A multiplex real-time PCR assay for simultaneous detection of classical swine fever virus,African swine fever virus,and atypical porcine pestivirus

With the implementation of the C-strain vaccine,classical swine fever(CSF) has been under control in China,which is currently in a chronic atypical epidemic situation.African swine fever(ASF) emerged in China in 2018 and spread quickly across the country.It is presently occurring sporadically due to the lack of commercial vaccines and farmers’ increased awareness of biosafety.Atypical porcine pestivirus(APPV) was first detected in Guangdong Province,China,in 2016,which mainly harms piglets and has a local epidemic situation in southern China.These three diseases have similar clinical symptoms in pig herds,which cause considerable losses to the pig industry.They are difficult to be distinguished only by clinical diagnosis.Therefore,developing an early and accurate simultaneous detection and differential diagnosis of the diseases induced by these viruses is essential.In this study,three pairs of specific primers and Taq-man probes were designed from highly conserved genomic regions of CSFV(5’ UTR),African swine fever virus(ASFV)(B646L),and APPV(5’ UTR),followed by the optimization of reaction conditions to establish a multiplex real-time PCR detection assay.The results showed that the method did not cross-react with other swine pathogens(porcine circovirus type 2(PCV2),porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus(PRRSV),foot-and-mouth disease virus(FMDV),pseudorabies virus(PRV),porcine parvovirus(PPV),and bovine viral diarrhea virus BVDV).The sensitivity results showed that CSFV,ASFV,and APPV could be detected as low as 1 copy μL–1;the repeatability results showed that the intra-assay and interassay coefficient of variation of ASFV,CSFV,and APPV was less than 1%.Twenty-two virus samples were detected by the multiplex real-time PCR,compared with national standard diagnostic and patented method assay for CSF(GB/T 27540–2011),ASF(GB/T 18648–2020),and APPV(CN108611442A),respectively.The sensitivity of this triple real-time PCR for CSFV,ASFV,and APPV was almost the same,and the compliance results were the same(100%).A total of 451 clinical samples were detected,and the results showed that the positive rates of CSFV,ASFV,and APPV were 0.22% (1/451),1.3%(6/451),and 0%(0/451),respectively.This assay provides a valuale tool for rapid detection and accurate diagnosis of CSFV,ASFV,and APPV.

The Lapinized Chinese Strain Vaccine Against Classical Swine Fever Virus:A Retrospective Review Spanning Half A Century

Classical swine fever （CSF）, a list A disease of Office International des Epizooties, is caused by classical swine fever virus （CSFV） belonging to the Flaviviridae family. The well-known lapinized Chinese strain of CSFV, also known as C-strain, was developed in China in the mid-1950s. In the past half a century, the vaccine has been proved to be safe and immunogenic in pigs of essentially any age. It is of high efficacy, providing immunized animals with broad-spectrum, sometimes lifelong, protection, which is contributed by both cell-mediated immunity and humoral immunity, against essentially all genotypes or subgenotypes of the virus. The maternal antibodies derived from immunized sows can confer solid protection of their offspring from disease; however, they have been proved to inhibit the successful active immunization of C-strain vaccine. The complete genomes of C-strain and dozens of established or field strains have been sequenced and annotated. Recently, the reverse genetics system of C-strain has been developed, resulting in several C- strain-derived candidate marker vaccines. Many countries manage to control or even eradicate CSF with the aid of mass vaccination with C-strain. in spite of these efforts, the eradication of the disease worldwide remains a big challenge and needs to go a long way, and provably still resorts to genetically modified C-strain vaccine. The authors present an overview of the characteristics of the vaccine, which has stood the test of half a century.

Genomic Sequence Determination of Classical Swine Fever Virus Persistent Infection Strain

Full genomic sequence of a newly isolated persistent infection strain of classical swine fever virus was firstly determined. It was demonstrated by sequence analyses that nucleotides homologies of this strain compared with virulent Shimen and vaccine HCLV were 89.7%and 87.7%, and homologies of amino acids were 94.8%and 93.3%, respectively. The sequencing results primarily suggest a tighter relationship between this persistent infection strain and virulent Shimen strain than vaccine HCLV strain.

