A simple, specific, precise, sensitive and rapid reverse phase-HPLC method was developed for determination of ketorolac enantiomers, a potent nonnarcotic analgesic in pharmaceutical formulations. The method was develo...A simple, specific, precise, sensitive and rapid reverse phase-HPLC method was developed for determination of ketorolac enantiomers, a potent nonnarcotic analgesic in pharmaceutical formulations. The method was developed on a chiral AGP column. Mobile phase was 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer （pH 4.5）： lsopropanol （98：2, v/v）, at a flow rate of 1 mL/min with run time of 15 min. Ultraviolet detection was made at 322 nm. The linearity range was 0.02 10 μg/mL for each of the enantiomers. The mobile phase composition was systematically studied to find the optimum chromatographic conditions. Validation of the method under the conditions selected showed that it was selective and precise and that the detector response was linear function of ketorolac.展开更多
BACKGROUND: Ketorolac tromethamine is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug(NSAIDs) that is widely used in the emergency department(ED) for the treatment of moderate-to-severe pain. Ketorolac, like other NSAIDs, exhi...BACKGROUND: Ketorolac tromethamine is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug(NSAIDs) that is widely used in the emergency department(ED) for the treatment of moderate-to-severe pain. Ketorolac, like other NSAIDs, exhibits an analgesic ceiling effect and previous research suggests that 10 mg is possibly the ceiling dose. Do the patterns of ketorolac dosing by emergency physicians follow its analgesic ceiling dose?METHODS: This was a single center retrospective, descriptive study to characterize patterns of ketorolac administration in ED patients. Data for all patients who received ketorolac during the ten year study period from January 1, 2003 to January 1, 2013 were collected from the electronic medical record of an urban community ED with an annual volume of 116 935 patients.RESULTS: There were 49 605 ketorolac administrations during the study period; 38 687(78%) were given intravenously, 9 916(20%) intramuscularly, and 1 002(2%) orally. Through the intravenous route, 5 288(13.7%) were 15 mg, 32 715(84.6%) were 30 mg, 15(0.03%) were 60 mg, and 669(1.7%) were other varying doses. Through the intramuscular route, 102(1.0%) were 15 mg, 4 916(49.6%) were 30 mg, 4 553(45.9%) were 60 mg, and 345(3.5%) were other varying doses. The most common diagnoses at discharge were renal colic(21%), low back pain(17%) and abdominal pain(11%).CONCLUSION: The data show that ketorolac was prescribed above its ceiling dose of 10 mg in 97% of patients who received intravenous doses and in 96% of patients receiving intramuscular doses.展开更多
Rabbit right eyes were injected with 3 or 6 mg ketorolac tromethamine into the suprachoroidal space. Electroretinography results demonstrated no abnormal changes in rod cell response, maximum rod cell or cone cell mix...Rabbit right eyes were injected with 3 or 6 mg ketorolac tromethamine into the suprachoroidal space. Electroretinography results demonstrated no abnormal changes in rod cell response, maximum rod cell or cone cell mixing reaction, oscillation potential, cone cell response, waveform, amplitude, and potential of 30 Hz scintillation response in right eyes before injection, and at 1,2, and 4 weeks after injection. There was no difference between left （control） and right eyes. Under light microscopy, the histomorphology of cells in each retinal layer was normal at 4 weeks following 6 mg ketorolac tromethamine administration. These results indicate that a single suprachoroidal injection of 3 or 6 mg ketorolac tromethamine into rabbits was safe. Suprachoroidal space injection appears to be safe.展开更多
