Family Solieriaceae.展开更多
Aquaculture industry is often generating waste that negatively impact to the environment. These wastes are rich in nutrients. Seaweed can utilize these waste nutrients. This experiment was conducted in a flow-through ...Aquaculture industry is often generating waste that negatively impact to the environment. These wastes are rich in nutrients. Seaweed can utilize these waste nutrients. This experiment was conducted in a flow-through system (FTS) and a recirculation system (RS) in land-based integrated multi-trophic aquaculture module using seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii as one of the components. The aim was to access the efficiency of the removal of nutrients in the integrated culture. Kappaphycus alvarezii was stocked at the density of 1 kg/tank in the rectangular plastic tank with 500 L of seawater. The waste generated from integrated multi-trophic aquaculture tanks was directed towards K. alvarezii culture tank. Water samples from inlet, outlet and inside of the culture tanks were drawn to determine the nutrients, namely, total nitrogen (mg/L) and total phosphorus (mg/L). Total nitrogen and total phosphorus in the seaweed sample and from the sediment of culture tanks were also analyzed. The total nitrogen amounting to 59.5% and 61.6% nitrogen was taken up by K. alvarezii in FTS and RS culture tank, respectively. The phosphorus showed the highest deposition of 61.1% and 31.6% in the sediment of in FTS and RS culture tanks respectively, whereas only 5.5% and 3.4% of phosphorus were taken up by K. alvarezii from FTS and RS culture tanks, respectively. The percentage of nitrogen remained in water was comparatively higher by 14.2% and 27.5% than phosphorus by 8.3% and 23.0% in water of both FTS and RS culture tanks, respectively. These results indicated that this species seaweed is efficient in the removal of nitrogen from both FTS and RS culture tank.展开更多
基金Basic Scientific Fund for National Public Research Institutes of China under contract No. 2008G19
文摘Due to morphological plasticity and paucity of diagnostic morphological characters, the taxonomy of Kap- paphycus gets more and more confused with the expanding of commercial cultivation. In this study, the phylogenetic relationship of 13 strains of introduced Kappaphycus species in China was defined using DNA molecular markers, such as 18S rDNA, rbcL and cox2-cox3 spacer region. The resolutions obtained by three different molecular markers were compared： both cox2--cox3 spacer region and rbcL sequences are eligible in inter- species identification of Kappaphycus, whereas cox2-cox3 spacer region is more variable than rbcL sequence. There is several basepairs＇ discrepancy among 18S rDNA sequences, while it is 100% identical among both cox2-cox3 spacer region and rbcL sequences of the ten strains of K. alvarezii. We suppose that 18S rDNA sequence can provide more information in biogeography study of Kappaphycus than other two DNA sequences.
文摘A sauna drying technique—the solar drier was designed and imposed, constructed and tested for drying of seaweed. The seaweed moisture content was decreased around 50% in 2-day sauna. Kinetic curves of drying of seaweed were known to be used in this system. The non-linear regression procedure was used to fit three different drying models. The models were compared with experimental data of red seaweed being dried on the daily average of air temperature about 40℃. The fit quality of the models was evaluated using the coefficient of determination (R2), Mean Bias Error (MBE) and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE). The highest values of R2 (0.99027), the lowest MBE (0.00044) and RMSE (0.03039) indicated that the Page model was the best mathematical model to describe the drying behavior of sauna dried seaweed. The percentage of the saved time using this technique was calculated at 57.9% on the average solar radiation of about 500 W/m2 and air flow rate of 0.056 kg/s.
