Rocky Desertification Risk Zone Delineation in Karst Plateau Area:A Case Study in Puding County,Guizhou Province

Karst rocky desertification is a geo-ecological problem in Southwest China. The rocky desertification risk zone delineation could be used as a guide for the regional and hierarchical rocky desertification management and prevention. We chose the middle and lower reaches of the Houzhai underground basin on the karst plateau in Puding County, Guizhou Province, China as the study area and selected land use type, elevation, slope, aspect, lithology and settlement buffer as the main driving factors of the rocky desertification. The potential risk of rocky desertification was quantifed with the factor-weights union method and statistical analysis method. Five grades of rocky desertification risk were delineated based on Geographic Information System. The extremely low, low, moderate, high and extremely high rocky desertification risk zones accounted for 5.01%, 44.17%, 33.92%, 15.59% and 1.30%, respectively. As a whole, the rocky desertification risk level was moderate because the area of low and moderate rocky desertification risk zones occupied 78.09% of the study area. However, more than half of the area （about 50.81%） was predicted to have moderate rocky desertification risk and above, indicating that the study area was subject to rocky desertification. Rocky desertification risk was higher in the southeast and lower in the northwest of the study area. Distinct differences in the distribution of rocky desertification risk zones corresponding to different factors have been found.

Study on Influences of Different Land Use Types on Soil Qualities in Plateau Karst Depression

[Objective] The aim was to study influences of different land use ways on soil qualities in plateau karst depression.[Method] Different land use types were divided by topographic map of 1∶10 000 scales and soil properties of physics and chemistry were analyzed.[Result] The results showed that the variation trend of soil depth(A+B stratum)was slope plough(include returning farm to forest)land>natural forest land>planted forest land>shrub forest land,and relative indexes changing regularities of soil...

Landscape structures of different rural landscape connectivity in typical plateau karst regions: Taking the Houzhai River area of Anshun City, Guizhou Province as an example

Landscape connectivity is important for energy and material flow in ecosystems as well as for the survival of species. The landscape structure influences and reflects the degree of landscape connectivity. In order to study the coupling relationship between landscape structure and connectivity and reveal the succession relationship between its structure and connectivity in the typical karst plateau area. The study analyzed the typical area of Houzhai River in Puding County, Anshun City, Guizhou Province, according to the landscape pattern index and probability landscape connectivity index. The results show:(1) The landscape structure of the study area A is mainly characterized by large patches and uniform distribution. The main land is woodland and cultivated land, and the overall landscape is low fragmentation.(2) The landscape structure of the study area B is mainly characterized by the clustering of a certain type of land cover and the uneven distribution of the patches, for example, cultivated land. Other types of patches are scatteredly distributed, and the overall landscape is highly fragmented.(3) The study area A, B in 100, 500, 1000, 2000, 3000, 5 distance thresholds of landscape connectivity were 1.55, 1.99, 2.26, 2.49, 2.58 and 0.02, 0.10, 0.15, 0.19, 0.20, respectively. The average landscape connectivity is 2. 18 and 0. 13, respectively. Study Area A has a higher degree of landscape connectivity than B. Landscape pattern indicators can represent the landscape structure and probability landscape connectivity index calculates the landscape connectivity in the study area. The results of the study can provide a basis for ecological restoration of plateau karst regions and well-oriented rural development planning.

Karst Relief Development History of Zemo Imereti Plateau, Georgia, Caucasus

The history of karst terrestrial development has been restored on the background of many years’ field, experimental and laboratory researches (underground water tracing, structural deciphering of aerophotocytes, analysis of boreholes and geological wounds) and analysis of the current literary sources carried out by us in the Zemo Imereti Plateau. Within the study area, karst and karst forms of the Jurassic-Cretaceous, Lower Tertiary (Paleocene-Eocene) and Post-Miocene (Sarmati) period were revealed. Lithobiostratigraphic analysis of cave subterranean sediments enabled us to identify the cave age. In Zemo Imereti Plateau, in the caves located on higher hypsometric levels, the sedimentation of subterranean sediments began in the Middle-Upper Pleistocene and it seemed that the caves’ formation was mainly completed in the mentioned territory.