Background and Purpose: Headache is one of the most common side effects of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), with a reported prevalence as high as 45%. Typical pharmacologic measures include aspirin, acetaminophen, or ...Background and Purpose: Headache is one of the most common side effects of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), with a reported prevalence as high as 45%. Typical pharmacologic measures include aspirin, acetaminophen, or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications. Among the latter, ketorolac may be especially advantageous in that it can be administered intravenously right before a treatment. The primary aim of this study was to measure the efficacy of intravenous ketorolac administration for the prevention of post-ECT headache at the first treatment session. Methods: Sixteen patients were assigned to the control group, while eight patients were assigned to the ketorolac treatment group (8 males, 16 females;mean age ± standard deviation = 46 ± 13.5 years). Statistical analysis consisted of a one-way analysis of variance using the two-sample test. We utilized a post-ECT headache severity scale from zero (no headache) to 3 (severe headache). Results:The mean score for the control group was 1.3 (±1.1), while the mean score for the ketorolac treatment group was 1.2 (±1.1), p = 0.86 (not significant). Conclusions: Ketorolac administration does not decrease the incidence of post ECT headache at the first treatment session. It is possible that ketorolac may be effective at subsequent treatments for patients with particularly bothersome headaches after the first treatment. Implications: Ketorolac should not be routinely used at the first treatment session to prevent headache associated with ECT.展开更多
Background: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) reduces surgical trauma and hospital stay, but requires effective and safe postoperative analgesia. This prospective and double-blind study investigated the effects of ana...Background: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) reduces surgical trauma and hospital stay, but requires effective and safe postoperative analgesia. This prospective and double-blind study investigated the effects of analgesia with tramadol combined with either dipyrone or ketorolac on the postoperative renal function of patients submitted to LC. Methods: Pre-and post-operatively (PO), estimated glomerular filtration rates (GFR), obtained by two formulas dependent on blood Cr and one on blood cystatin C values, and tubular enzymuria—alkaline phosphatase (AP), γ-glutamiltransferase (γ-GT)— were determined in well hydrated patients who underwent LC and analgesia with tramadol combined with either dipyrone (Dipyrone, n = 63) or ketorolac (Ketorolac, n = 63). Upon discharge from the post-anesthetic care unit (PACU), pain (through Verbal Numerical Scale—VNS) and need for rescue analgesia with morphine were evaluated. Results: There was hemodilution PO, which made GFR profile analysis more difficult—those dependent on Cr increased and statistically correlated, but those dependent on cystatin