Analysis on the Characteristics and Laws of Tunnel Hydraulic Inrush in Karst Area

As highways are extended to deep mountains,high altitudes,and special geological conditions,tunnel construction becomes more and more challenging,especially the construction of tunnels in karst areas.Due to the particularity of the regional geological structure,karst is well developed in the southwest of our country,especially at areas where the problem of tunnel water inrush in karst areas is more prominent.To further ensure the safe construction and operation of tunnels,the characteristics of tunnels in karst areas is analyzed in this article.

Scaling and clogging treatment of aging tunnel drainage pipes in karst areas using eco-friendly acid agent

In karst areas,the drainage pipes of aging tunnels are prone to be clogged by precipitated carbonates,resulting in lining cracking and tunnel leaking.As a result,not only the driving safety will be deteriorated,but also the water pressure on the lining might also be elevated significantly.For the structural stability and service lifespan of old tunnels,it is of great importance to remove these precipitated carbonates in time.Traditional treatment methods are often destructive to some extent or not efficient enough.This study aims to experimentally develop an eco-friendly acid-based chemical cleaning method to remove carbonate precipitations efficiently.The proposed chemical cleaning agent is an aqueous solution with strong acidity,consisting of sulfamic acid,water,and additives.The factors affecting the cleaning efficiency include the acid solubility,temperature and flow rate of the cleaning agent,as well as additives.Elevating the solution temperature to 50
C or a flow rate of no less than 0.2 m/s can improve cleaning efficiency.Although the salt effect cannot work,1 wt%of polymaleic acid as a surfactant could further promote the cleaning rate.The cleaning efficiency will increase with the flow rate in a power function.The relatively low flow rate that improves the cleaning rate considerably can avoid highpressure-induced mechanical damage to tunnel drainpipes.The waste could be easily treated to acceptable levels using commercial sewage treatment products and can also be recycled in agriculture.With the chemical cleaning,the water pressure at the arch springing of the lining will reduce with the increased radius of transverse drainpipes in a power function.The proposed acid-based cleaning method,which is highly efficient,non-or low-destructive to aging tunnels,sufficiently safe for humans,and friendly enough to the environment,will offer a promising alternative to remove the precipitated carbonates in tunnel drainpipes efficiently.

Study on Mechanism of Water Inrush of Karst Tunnels

Water inrush,which is one of the challenging issues and hot topics in the tunneling industry,is very easy to occur during the construction of karst tunnels.The mechanism of water inrush of karst tunnels is discussed and analyzed in the paper:the water inrush of karst tunnels is generally divided into three steps,i.e.,the forming of the hazard source,the forming of the water inrush passage and the failure of the anti-inrush rock mass.The failure of the anti-inrush rock mass of karst tunnels are classified into 5 types,i.e.,the integral tensile-shear failure,the hydraulic fracturing,the infiltration induced sliding of the filling medium,the loss of key blocks and the comprehensive water inrush mode.The failure mechanism is studied on basis of typical cases and by means of numerical simulation or theoretical analysis.Conclusion is drawn that most of the water inrushes in actual tunneling are comprehensive water inrushes,which are the comprehensive results of the interrelation and interaction of various water inrush types,and that different types of water inrushes have related continuity and progressive evolution relationships under certain conditions.

Collapse analysis of tunnel floor in karst area based on Hoek-Brown rock media

Collapse shape of tunnel floor in Hoek-Brown rock media is investigated with the functional catastrophe theory. The stability of rock system in tunnel floor, which is determined by thickness, half collapse width, half length of cave and detaching curve, has great secure and economic significance in practical engineering. To investigate the failure mechanisms and the outline of detaching block, a reliable damage model is presumed by making reference to the limit analysis theory. The analytical solutions of detaching curve, half collapse width on tunnel floor and the critical and maximum values of collapse thickness are derived based on Hoek-Brown criterion and functional catastrophe theory. The result shows that 0.5 is a most probable condition for instability, and the shape of detaching curve is a part of parabola. It is reasonable by comparing with previous theory and analogous experiments. The effects of major factors on thickness and half collapse width are further discussed. Numerical calculations and parametric analysis are carried out to illustrate the effects of different parameters on the mechanism, which is significant to the stability analysis of tunnel floor in rock media.