基金The National Science Foundation Project under contract No.2007FY210500the National Department Public Benefit Research Foundation of China under contract No.200805075+2 种基金the Province Science and Technology in the Guangdong Project under contract Nos 2010B060200010 and 2010B020201015the Science Expenditure in the Hainan Project under contract No.11-20410-0015the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 41206106 and 41222038
文摘In this study, protoplasts were successfully isolated from Kappaphycus alvarezii using snail enzymes, abalone enzymes and cellulase. The optimum enzymic ratio was fixed to be 20% of abalone enzyme, 12% of cellulase and the osmotic stabilizer was 2.0 mol/L glucose. The optimum enzymic hydrolysis conditions were found to be dark enzymolysis at 30°C continuing for 4.0 h. The resultant density and yield of protoplasts achieved 32.60×10^4 mL-1, 65.20×10^4 g-1 tissue for Kappaphycus alvarezii. Finally, under the temperature of 20°C, light intensity of 1 500–2 000 lx and photoperiod of 12 h/d, two developmental pathways were investigated：（1） callus-like cell mass and regenerated plantlet occurred on protoplast;（2） young shoots and calluslike cell mass occurred in tissue blocks after enzymolysis.
基金supported by UCSI University Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
文摘Objective: To evaluate the antimicrobial properties of Kappaphycus alvarezii(K. alvarezii) and Andrographis paniculata(A. paniculata) and to compare the microbial inhibition activities between these two crude extracts.Methods: Both K. alvarezii and A. paniculata were extracted with methanol before the commencement of antimicrobial properties studies. There were a total of eight species of bacteria, including Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis and Gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella enterica. The antimicrobial activity was tested by disk diffusion method.Results: Crude extract of K. alvarezii was found not effective against both Grampositive and Gram-negative bacteria. In contrast, A. paniculata showed higher inhibition towards the growth of Gram-positive bacteria compared to Gram-negative bacteria.Results revealed that Bacillus subtilis was susceptible at lower concentration of A. paniculata crude extract however Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most susceptible towards A. paniculata at higher concentration. Although the inhibition zones produced by the crude extract were smaller than that of the positive control, streptomycin disc. A. paniculata crude extract still can be considered as potential antimicrobial agents either because it is a natural product or the active compound which is yet identified from its crude extract.Conclusions: Crude extract of K. alvarezii has zero inhibition in bacteria growth whereas A. paniculata exerted higher inhibition towards Gram-positive bacteria. The bioactive compounds contained by A. paniculata can be evaluated in order to yield a better vision towards the mode of action.
文摘The study was conducted to determine the effects of different positions in cultivation lines towards the direction of water current on growth rate of Kappaphycus striatum var. cottonii for a duration of 45 d at 4°30′9.36″ N and 119°22′6.8″ E of Bungin Pondohan, Sitangkai, Tawi-Tawi. The experiment has three treatments;the parallel (T1), perpendicular (T2) and diagonal (T3) positions towards the direction of water current with five replicates in each treatment following the randomized complete block design (RCBD). Results showed that higher mean weight of 473 g and growth increment of 8.3 g/d were obtained from T3, although not significantly different from T1 and T2 with 431 g and 7.4 g/d, and 408 g and 6.8 g/d, respectively (p>0.05). However, results showed statistically similar growth rates of K. striatum var cottonii among all treatments. Thus, the positions of cultivation lines with respect to the direction of the current have no significant effect on the growth of the said seaweed species. Hence, the treatments used are viable in growing K. striatum var. cottonii in the selected study site.
文摘Seaweeds are not used as much for edible use although many kinds of seaweed are collected in Sri Lanka.The objective of this study was to develop high quality bread using seaweed,Kappaphycus alvarezii collected from Sri Lanka,and wild yeast,Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolated from nectarine in Japan.Dietary fiber in K.alvarezii,Japanese sea weeds,Wakame and Aosa contained 48.1,31.7 and 29.1 g/100 g,respectively.The amount of total organic acid increased in garlic bread compared to bread without garlic.The best swelling properties were evident in the bread with K.alvarezii(0.5%)and garlic.The bread including K.alvarezii increased the fermentative power of wild yeast while the addition of garlic increased the degree of swelling of the dough.In the sensory testing,the bread with K.alvarezii(0.5%)and garlic was favored for the fineness of its texture and had the most preferred texture.It is possible to develop seaweed bread that is rich in dietary fiber and has excellent flavor by adding a suitable amount of garlic during the fermentation process.