The Evolution of a Karst Rocky Desertification Land Ecosystem and Its Driving Forces in the Houzhaihe Area, China

Understanding the evolution of karst rocky desertification (KRD) quantitatively is essential to obtain objective knowledge about the concept of KRD and the form reason of KRD, and is useful to restore KRD land. Houzhaihe area located in central plateau in Guizhou Province was studied here as a representative assemblage landform and its KRD’ s evolution and driving factors were studied, based mainly on high-resolution remote sensing image in 1963, 1978, 2005 and 2010. The KRD land comprises light KRD, moderate KRD and severe KRD. The results demonstrated that the evolution process of KRD can be divided into four modes such as unchanged, weakened, fluctuated and aggravated in the study area. The KRD with no changes from 1963 to 2010, namely, unchanged mode, accounted for 43.76% of the total area of the KRD in 2010;it distributed in the area with the slope of 15&#176 - 25&#176 and >25&#176 basically. Furthermore, the severe KRD distributed mainly in the areas within 300 - 600 m distance from settlement;when the distance away from the rural settlements was more than 900 m, the severe KRD declined, and its proportion was 28.6% and 10.6% in 1963 and 2010 respectively. In the peak-cluster depressions, located in central study area, the slope cropland with slope of 15&#176 - 25&#176 was still abounding, and was seriously rocky desertification generally. So, we propose that the existence of a large number of slope croplands is still the major driving factor of land rocky desertification. Therefore, for the rocky desertification control, the authors consider that the focal point is to alter the land use of steep-slope cropland at present.

Variability of Aquatic Chemistry in CentralGuizhou Karst Region,China

It is necessary to understand the aquatic chemical characteristics of natural surfacefresh water for water quality assessment. The chemical data from different kinds of water inthe central Guizhou karst area showed that spring water from carbonate rock cracks (crack-water) is of neutrality or meta-alkalinity and [C] Ca Ⅱ type. The amounts of all ions and theconcentrations of HCO3 and Ca2+ were higher in the autumn than in the spring. the crack-water was influenced by the infiltration of surface water in the process of erosion and/or transportation with decreasing HCO3- and increasing PH, SO, Cl, K+ and Na+ during runningin a certain distance on the land suffice. In particular, the chemical compeitions of the watersat Tianxingqiao (upper-stream), Shuiliandong (mid-waterfall) and Luoshuitan (down-pool)near the Huangguoshu Waterfall were much different from those of the crack-water. The concentrations of , Na+, Fe3+ and NO3- varied closely with seasons. The CaCO3 depositedviolently with CO2 release in the spring. In Lake Hongfeng the HCO3- /So- equivalent ratioswere only 2. 1 - 2. 4, but Ca2 + /Md+ up tO 2. 4 - 4. 2. The CI- concentration increased by afactor Of 1 and Na+ by order of magnitude relative to the spring water. These indicated the in-crease in artificial pollutant discharge in the Lake Hongfeng watershed. In addition, porewater in the soils coveing carbonate rocks belongs to strongly mineralized water. The obvious differences in water quality were controlled by carbonate despition, sulphate mineralization and nitrogen fixation as well as ammonification. It is indicated that the chemical compeitions in thewaters from the karst region were unstable and changeable.

从土壤保持角度探索全国生态桑产业发展布局

桑树具有十分强大的土壤保护功能。本文基于全国生态功能区划,瞄准生态桑在土壤保持生态系统服务功能中持续作用的重大科学问题,考量了桑树在各类生态重点区域的定位和价值实现途径。通过分析各生态区域蚕桑产业发展的基础状况,确定了西南喀斯特区、川滇干热河谷区、三峡库区、黄土高原区、鲁中山区和昆仑山区等6个桑树土壤保持核心服务区。针对上述6个桑树土壤保持核心服务区的产业生态特征,分别提出了保墒增碳、护土保水、保土降污、屯水治沙、肥土增碳和防风固沙的土壤管理技术,并推荐了广西宜州、四川盐边、重庆巫溪、陕西榆林、山东烟台和新疆和田等6个技术先行示范区。