C did not change. There was a significant PO increase in AP in the Dipyrone and Ketorolac groups, and in the product of the both enzymes in the Ketorolac group. Upon PACU discharge, the Dipyrone group showed signifi cantly higher VNS scores than the Ketorolac group. All patients received morphine PO, and the total dose needed for pain control differed between groups, but without statistical significance. Conclusions: The association of tramadol with dipyrone or ketorolac in well hydrated patients submitted to LC had similar analgesic effectiveness in the PACU. Postoperatively, the effect on GFR may have been masked by hemodilution, and enzymuria was discreetly enhanced when ketorolac was used.展开更多
目的观察多模式镇痛方法在小儿扁桃体腺样体切除术后的应用效果。方法选取在医院择期行扁桃体腺样体切除手术的90例患儿,术后均接受静脉自控镇痛(PCIA),依据随机数字表法分为3组,每组30例。给予S组舒芬太尼联合右美托咪定;给予T组酮咯...目的观察多模式镇痛方法在小儿扁桃体腺样体切除术后的应用效果。方法选取在医院择期行扁桃体腺样体切除手术的90例患儿,术后均接受静脉自控镇痛(PCIA),依据随机数字表法分为3组,每组30例。给予S组舒芬太尼联合右美托咪定;给予T组酮咯酸氨丁三醇联合右美托咪定;给予ST组舒芬太尼、酮咯酸氨丁三醇联合右美托咪定。记录3组手术时间、麻醉时间;记录3组术后4、8、12、24、48 h儿童疼痛行为评估量表(FLACC)评分、Ramsay镇静评分以及48 h内PCIA的总按压次数、有效按压次数、补救镇痛及不良反应的发生情况。结果与T组比较,术后4、8、12、24 h S组和ST组FLACC评分降低(P<0.05)。与S组比较,术后4、8、12、24、48 h T组和ST组Ramsay镇静评分降低(P<0.05);与ST组比较,术后4、8 h T组Ramsay镇静评分降低(P<0.05)。术后48 h内T组镇痛泵总按压次数和有效按压次数多于S组和ST组(P<0.05)。术后48 h内S组恶心呕吐、嗜睡、皮肤瘙痒的发生率高于T组和ST组(P<0.05),T组的补救镇痛率高于S组和ST组(P<0.05)。结论舒芬太尼复合酮咯酸氨丁三醇及右美托咪定的多模式镇痛方法用于扁桃体腺样体切除术后PCIA的效果较好,不良反应发生率低。展开更多
目的:分析达克罗宁联合右美托咪定及酮咯酸氨丁三醇对小儿隐匿性阴茎术后镇痛和应激的影响。方法:选取2022年6—9月于九江市第一人民医院择期行气管插管全麻下隐匿型阴茎手术的120例患儿为研究对象,采用随机数字表法分为A组(酮咯酸氨丁...目的:分析达克罗宁联合右美托咪定及酮咯酸氨丁三醇对小儿隐匿性阴茎术后镇痛和应激的影响。方法:选取2022年6—9月于九江市第一人民医院择期行气管插管全麻下隐匿型阴茎手术的120例患儿为研究对象,采用随机数字表法分为A组(酮咯酸氨丁三醇+达克罗宁胶浆镇痛)、B组(右美托咪定+达克罗宁胶浆镇痛)、C组(右美托咪定+酮咯酸氨丁三醇+达克罗宁胶浆镇痛),每组40例,所有患儿均为静吸复合麻醉。记录三组术中血流动力学指标[手术开始即刻(T_0)、手术开始30 min(T_1)、苏醒时(T_2)的心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)]及术中丙泊酚、芬太尼、瑞芬太尼使用剂量;比较三组术后1、24、48 h的疼痛[加拿大东安大略儿童医院镇痛量表(CHEOPS)评分]、镇静[麻醉苏醒期躁动评分系统(Watcha)评分]及实验室指标[皮质醇(Cor)、肾上腺素(E)、血糖(Glu)];评估三组用药安全性。结果:三组HR、MAP在术中呈先降低后升高趋势(P<0.05),C组T_1、T_2时HR、MAP均低于A组与B组(P<0.05),但三组组间与时间并无明显交互效应(P>0.05)。C组术中丙泊酚使用剂量明显低于A组与B组(P<0.05);三组术中芬太尼、瑞芬太尼使用剂量比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。三组术后CHEOPS、Watcha评分及Cor、E水平组间与时间均存在交互效应(P<0.05);三组术后24 h CHEOPS、Watcha评分均高于术后1 h,术后48 h均低于术后24 h(P<0.05),C组术后1 h及术后24 h CHEOPS、Watcha评分均低于A组与B组(P<0.05)。三组术后24、48 h Cor、E水平均低于术后1 h,术后48 h均低于术后24 h(P<0.05),C组术后1、24 h Cor、E水平均低于A组与B组(P<0.05)。三组Glu水平在术后呈下降趋势(P<0.05),C组术后1、24 h Glu水平均低于A组与B组(P<0.05),但组间与时间并无明显交互效应(P>0.05)。三组不良反应有低血压、恶心及嗜睡反应,总发生率分别为12.50%、12.50%、5.00%,组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:小儿隐匿性阴茎术采用达克罗宁联合右美托咪定及酮咯酸氨丁三醇的术后镇痛效果较好,可减轻应激反应,减少丙泊酚使用剂量,减少患儿术后躁动。展开更多
基金University Grant Commission,New Delhi for extending their financial support
文摘A simple, specific, precise, sensitive and rapid reverse phase-HPLC method was developed for determination of ketorolac enantiomers, a potent nonnarcotic analgesic in pharmaceutical formulations. The method was developed on a chiral AGP column. Mobile phase was 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer （pH 4.5）： lsopropanol （98：2, v/v）, at a flow rate of 1 mL/min with run time of 15 min. Ultraviolet detection was made at 322 nm. The linearity range was 0.02 10 μg/mL for each of the enantiomers. The mobile phase composition was systematically studied to find the optimum chromatographic conditions. Validation of the method under the conditions selected showed that it was selective and precise and that the detector response was linear function of ketorolac.