Energy analysis of rock plug thickness in karst tunnels based on non-associated flow rule and nonlinear failure criterion

The geological hazards, such as water inrush and mud outburst, are easily induced by the high water pressure caverns ahead of a karst tunnel face. Therefore, it is a pivotal issue to determine the reserved thickness of rock plug during the construction of tunnels. The limit analysis principle is employed to analyze the safe thickness from the point of energy dissipation, and the nonlinear and non-associated characteristics of geotechnical materials are both considered. On the basis of a plane failure pattern of rock plug, the expressions of detaching curve and rock plug thickness are derived. The effect of each parameter on the safe thickness of rock plug is discussed in detail, which interprets the corresponding failure scope of rock plug. The obtained results indicate that the thickness of rock plug is highly influenced by the nonlinear dilatancy coefficient and the nonlinear coefficient. The proposed method is validated by a comparison of the calculated results with those of the engineering project of the "526 karst cavern" of Yunwushan tunnel. This proposed method can provide reference basis for the design and excavation of karst tunnels in the future.

Seepage field distribution and water inflow laws of tunnels in water-rich regions

Currently,the water inrush hazards during tunnel construction,the water leakage during tunnel operation,and the accompanying disturbances to the ecological environment have become the main problems that affect the structural safety of tunnels in water-rich regions.In this paper,a tunnel seepage model testing system was used to conduct experiments of the grouting circle and primary support with different permeability coefficients.The influences of the supporting structures on the water inflow laws and the distribution of the water pressure in the tunnel were analyzed.With the decrease in the permeability coefficient of the grouting circle or the primary support,the inflow rate of water into the tunnel showed a non-linear decreasing trend.In comparison,the water inflow reduction effect of grouting circle was much better than that of primary support.With the increase of the permeability coefficient of the grouting ring,the water pressure behind the primary lining increases gradually,while the water pressure behind the grouting ring decreases.Thus,the grouting of surrounding rock during the construction of water-rich tunnel can effectively weaken the hydraulic connection,reduce the influence range of seepage,and significantly reduce the decline of groundwater.Meanwhile,the seepage tests at different hydrostatic heads and hydrodynamic heads during tunnel operation period were also conducted.As the hydrostatic head decreased,the water pressure at each characteristic point decreased approximately linearly,and the water inflow rate also had a gradual downward trend.Under the action of hydrodynamic head,the water pressure had an obvious lagging effect,which was not conducive to the stability of the supporting structures,and it could be mitigated by actively regulating the drainage rate.Compared with the hydrostatic head,the hydrodynamic head could change the real-time rate of water inflow to the tunnel and broke the dynamic balance between the water pressure and water inflow rate,thereby affecting the stress state on the supporting structures.

Safety thickness analysis of tunnel floor in karst region based on catastrophe theory

Based on the tunnel shape, span and depth, the previous elliptical plate model and clamped beam model were modified.The modified model was applied to different situations. For the elliptical plate model, the water effects were considered. For the clamped beam model, water and horizontal stress were considered. Corresponding potential functions and cusp catastrophe models of rock system were established based on the catastrophe theory. The expressions of critical safety thickness were derived with necessary and sufficient conditions. The method was applied to the practical engineering. Some parameters related to the stability were discussed. The results show that elastic modulus and thickness are advantageous to the floor stability, and that the load, span,horizontal stress and water are disadvantageous to the floor stability.

Minimum safe thickness of rock plug in karst tunnel according to upper bound theorem

High pressure and water-bearing caverns ahead of a karst tunnel face tend to cause geological disasters, such as water and mud bursts. So, the determination of safe thickness of the reserved rock plug is a key technical problem to be solved for karst tunnel construction. Based on the Hoek-Brown nonlinear failure criterion, the minimum safe thickness of rock plug was investigated in the light of the limit analysis theory. On the basis of the proposed failure mode, the expression of the minimum thickness for rock plug was obtained by means of upper bound theorem in combination with variational principle. The calculation results show the influence of each parameter on safe thickness and reveal the damage range of rock plug. The proposed method is verified by comparing the results with those of the drain cavern of Maluqing Tunnel. The research shows that with the increase of compressive strength and tensile strength as well as constant A of Hoek-Brown criterion, the safe thickness decreases, whereas with the increase of cavern pressure, tunnel diameter, and constant B from Hoek-Brown criterion, the safe thickness increases. Besides, the tensile strength, or constants A and B affect the shear failure angle of rock plug structure, but other parameters do not. In conclusion, the proposed method can predict the minimum safe thickness of rock plug, and is useful for water burst study and prevention measures of tunnels constructed in high-risk karst regions.