青藏高原不同高程喀斯特地貌类型和发育特征

青藏高原地区喀斯特地貌发育较为普遍.通过查阅文献资料和系统性的研究总结,明确了不同高程下喀斯特地貌类型、发育特征均存在明显的差异.极高海拔地区(≥5000 m)喀斯特地貌可分为隆起构造山原、内陆湖盆地、内陆湖洼、内陆山原、高山冰川深谷、山原基岩型,风化剥蚀作用较强,形成较多的残留峰丛、石柱、洼地等;高海拔区(3500~5000 m)喀斯特地貌可分为喀斯特高山深谷型、喀斯特中高山湖泊、高山冰川深谷、隆起构造山原、内陆湖盆地、内陆湖洼型,构造-溶蚀作用强,主要发育大型宏观的峰林、峰丛洼地、溶洞、漏斗等;中海拔区(1000~3500 m)喀斯特地貌可以分为喀斯特高山深谷型、喀斯特中高山湖泊、山原蚀余峰丘、山原峰丘湖泊、内陆湖洼、喀斯特海岸型,构造-侵蚀作用较强,风化剥蚀相对较弱,喀斯特形态得以基本保存,主要发育微小型峰丛洼地、溶孔、溶痕和溶隙等.

毕节市三类不同瓦斯浓度煤矿周边夏季细菌多样性研究与差异分析

文章主要在夏季对毕节市内三类含有不同瓦斯浓度的煤矿周边矿石、矿水、土壤进行采集和检测,以了解其细菌多样性、分布情况、物种差异性等信息。实验采集市内距离相近的低瓦斯组、高瓦斯组、突出瓦斯组三组不同瓦斯浓度煤矿周边的矿石、矿水、土壤等样本,使用16S rDNA高通量测序技术检测其细菌多样性并进行数据分析。研究共采集到三组共20类煤矿周边样本,检出细菌55门,171纲,435目,780科,1919属,4599种。在门水平上,变形菌门(Proteobacte ria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)是丰度最高的物种;在属水平上,假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、罗尔斯通菌属(Ralstonia)、不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)是丰度最高的物种。文章首次系统地观察了该区域内三个地理位置相近的不同瓦斯浓度煤矿周边样本的细菌多样性,并分析了相关样本的差异性。研究在属水平上找到7个与瓦斯浓度相关的细菌物种,分别为农研丝杆菌属(Niastella)、unclassified_p_Chloroflexi属、Vicinamibacter属、代尔夫特菌属(Delftia)、norank_f__norank_o__norank_c__OLB14属、unclassifie d_k__norank_d__Bac teria属和unclassified_f__Ste roidobac terac eae属,以及3个在医学上需要特别注意的细菌物种,分别是假单胞菌属(Pse udomonas)、不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)、梭杆菌属(Fusobacterium)。研究结果为该区域内的相关基础研究、煤矿开采、矿区土地修复、临床细菌感染防治等提供了一定的细菌学相关基础参考数据。

利用2米级卫星数据在喀斯特高原地区的油菜遥感监测

喀斯特地貌使得贵州省耕地面积少,坡耕地多,油菜作为贵州省的主要农作物之一,其种植面积的准确评估对贵州省的农业管理具有重要意义。为解决高分辨率卫星数据获取成本高和喀斯特高原复杂地形带来的监测难题,本文以贵州省西秀区作为研究区,结合2米级卫星数据,通过实地调绘油菜为训练样本,基于卷积神经网络UNet++框架,构建了一种层次更深的残差网络ResNet-101模型自动提取油菜面积。试验结果表明,利用该网络模型来提取2米级卫星数据的油菜种植面积可行性较高,其面积统计精度和范围套合精度分别为99.69%、88.47%,达到相关部门统计油菜种植面积的精度要求。