文摘BACKGROUND: Ketorolac tromethamine is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug(NSAIDs) that is widely used in the emergency department(ED) for the treatment of moderate-to-severe pain. Ketorolac, like other NSAIDs, exhibits an analgesic ceiling effect and previous research suggests that 10 mg is possibly the ceiling dose. Do the patterns of ketorolac dosing by emergency physicians follow its analgesic ceiling dose?METHODS: This was a single center retrospective, descriptive study to characterize patterns of ketorolac administration in ED patients. Data for all patients who received ketorolac during the ten year study period from January 1, 2003 to January 1, 2013 were collected from the electronic medical record of an urban community ED with an annual volume of 116 935 patients.RESULTS: There were 49 605 ketorolac administrations during the study period; 38 687(78%) were given intravenously, 9 916(20%) intramuscularly, and 1 002(2%) orally. Through the intravenous route, 5 288(13.7%) were 15 mg, 32 715(84.6%) were 30 mg, 15(0.03%) were 60 mg, and 669(1.7%) were other varying doses. Through the intramuscular route, 102(1.0%) were 15 mg, 4 916(49.6%) were 30 mg, 4 553(45.9%) were 60 mg, and 345(3.5%) were other varying doses. The most common diagnoses at discharge were renal colic(21%), low back pain(17%) and abdominal pain(11%).CONCLUSION: The data show that ketorolac was prescribed above its ceiling dose of 10 mg in 97% of patients who received intravenous doses and in 96% of patients receiving intramuscular doses.
文摘Rabbit right eyes were injected with 3 or 6 mg ketorolac tromethamine into the suprachoroidal space. Electroretinography results demonstrated no abnormal changes in rod cell response, maximum rod cell or cone cell mixing reaction, oscillation potential, cone cell response, waveform, amplitude, and potential of 30 Hz scintillation response in right eyes before injection, and at 1,2, and 4 weeks after injection. There was no difference between left （control） and right eyes. Under light microscopy, the histomorphology of cells in each retinal layer was normal at 4 weeks following 6 mg ketorolac tromethamine administration. These results indicate that a single suprachoroidal injection of 3 or 6 mg ketorolac tromethamine into rabbits was safe. Suprachoroidal space injection appears to be safe.
文摘Background and Purpose: Headache is one of the most common side effects of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), with a reported prevalence as high as 45%. Typical pharmacologic measures include aspirin, acetaminophen, or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications. Among the latter, ketorolac may be especially advantageous in that it can be administered intravenously right before a treatment. The primary aim of this study was to measure the efficacy of intravenous ketorolac administration for the prevention of post-ECT headache at the first treatment session. Methods: Sixteen patients were assigned to the control group, while eight patients were assigned to the ketorolac treatment group (8 males, 16 females;mean age ± standard deviation = 46 ± 13.5 years). Statistical analysis consisted of a one-way analysis of variance using the two-sample test. We utilized a post-ECT headache severity scale from zero (no headache) to 3 (severe headache). Results:The mean score for the control group was 1.3 (±1.1), while the mean score for the ketorolac treatment group was 1.2 (±1.1), p = 0.86 (not significant). Conclusions: Ketorolac administration does not decrease the incidence of post ECT headache at the first treatment session. It is possible that ketorolac may be effective at subsequent treatments for patients with particularly bothersome headaches after the first treatment. Implications: Ketorolac should not be routinely used at the first treatment session to prevent headache associated with ECT.
基金Sao Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) TP Medeiros was granted a scholarship from CAPES
文摘Background: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) reduces surgical trauma and hospital stay, but requires effective and safe postoperative analgesia. This prospective and double-blind study investigated the effects of analgesia with tramadol combined with either dipyrone or ketorolac on the postoperative renal function of patients submitted to LC. Methods: Pre-and post-operatively (PO), estimated glomerular filtration rates (GFR), obtained by two formulas dependent on blood Cr and one on blood cystatin C values, and tubular enzymuria—alkaline phosphatase (AP), γ-glutamiltransferase (γ-GT)— were determined in well hydrated patients who underwent LC and analgesia with tramadol combined with either dipyrone (Dipyrone, n = 63) or ketorolac (Ketorolac, n = 63). Upon discharge from the post-anesthetic care unit (PACU), pain (through Verbal Numerical Scale—VNS) and need for rescue analgesia with morphine were evaluated. Results: There was hemodilution PO, which made GFR profile analysis more difficult—those dependent on Cr increased and statistically correlated, but those dependent on cystatin C did not change. There was a significant PO increase in AP in the Dipyrone and Ketorolac groups, and in the product of the both enzymes in the Ketorolac group. Upon PACU discharge, the Dipyrone group showed signifi cantly higher VNS scores than the Ketorolac group. All patients received morphine PO, and the total dose needed for pain control differed between groups, but without statistical significance. Conclusions: The association of tramadol with dipyrone or ketorolac in well hydrated patients submitted to LC had similar analgesic effectiveness in the PACU. Postoperatively, the effect on GFR may have been masked by hemodilution, and enzymuria was discreetly enhanced when ketorolac was used.