基金supported by a Research University Grant from UKM-GUP-NBT-08-27-104
文摘The Cr（III） sorption experiments onto Kappaphycus alvarezii waste biomass were conducted at different pH values（2-6） under the conditions of initial metal concentration of 10-50 mg/L and the chemical compositions of Cr-Cu and Cr-Cd.The Cr（III） sorption capacities were slightly dependent on pH,and the maximum sorption capacity was 0.86 mg/g at pH 3.The sorption capacities increased with increase in the initial metal concentration,whereas it was suppressed by the presence of Cu（II） and Cd（III） in the solution.The Cr（III） sorption equilibrium was evaluated using Langmuir,Freundlich and BET isotherms.The sorption mechanisms were characterised using scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.The main mechanisms were ion exchange coupled with a complexation mechanism.Kappaphycus alvarezii waste biomass represents a potential for Cr（III） ion removal from aqueous solution.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 31140070,31271397 and 41206116the algal transcrip-tome sequencing was supported by 1KP Project(www.onekp.com)
文摘Betaphycus gelatinus, Kappaphycus alvarezii and Eucheuma denticulatum of Family Solieriaceae, Order Gi-gartinales, Class Rhodophyceae are three important carrageenan-producing red algal species, which pro-duce different types of carrageenans, beta （β）-carrageenan, kappa （κ）-carrageenan and iota （ι）-carrageenan. So far the carrageenan biosynthesis pathway is not fully understood and few information is about the So-lieriaceae genome and transcriptome sequence. Here, we performed the de novo transcriptome sequencing, assembly, functional annotation and comparative analysis of these three commercial-valuable species using an Illumina short-sequencing platform Hiseq 2000 and bioinformatic software. Furthermore, we compared the different expression of some unigenes involved in some pathways relevant to carrageenan biosynthe-sis. We finally found 861 different expressed KEGG orthologs which contained a glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathway （21 orthologs）, carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms （16 orthologs）, galactose metabolism （5 orthologs）, and fructose and mannose metabolism （9 orthologs） which are parts of the carbohydrate me-tabolism. We also found 8 different expressed KEGG orthologs for sulfur metabolism which might be impor-tantly related to biosynthesis of different types of carrageenans. The results presented in this study provided valuable resources for functional genomics annotation and investigation of mechanisms underlying the biosynthesis of carrageenan in Family Solieriaceae.
文摘Aquaculture industry is often generating waste that negatively impact to the environment. These wastes are rich in nutrients. Seaweed can utilize these waste nutrients. This experiment was conducted in a flow-through system (FTS) and a recirculation system (RS) in land-based integrated multi-trophic aquaculture module using seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii as one of the components. The aim was to access the efficiency of the removal of nutrients in the integrated culture. Kappaphycus alvarezii was stocked at the density of 1 kg/tank in the rectangular plastic tank with 500 L of seawater. The waste generated from integrated multi-trophic aquaculture tanks was directed towards K. alvarezii culture tank. Water samples from inlet, outlet and inside of the culture tanks were drawn to determine the nutrients, namely, total nitrogen (mg/L) and total phosphorus (mg/L). Total nitrogen and total phosphorus in the seaweed sample and from the sediment of culture tanks were also analyzed. The total nitrogen amounting to 59.5% and 61.6% nitrogen was taken up by K. alvarezii in FTS and RS culture tank, respectively. The phosphorus showed the highest deposition of 61.1% and 31.6% in the sediment of in FTS and RS culture tanks respectively, whereas only 5.5% and 3.4% of phosphorus were taken up by K. alvarezii from FTS and RS culture tanks, respectively. The percentage of nitrogen remained in water was comparatively higher by 14.2% and 27.5% than phosphorus by 8.3% and 23.0% in water of both FTS and RS culture tanks, respectively. These results indicated that this species seaweed is efficient in the removal of nitrogen from both FTS and RS culture tank.