风化土壤封存水H、O稳定同位素揭示的青海东部岩溶发育对青藏高原隆升的响应

青海东部岩溶发育受青藏高原隆升和古气候变化的影响。岩石风化成壤过程中的大气降水被封存在风化土壤中,由于黏土渗透性极低,黏土矿物之间毛细力阻止后续大气降水的直接驱替,风化土壤保留了当时大气降水的部分信息。在青海东部岩溶发育地区采集17组风化土壤样品,利用真空-低温水样提取装置提取土壤中的封存水,根据氢氧稳定同位素的温度效应,计算各地质历史时期的温度,构建温度变化曲线,并根据氢氧稳定同位素的降雨量效应,利用δD值定性评估各地质历史时期的降雨量,构建降雨量变化曲线。结果表明:风化土壤封存水的δD和δ^(18)O具有统一的来源,受蒸发作用和氧同位素交换的影响;自元古代到新生代,青海东部地区温度和降雨量波动频繁,冷热干湿交替;元古代和古生代岩溶未发育,中生代时期岩溶发育不充分;新生代是青藏高原快速隆升时期,也是青海东部岩溶发育的主要时期,新生代时期青海东部逐渐变冷,降雨量逐渐增加,新生代各阶段岩溶发育方式不同,由化学溶蚀作用转变为物理风化作用,总体降雨量不大,水动力条件不足,岩溶发育的强度和深度不大,青海东部的岩溶形态多以小型溶洞、涌水岩溶裂隙为主。该研究结果可为青海东部岩溶水资源的演化和利用提供理论依据。

喀斯特高原石漠化综合治理生态产业技术与示范研究

喀斯特石漠化是威胁我国喀斯特地区生态环境安全、制约区域经济社会发展的重大瓶颈问题。贵州师范大学/国家喀斯特石漠化防治工程技术研究中心石漠化防治研究团队在国家科技计划的资助下,自"九五"以来一直从事石漠化防治的理论与技术创新性研究,并取得一系列成果。此次"十三五"重点研发计划项目(编号:2016YFC0502600)将在石漠化成因、等级划分、治理模式与技术体系等存量研究基础上,围绕生态衍生产业这一主题,增量开展喀斯特高原石漠化综合治理与混农林业复合经营、生态经济集约经营、生态产业规模经营、生物医药、生物能源、山地旅游等基础理论攻关、共性关键技术与技术体系研发,为国家石漠化治理工程和精准扶贫提供科技支撑。

喀斯特高原不同植被演替阶段土壤动物群落特征

选择贵州喀斯特高原三个典型地貌单元作为研究区,于2009-05对不同植被演替阶段的土壤动物群落进行研究。共获土壤动物3992只,隶属于5门10纲26目,共31个类群,优势类群为弹尾目(Collembola)、甲螨亚目(Oribatida)、中气门亚目(Mesostigmata);常见类群为前气门亚目(Prostigmata)、膜翅目(Hymenoptera)、鞘翅目(Coleoptera)、半翅目(Hemiptera)、近孔寡毛目(Plesiopora)、双翅目(Diptera)、双尾目(Diplura)。研究结果表明,随着喀斯特植被的不断退化,土壤动物数量不断减少,表现为林地>灌丛>草地>石漠化地;类群数亦呈减少趋势。各演替阶段土壤动物表聚性明显,但人为干扰(如翻耕等)可导致土壤动物出现逆分布现象。土壤动物多样性分析表明,中小型土壤动物的多样性指数从林地到石漠化地逐渐减小。

基于GIS的喀斯特高原山区石漠化景观格局变化分析

石漠化是广泛存在于中国西南地区的一种生态-地质灾害,目前已成为备受关注的研究热点和难点。为了解喀斯特高原山区石漠化景观的时空变化,以贵州省普定县南部的典型喀斯特高原山区后寨河流域为例,以3期遥感影像(1987年和1995年的TM影像与2004年的SPOT-5影像)作为数据源,借助于ArcGIS9.0等软件和数理统计分析方法,从石漠化强度分级的角度对近18a来石漠化的动态变化进行了研究。结果表明:从整体上来看,整个流域的石漠化出现扩展的趋势,其中前期(1987-1995年)的扩展速度为6.55hm2/a,后期(1995-2004年)的扩展速度为29.64hm2/a,扩展速度呈现增加的趋势。其中,轻度石漠化的面积呈现出先减少后增加的趋势;而中度石漠化和强度石漠化的面积均呈现出逐渐增加的趋势。