Detection and treatment of water inflow in karst tunnel：A case study in Daba tunnel

In a karst tunnel, fissures or cracks that are filled with weathered materials are a type of potential water outlet as they are easily triggered and converted into groundwater outlets under the influence of high groundwater pressure. A terrible water inrush caused by potential water outlets can seriously hinder the project construction. Potential water outlets and water sources that surrounding the tunnel must be detected before water inflow can be treated. This paper provides a successful case of the detection and treatment of water inflow in a karst tunnel and proposes a potential water outlet detection(PWOD) method in which heavy rainfall(>50 mm/d) is considered a trigger for a potential water outlet. The Daba tunnel located in Hunan province, China, has been constructed in a karst stratum where the rock mass has been weathered intensely by the influence of two faults. Heavy rain triggered some potential water outlets, causing a serious water inrush. The PWOD method was applied in this project for the treatment of water inflow, and six potential water outlets in total were identified through three heavy rains. Meanwhile, a geophysical prospecting technique was also used to detect water sources. The connections between water outlets and water sources were identified with a 3-D graphic that included all of them. According to the distribution of water outlets and water sources, the detection area was divided into three sections and separately treated by curtain grouting.

Application of TSD tunnel seismic prediction system in karst area

TSD is one of the classical methods of tunnel seismic prediction based on higher accuracy multi-wave multi-component seismology.The working principle of the TSD and an application example of the TSD on tunnel prediction in Chongqing are introduced in this paper.This system has two ports for speed signal and acceleration signal,and the equipment is more portable and easy to use.According to the application results we can conclude that the TSD prediction system is accurate and it has the wide application prospect in tunnel seismic detection.

富水岩溶地区隧道涌水预测与施工处置技术研究

针对贵州某隧道施工过程中遭遇一处连通地下暗河的大型溶洞引起隧道内大规模涌水的灾害进行研究,结合水文地质情况对涌水量进行预测和分析后,现场先对岩溶水进行初步释压,后采用水泥砂浆分步回填隧道上伏溶腔以封堵岩溶出水口;进一步采用集水管引排岩溶水的方式对剩余地下水进行二次加强处理,同时将集水管与隧道外侧的泄水洞相连,二者构成一套完整的引排水系统的处治手段。采用堵排相结合的原则有效地达到涌水处置目的,确保了隧道的安全施工,可为类似地层的隧道施工提供有益的借鉴。

穿越岩溶地区隧洞施工开挖防渗措施研究

穿越岩溶地区隧洞在施工开挖期极易遭遇涌水突泥现象,如何选择合适的防渗措施减少隧洞渗流量一直是热点问题。依托某引调水工程,建立岩溶地区复杂地层三维有限元模型,重点考虑洞顶回填混凝土、洞周注浆圈、混凝土防渗墙3种防渗措施,研究了隧洞开挖过程中孔隙水压力及隧洞渗流量的变化规律,分析了防渗墙和注浆圈渗透系数对渗流特征的影响。结果表明:在本工程中,混凝土防渗墙对隧洞孔隙水压力分布的影响非常大,防渗墙之间水位降低程度明显,而洞周注浆圈对隧洞渗流量的影响最大,施工时要保证注浆圈的质量;孔隙水压力随着与隧洞中心水平距离增加而增加,随着与隧洞中心竖直距离增加呈现先增大后减小的变化趋势;随着注浆圈或防渗墙渗透系数增加,注浆圈或防渗墙区域内的孔压增长速率逐渐降低,隧洞渗流量不断增大。