A Novel RT-LAMP Assay for Rapid and Simple Detection of Classical Swine Fever Virus

A simple and rapid assay for the detection of Classical swine fever virus(CSFV)was established using reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification(RT-LAMP).This study describes the amplification of the genomic RNA of CSFV under isothermal conditions(63℃)within one hour,using a set of six primers(two outer primers,two inner primers and two loop primers).This RT-LAMP assay showed 100-fold higher sensitivity than the standard RT-PCR method and identified eighteen additional positive cases that were negative when tested by RT-PCR.This RT-LAMP was able to detect all the 13 strains of CSFV but not the BVDV.PRRSV.SIV. PRV-PCV,thus showed a good specificity.Products amplified by RT-LAMP can be visualized by agarose gel electrophoresis and in addition,either as a white precipitate at the bottom of the tube after a pulse spin or as a color change when dyed with SYBR Green I which are visible to the naked eye.Because RT-LAMP is low-cost and produces rapid results,it has the potential to be an excellent tool for CSFV surveillance in the field,especially in developing countries.

Discrepancy of Classical Swine Fever Virus in Different Tissues by One-Step RT-PCR and Nested RT-PCR

Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used for the detection of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) in blood and tissue samples of field cases and experimentally inoculated pigs. The distribution of CSFV in different organ samples showed some discrepancies in infected pigs. Four weaner pigs were inoculated with C-strain vaccine virus, then samples of spleen, tonsil, lung, mesenteric lymph node, kidney and brain were collected after slaughter and tested for E2 and NS5B genes using one-step RT-PCR and nested RT-PCR. Using the same method, 12 field cases were simultaneously studied. A discrepancy of CSFV in different samples was found upon detecting the target gene. The most reliable diagnostic organs were spleen and tonsil, and the nested RT-PCR assay provided a highly sensitive and specific method with comparable performance to the one-step RT-PCR assay.

Generation and Immunogenicity of a Recombinant Adenovirus Co-Expressing the E2 Protein of Classical Swine Fever Virus and the GP5 Protein of Porcine Reproduction and Respiratory Syndrome Virus

Classical swine fever （CSF） and porcine reproduction and respiratory syndrome （PRRS） are both economically important, highly contagious diseases of swine worldwide. To develop an effective vaccine to control these two diseases, we constructed a recombinant adenovirus rAdV-GP52AE2, using a replication-defective human adenovirus serotype 5 as a delivery vector, to co-express the GP5 protein of highly pathogenic porcine reproduction and respiratory syndrome virus （PRRSV） and the E2 protein of classical swine fever virus （CSFV）. Foot-and-mouth disease virus （FMDV） 2A peptide was used as a linker between the GP5 and E2 proteins to allow automatic self-cleavage of the polyprotein. The GP5 and E2 genes were expressed as demonstrated by immunofluorescence assay and Western blotting. Immunization of mice resulted in a CSFV-neutralizing antibody titer of 1：128 and a PRRSV-neutralizing antibody titer of 1：16. The lymphoproliferative responses were detected by Cell Counting Kit-8 assay and the stimulation index of CFSV-specific and PRRSV-specific lymphocytes in the rAdV-GP52AE2 group was significantly higher than that in the negative control group. The results show that rAdV-GP52AE2 can induce both effective humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in mice. The protective efficacy of the recombinant virus against CSF was evaluated in immunized rabbits, which were protected from fever induced by challenge with C-strain. Our study provides supporting evidence for the use of FMDV 2A to develop a bivalent genetically-engineered vaccine.

An Indirect ELISA of Classical Swine Fever Virus Based on Quadruple Antigenic Epitope Peptide Expressed in E.coli

In this study,a synthesized quadruple antigenic epitope gene region of the classical swine fever virus (CSFV)E2 glycoprotein was expressed in E.coli to a obtain target protein.This target protein was used as a coating antigen to establish an indirect ELISA for specifically detecting anti-CSFV antibodies in serum samples from pigs.The P/N cut-off value of this assay was 1.92 by receiver operating characteristic curve(ROC)analysis based on 30 negative sera and 80 positive samples.The test gave 97.5%sensitivity and 96.7%specificity compared with the indirect hemagglutination(IHA)test.The inter-assay and intra-assay coefficients of variation (CVs)for 16 sera were both≤6.8%.No cross-reactivity between the coating antigen and anti-bovine viral diarrhoea virus(BVDV)antibodies was observed.

Development of Multiple ELISAs for the Detection of Antibodies against Classical Swine Fever Virus in Pig Sera

The major immunogenic proteins (Erns, E2 and NS3) of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) (Shimen strain) were expressed in E. coli and purified by affinity chromatography. The recombinant antigens were applied to develop multiple enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for the detection of specific antibodies in pig sera. Optimum cut-off values were determined by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis after testing 201 sera of vaccinated pigs and 64 negative sera of unvaccinated piglets. The multiple ELISAs were validated with 265 pig sera yielding high sensitivity and specificity in comparison with the virus neutralization results. The results demonstrated that multiple ELISAs can be a valuable tool for the detection of CSFV infection and serological surveys in CSFV-free countries or for the evaluation of the antibody responses in pigs induced by a live attenuated C-strain vaccination.