文摘目的观察多模式镇痛方法在小儿扁桃体腺样体切除术后的应用效果。方法选取在医院择期行扁桃体腺样体切除手术的90例患儿,术后均接受静脉自控镇痛(PCIA),依据随机数字表法分为3组,每组30例。给予S组舒芬太尼联合右美托咪定;给予T组酮咯酸氨丁三醇联合右美托咪定;给予ST组舒芬太尼、酮咯酸氨丁三醇联合右美托咪定。记录3组手术时间、麻醉时间;记录3组术后4、8、12、24、48 h儿童疼痛行为评估量表(FLACC)评分、Ramsay镇静评分以及48 h内PCIA的总按压次数、有效按压次数、补救镇痛及不良反应的发生情况。结果与T组比较,术后4、8、12、24 h S组和ST组FLACC评分降低(P<0.05)。与S组比较,术后4、8、12、24、48 h T组和ST组Ramsay镇静评分降低(P<0.05);与ST组比较,术后4、8 h T组Ramsay镇静评分降低(P<0.05)。术后48 h内T组镇痛泵总按压次数和有效按压次数多于S组和ST组(P<0.05)。术后48 h内S组恶心呕吐、嗜睡、皮肤瘙痒的发生率高于T组和ST组(P<0.05),T组的补救镇痛率高于S组和ST组(P<0.05)。结论舒芬太尼复合酮咯酸氨丁三醇及右美托咪定的多模式镇痛方法用于扁桃体腺样体切除术后PCIA的效果较好,不良反应发生率低。
文摘目的:分析达克罗宁联合右美托咪定及酮咯酸氨丁三醇对小儿隐匿性阴茎术后镇痛和应激的影响。方法:选取2022年6—9月于九江市第一人民医院择期行气管插管全麻下隐匿型阴茎手术的120例患儿为研究对象,采用随机数字表法分为A组(酮咯酸氨丁三醇+达克罗宁胶浆镇痛)、B组(右美托咪定+达克罗宁胶浆镇痛)、C组(右美托咪定+酮咯酸氨丁三醇+达克罗宁胶浆镇痛),每组40例,所有患儿均为静吸复合麻醉。记录三组术中血流动力学指标[手术开始即刻(T_0)、手术开始30 min(T_1)、苏醒时(T_2)的心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)]及术中丙泊酚、芬太尼、瑞芬太尼使用剂量;比较三组术后1、24、48 h的疼痛[加拿大东安大略儿童医院镇痛量表(CHEOPS)评分]、镇静[麻醉苏醒期躁动评分系统(Watcha)评分]及实验室指标[皮质醇(Cor)、肾上腺素(E)、血糖(Glu)];评估三组用药安全性。结果:三组HR、MAP在术中呈先降低后升高趋势(P<0.05),C组T_1、T_2时HR、MAP均低于A组与B组(P<0.05),但三组组间与时间并无明显交互效应(P>0.05)。C组术中丙泊酚使用剂量明显低于A组与B组(P<0.05);三组术中芬太尼、瑞芬太尼使用剂量比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。三组术后CHEOPS、Watcha评分及Cor、E水平组间与时间均存在交互效应(P<0.05);三组术后24 h CHEOPS、Watcha评分均高于术后1 h,术后48 h均低于术后24 h(P<0.05),C组术后1 h及术后24 h CHEOPS、Watcha评分均低于A组与B组(P<0.05)。三组术后24、48 h Cor、E水平均低于术后1 h,术后48 h均低于术后24 h(P<0.05),C组术后1、24 h Cor、E水平均低于A组与B组(P<0.05)。三组Glu水平在术后呈下降趋势(P<0.05),C组术后1、24 h Glu水平均低于A组与B组(P<0.05),但组间与时间并无明显交互效应(P>0.05)。三组不良反应有低血压、恶心及嗜睡反应,总发生率分别为12.50%、12.50%、5.00%,组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:小儿隐匿性阴茎术采用达克罗宁联合右美托咪定及酮咯酸氨丁三醇的术后镇痛效果较好,可减轻应激反应,减少丙泊酚使用剂量,减少患儿术后躁动。