基于离散-连续耦合的岩溶隧道防突岩体安全厚度预测

为有效预防岩溶隧道施工中的突涌水灾害,首先,调研近年来国内岩溶隧道突涌水典型案例,总结隧道突涌水形成机理及其影响因素;其次,建立离散-连续耦合模型并采用多元回归理论的方法,明确防突岩体破坏的判定准则,划分岩溶隧道防突岩体破坏模式并提出裂缝发育规律;然后,基于对防突岩体最小安全厚度造成影响的各因素,针对溶洞位于隧道上方、下方及侧方3种情况分别建立防突岩体最小安全厚度预测计算式;最后,依托德庆隧道工程进行验证。结果表明:防突岩体破坏模式主要有弯折破坏、整体剪切破坏和复合破坏3种,可基于裂隙发展速度将其破坏过程分为初始阶段、快速发育阶段、平缓发育阶段3个阶段;各因素按影响显著程度由大到小依次为溶腔内水压、围岩黏结参数、溶腔跨度、溶腔高跨比和隧道埋深;计算得到德庆隧道3处施工段的防突岩体最小安全厚度分别为2.964,5.263和0.961 m,突涌水评估结果准确。防突岩体最小安全厚度预测计算式可用于预测并评估岩溶隧道突涌水风险。

综合物探方法在贵南高铁隧道基底隐伏岩溶探测中的应用

高铁隧道路线经过岩溶地区,勘察阶段由于地形和物探方法局限性的影响,不能完全勘察清楚岩溶发育情况。本文结合高密度地震映像、地质雷达、二维瞬态面波和钻探方法,详细研究了隧道施工阶段岩溶探查中各种方法的外业数据采集、处理方法、数据分析的注意事项。经过研究,将地震映像的主频提高到800 Hz,可分辨深度5~25 m、宽度10 m左右的空溶洞和充填溶洞;地质雷达有效能量提高到600 ns,可分辨深度30 m内岩溶通道。结合贵南高铁隧道基底岩溶探查中的各种典型图像特征,以及地质施工人员的要求,探讨了隧道基底岩溶探测资料物探地质解释的四类划分解释原则,满足了地质人员及设计施工对物探资料可读性的要求,为岩溶探测资料解释提供了参考。

强干扰环境下高铁隧底隐伏岩溶探测应用研究

为了探测在建高铁隧道强干扰环境影响下隐伏岩溶空间分布,采用地震映像时-频综合分析技术进行隧底隐伏岩溶探测。先利用地震映像法获取隧底地质体的时间域信号,基于魏格纳-威尔分布算法将其转化至频率域,再通过获取的时-频信息综合判定隐伏岩溶发育区,并确定其空间分布。将该研究成果应用于贵州某在建高铁中,多个隧道岩溶探测结果表明,在时间域中岩溶区地震反射波走时相比同相位高出5 ms,同时在频率域中岩溶区频率降低至240 Hz以下,由时间-频率域共同圈定物探异常区,在此异常区的验证钻孔均发现岩溶。研究结果表明,该方法在强干扰隧道隐伏岩溶中取得较好的探测效果,可为隧底隐伏岩溶精细、快速探测提供新的思路。

岩溶隧洞突涌水灾害风险评价研究

受复杂地质条件的影响,岩溶隧洞在施工过程中极易发生突涌水灾害。为准确评估岩溶隧洞突涌水风险等级,将结构方程模型(SEM)与改进的模糊综合评价法(FCEM)相结合,构建岩溶隧洞突涌水风险评价模型。从地形地貌、气象水文、地层因素、地质构造、岩溶水文地质、施工因素6个方面深入研究;利用SEM确定各指标标准化路径系数并求得其权重,运用改进FCEM法对岩溶隧洞突涌水风险等级进行评价;以滇中引水工程昆呈隧洞为应用实例,利用Crystal Ball软件验证模型的有效性。结果表明:昆呈隧洞有90%的几率处于52~73分值区间范围内(Ⅲ级风险),与现场实际情况一致,表明基于SEM-改进FCEM法构建的岩溶隧洞突涌水风险评价模型具有一定的适用性;其中岩溶水文地质、地质构造、气象水文是该隧洞的主要影响因素,施工中应加强对这几方面的监控和量测,避免发生突涌水灾害。研究成果可为类似岩溶隧洞工程提供参考。

