Hazards and Landscape Changes(Degradations) on Hungarian Karst Mountains Due to Natural and Human Effects

In order to study the karstological processes within the karst ecological system,the geohazards and degradation of karst landscapes on the karst areas of the Bakony mountains(Hungary),we investigated the abiotic elements of the environment,soil and cover deposits,erosion soil decay;the changes in the quantity and quality of karst waters:contamination at swallow holes,contamination of karst springs;and the biogenic factors:surface vegetation coverage by the corine land cover method,plant-ecological examinations,qualification of surface waters with the help of biological water labeling.We recognized that the increasing human activities during the past few centuries have had significant impact on the investigated landscapes of karst areas because of their spatial sensitivity.In the scope of our research we concluded that the landscape changes due to natural and human effects can vary strongly on the different karst areas.These differences can arise from the climatic and geomorphologic situation,the coverlayer's qualities,etc.,but primarily from the different utilization of the investigated karst areas(e.g.the intensity,characteristics and territorial extension of utilization).On the spot investigation we detected traces of new and fast geomorphological processes(gully formation,landslides,collapses,new sinkhole development) and landforms(sinkholes,gullies,swallow holes),which are clear evidences of the effect of climatic changes.

喀斯特山地石漠化过程中地表地下侵蚀产沙特征

喀斯特地区特殊的地表、地下侵蚀产沙是引发石漠化发生发展的重要物理过程。以喀斯特山地石漠化过程中不同石漠化状况的裸坡面为研究对象,通过模拟其地表微地貌及地下孔(裂)隙构造特征,采用人工模拟降雨试验研究其地表及地下侵蚀产沙特征。结果表明:无石漠化、潜在石漠化和轻度石漠化的裸坡在相同条件下的地表产沙量总体上高于地下产沙量,且10 min降雨时段内地下产沙量在0~100 g之间。不同石漠化强度的裸坡地表、地下侵蚀产沙量均随雨强的增大而增加;小雨强(30~80 mm h^(-1))下,随着石漠化强度加剧其地表越不易发生侵蚀,而石漠化强度达到一定程度时(基岩裸露率40%)土壤流失以地下流失为主;大雨强(150 mm h^(-1))下,地表产沙量及其分配比例随基岩裸露率变化不明显,而地下产沙量则呈先增加后减小的变化且在基岩裸露率为30%时达到最大。不同石漠化强度的裸坡地表产沙量及其分配比例随地下孔(裂)隙度变化不明显,地下产沙量及其分配比例总体上随地下孔(裂)隙度增加而增加;在不同地下孔(裂)隙度下(1%~5%),地表、地下产沙量及其分配比例随基岩裸露率变化(10%~50%)差异较大。研究结果对认识喀斯特地区石漠化发生发展机制、揭示土壤侵蚀特征、防治地表地下水土流失具有重要的理论和现实意义。

中国南方岩溶水化学的某些特征

我国南方碳酸盐岩地区,岩溶水的化学类型和矿化度,从广西经贵州到滇东,在区域上有明显的差异。重碳酸钙型水比例减少,重碳酸钙镁型水呈现递增的趋势。宏观上看,乌江和红水河上游地下水化学径流模数大于下游,各省区平均值,滇东大于贵州又大于广西,即从西向东表现出由大变小的趋势。碳酸盐岩的溶蚀速率也显示这一特点,从而推断:现代岩溶发育强度,总的来看,云贵高原胜过广西地区。