喀斯特高原典型小流域土壤有机碳及其组分的分布特征

以贵州省清镇王家寨为喀斯特高原典型样区,采用网格布点法,调查研究了土壤总有机碳(SOC)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)和微生物生物量碳(MBC)的分布特征。研究结果表明:灌木林地表层土壤SOC、DOC和MBC含量分别为56.86、68.74mg·kg-1和264.12mg·kg-1,均显著高于旱地与水田(P<0.05);各土地利用方式表层土壤微生物熵(MBC/SOC)值处于0.45%～0.55%之间,土地利用方式对土壤SOC及其组分均有显著影响。协方差分析表明,土壤MBC受土地利用方式和pH的影响较大,土壤SOC和DOC受海拔高度的影响较大。不同土地利用方式下土壤SOC与MBC无相关性,而DOC与MBC的相关性正负各异。3种土地利用方式剖面土壤中,灌木林地0～30cm各土层MBC含量差异显著(P<0.05),水田20～30cm土层DOC含量显著低于0～20cm各土层。表层(0～10cm)土壤SOC密度以灌木林地最大,但旱地(155.97t·hm-2)和水田(107.92t·hm-2)1m以内土体的有机碳密度显著高于(P<0.05)灌木林地(76.14t·hm-2),结合土层厚度,水田与旱地有机碳储量高于灌木林地。研究表明加强保护灌木林地,对农耕地实行秸秆还田,将有利于区域土壤有机碳的积累和区域生态的恢复,维持区域的可持续发展。

草海高原湿地湖泊水质时空变化及水质分区研究

针对草海水质污染状况,开展水质季节变化特征研究,为草海湿地污染治理及保护提供依据。在草海湿地湖泊设置了15个采样点,于2014年8月、11月和2015年1月、4月,分4季进行水样采集。以所测水质参数为基础,运用水质综合评价和GIS空间分析方法,研究草海湿地水环境质量时空变化,并基于营养状态对湖泊水体进行了分区。研究表明:(1)草海TP、TN、CODMn、Chl-a 4种主要水质指标浓度在春季高于其他3个季节,浓度分别达到0.03、0.98、6.30和0.025 mg/L,空间分布呈现由东至西逐渐降低的趋势,草海入水口及码头区域要明显高于湖泊其他区域。(2)草海湖泊营养状态为中营养级别,按4个季度的综合营养状态指数(TLI)平均值分为3个区域,A区为东北角入水口及西海游客码头,长年处于富营养状态,为富营养状态区,53.9≤TLI≤63.0,水质处于Ⅳ与Ⅴ类等级;B区为临近县城及入水口区域,季节性富营养状态,为中营养状态区,41.2≤TLI≤46.6;C区为草海湖泊中心延续到阳关山的下游出水口区域,为贫中营养状态区,35.8≤TLI≤39.7;B区和C区水质全年为Ⅲ类等级。(3)各区域主要污染物指标以Chl-a、TN为主,A区形成的主因是城市污水注入,B区形成的主因是农业面源污染。控制城市污水和农药、化肥施用量是治理草海湖泊水环境的重要途径。