侧部承压溶洞与深埋隧道间隔水岩体安全厚度研究

为保证深埋隧道安全通过侧部高压富水溶洞区段,在隧道突水发生机制分析与隔水岩体最小安全厚度划分的基础上,结合突变理论、鲁宾涅特方程及相关工程经验对隧道边墙岩体安全厚度进行研究,导出最小安全厚度计算公式,建立突水判据,分析相关影响因素对隧道边墙隔水岩体最小安全厚度的影响规律。结果表明:隔水岩体最小安全厚度H_(min)与围岩力学参数弹性模量E、内摩擦角φ呈正相关,与溶洞水压力q_(w)、岩梁跨度L及隧道埋深h呈负相关;各因素对H_(min)影响程度由大到小依次为h、φ、E、L与q_(w),其中h与φ影响程度相近,E在超过3 GPa的情况下H_(min)变化趋于平缓,E的影响程度与L相近;结合有限元模拟结果和工程实例分析,验证了H_(min)理论计算公式及突水判据的准确性与可行性,对相关工程建设具有指导意义。

隧道岩溶施工处置技术研究

岩溶隧道处置技术一直是工程界的重点及难点问题,结合某高速铁路贵州区段施工状况,将隧道岩溶分为串珠型或管道型的线状溶洞、洞穴型溶洞及洞厅型溶洞,根据其不同的填充性质提出了不同的施工处置措施。并具体结合丫口寨隧道、斗磨隧道、大独山隧道,对典型岩溶,包括无充填型溶洞群、暗河、富水填充型岩溶、过水通道型岩溶及黏土填充型岩溶的处置措施进行分析,主要结论为,针对岩溶隧道,应综合考虑岩溶类型和特征,因地制宜进行设计、施工。

岩溶区库水渗漏涌入隧道的水动力过程模拟分析

【目的】隧道施工对地质环境造成扰动,尤其在岩溶区可能会诱发高位水库渗漏并引起库水涌入隧道的现象,需要针对这一过程的动力学解析或模拟。【方法】以重庆歇马隧道施工过程中大烂池水库渗漏引起的隧道大量涌水为案例,使用ModelMuse软件建立地下水流数值模型,采用Reservoir模块刻画水库的水位-库容变化,将水库渗漏通道概化为具有较高渗透性的强渗透带,利用PEST反演程序自动校准模型参数。【结果】结果显示:隧道涌水量模拟值与实测值拟合决定系数R~2达到0.886 6,拟合效果较好,模拟实现了隧道涌水量激增的过程;地下水流场的平、剖面均反映了库水漏失涌入隧道的水动力场演化过程,也表现了随着隧道开挖、衬砌,库水位先降落后回升的变化趋势;水均衡分析表明水库总渗漏量的30%通过强渗透带进入隧道,也验证了隧道涌水对库水变化的滞后响应。【结论】结果表明,数值模拟可较好地反映库水涌入隧道的过程,为相似地质条件的隧道涌突水防治提供参考。

基于三维离散-连续耦合的岩溶隧道突水破坏模式研究

岩溶隧道在修建的过程中难以避免接近溶腔甚至高承压水溶腔,而突水破坏极易引发安全事故甚至对隧道产生不可逆的影响,因此对岩溶隧道突水破坏模式的研究有利于解决相关安全问题,并对选线安全具有一定参照意义。通过三维离散-连续耦合数值技术,对微观离散颗粒物理、力学参数进行标定并验证,模拟水压作用下下伏溶腔与隧道仰拱之间的防突岩体垮塌过程。根据试验结果将防突岩体的破坏模式分为3类:剪切破坏模式、弯折破坏模式和复合破坏模式。弯折破坏模式表现为防突岩体中部和两端拉伸裂缝呈贯通状;剪切破坏模式表现为防突岩体两端裂缝呈剪切态;复合破坏模式则同时具有二者的共同特性。3种破坏模式所引起的裂缝发育规律相似,均可分为初始发育、快速发育和平缓发育3个阶段。初始发育阶段时防突岩体所存在的裂缝数量较少;维持水压力防突岩体的裂缝数量突增并进入快速发育阶段;而后防突岩体中的裂缝产生贯通效果进入平缓发育阶段,最终防突岩体整体垮塌。由此得出结论:突水破坏在岩溶隧道中是一个渐变的过程,但对岩溶隧道总体安全性有不可逆的影响。