典型喀斯特高原坡地土壤养分分布及其影响因素

喀斯特地区生态环境脆弱，石漠化严重，土壤性质对其环境的变化较为敏感，了解研究区环境因素对土壤性质的作用，对该区生态恢复重建有一定的指导意义。本文在前期对喀斯特地区峰丛洼地和峰林平原研究的基础上，以贵州喀斯特高原典型样区为研究对象，采用从坡脚到山顶线形布点（间隔10m）采集土壤样本，同时调查记录各环境因子，通过对土壤养分指标测定，结合环境因子探讨了研究区内坡地土壤养分随相对高程的变化情况和地形因素（裸岩率、土层厚度和相对高程）之间及其对土壤养分的影响。结果表明：随相对高程的增加，裸岩率显著递增，土层厚度在0～30cm范围内，与裸岩率呈极显著负相关（P〈0．01）；结合协方差分析结果发现，裸岩率高的地段促进了土壤有机碳以及氮磷养分的积累，土壤有机碳和全氮含量受裸岩率和相对高程的影响，土壤全钾的含量主要受相对高程的影响，而土壤pH则同时受各地形因素的影响，全钾含量不受三地形因素的影响；随机误差分析表明，土壤有机碳及速效养分含量还受到其他因素的影响。

喀斯特高原山地水土流失影响因素及生态效益评价——以贵州毕节石桥小流域为例

为进一步认识喀斯特地区的水土流失影响因素及其生态效益,以喀斯特高原山地石漠化典型区贵州毕节石桥小流域为研究对象,通过对小流域的土壤物理特性和植被因子进行分析,结果表明:土壤机械组成直接影响径流区土壤的渗透能力,不同的土地利用类型水稳定性能相差较显著;土壤容重、持水率对水土流失的影响表现在土壤容重均较低,土壤结构较为疏松,依次是灌草丛地<(陡坡地)退耕还林地<缓坡耕地;植被覆盖的多少与水土流失的变化表现出很强的相关性,土壤侵蚀量与植被覆盖度在a=0.05水平显著相关,相关系数r=0.779,0.853,植被覆盖度愈大,侵蚀愈弱。喀斯特高原山地水土流失因素与土壤物理性质有着最直接、最敏感的相关性,以植被恢复及控制人为干扰来减少水土流失效果最佳,生态效益能实现最大化。该研究成果必将对同类喀斯特地区的水土流失治理起到积极作用,为喀斯特山区水土保持工作提供科学依据。

喀斯特高原盆地聚落空间演变——以贵州省红枫湖水系盆地为例

贵州是我国喀斯特分布最广的地区,喀斯特高原盆地是贵州主要的人口聚集地。充分认识高原盆地聚落的空间分布及其演化态势,对区域城镇规划、社会主义新农村建设及可持续发展有重要意义。以红枫湖水系盆地为例,基于GIS技术及相关软件,主要利用景观格局指数、Moran’s I系数以及居民点数据与等高线数据的空间叠置及转换技术,从水平和垂直两个维度对案例地区聚落空间分布的变化进行研究。研究表明:喀斯特高原盆地聚落的空间分布和演变具有强烈的喀斯特地域基因,在喀斯特地貌的限制下聚落总体分布分散;近年来聚落规模不断增加,在局部有一定小规模集聚并随地形限制而表现出不同的集聚形式和集聚程度;而随着数量的增多和规模的增大,聚落形态更为复杂且景观趋于破碎,空间分布更加复杂;喀斯特地貌的垂直空间特点在决定聚落的垂直分布及演变规律的同时也加剧了聚落空间分布的复杂性。

喀斯特高原山区土地潜在石漠化与地形因子的关系

选取位于贵州省普定县的后寨地下河流域中下游作为研究区,利用地理信息系统软件,解译出研究区2004年的潜在石漠化等级分布图,对海拔、坡度、坡向和坡位等地形因子同各等级潜在石漠化景观面积的相关关系进行定量分析。结果显示,研究区潜在石漠化景观在空间上呈不均匀分布;海拔、坡度和坡向等地形因子同潜在石漠化景观的多个等级斑块面积之间相关性显著(P<0.05或P<0.01);随着海拔的增加,低度和中度潜在石漠化面积所占比例逐渐增加,无石漠化和极低度潜在石漠化面积所占比例逐渐减少;随坡度的增加,无石漠化面积所占比例逐渐减少,低度、中度及极高度潜在石漠化面积所占比例逐渐增加;随着坡向由阴转阳,中度和高度潜在石漠化面积所占比例逐渐增加;而坡位与各等级潜在石漠化景观面积之间无显著相关性。