Rapid Recovery of Classical Swine Fever Virus Directly from Cloned cDNA

The reverse genetics for classical swine fever virus （CSFV） is currently based on the transfection of in vitro transcribed RNA from a viral genomic cDNA clone, which is inefficient and time-consuming. This study was aimed to develop an improved method for rapid recovery of CSFV directly from cloned cDNA. Full-length genomic cDNA from the CSFV Shimen strain, which was flanked by a T7 promoter, the hepatitis delta virus ribozyme and T7 terminator sequences, was cloned into the low- copy vector pOK12, producing pOKShimen-RzTФ. Direct transfection of pOKShimen-RzTqb into PK/T7 cells, a PK-15- derived cell line stably expressing bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase, allowed CSFV to be rescued rapidly and efficiently, i.e., at least 12 h faster and 31.6-fold greater viral titer when compared with the in vitro transcription-based rescue system. Furthermore, the progeny virus rescued from PK/T7 cells was indistinguishable, both in vitro and in vivo, from its parent virus and the virus rescued from classical reverse genetics. The reverse genetics based on intracellular transcription is efficient, convenient and cost-effective. The PK/T7 cell line can be used to rescue CSFV directly from cloned cDNA and it can also be used as an intracellular transcription and expression system for studying the structure and function of viral genes.

Heterogeneity and Secondary Structure Analysis of 3' Untranslated Region in Classical Swine Fever Viruses

The attenuated vaccine strains of CSFV have a 12-nucleotides （nt） insertion in the 3＇-UTR of genome as compared to that of CSFV virulent strains. In this study, we found a distinct heterogeneity in the 3＇-UTR of attenuated Thiverval and HCLV strains. The longest 3＇-UTR of Thiverval strain was 259 base pairs （bp） with a 32-nt insertion, the shortest 3＇-UTR had only 233 bp with a 6-nt insertion. The longest 3＇-UTR of HCLV strain was 244 bp with a 17-nt insertion and the shortest 3＇ UTR was 235 bp with a 8-nt insertion. Compared with the published sequences of 3＇-UTR of vaccine and virulent strains, the 3＇-UTR of CSFV vaccine strains have two variable regions where insertion among the different vaccine strains were frequently found. The first is located between the second conservative TALk codon and the start of T-rich region where we found the variable length insertion in the same vaccine strain Thiveral or HCLV and the second is located between the end of T-rich region and the front of GAA eodon, however, a 4-nt deletion was found in this region in the virulent Shimen strain. These two regions may represent the ＂hot spot＂ for mutation. Modeling the secondary structures of the 3＇-UTR suggests that the T-rich insertion could result in the change of structure and free energy, thus affecting the stability of the 3＇-UTR structure. These findings will help to understand the mechanism of attenuated vaccines and improve vaccine safety, stability, and efficacy.

Molecular Cloning and NucleotideSequence of Classical SwineFever Virus Strain Shimen

According to the previously published CSFV sequences, 18 paris of partially overlapping primers which span the entire genome of CSFV strain Shimen were designed and synthesized. Each cDNA fragment of strain Shimen was amplified by RT-PCR method from the anticoagulant blood of strain Shimen infected pig. The PCR fragments were cloned into pGEM-T vector respectively and sequenced. The results show that we have obtained the nucleotide sequence of strain Shimen. The viral RNA consists of 12 297 nucleotides including noncoding regions of 373 and 227 bases at the 5′ and 3′ end, respectively, and a single large open reading frame spanning 11 697 nucleotides in the middle, which encodes an amino acid sequence of 3 989 residues with a calculated molecular weight of 437.6×103. The precisely sequencing of 5′ and 3′ termini is undertaking.

Detection of nucleic acid of classical swine fever virus by reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP)

Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) is the causative agent of Classical swine fever which is a highly contagious disease affecting swine and resulting in severe economic losses. In this study, we developed reverse transcription loopmediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay targeting the 5’UTR gene for the detection of CSFV. This amplification method can be obtained in 1 h under isothermal conditions (65°C) employing a set of six specific primers mixtures. Amplification product was visualized by using hydroxynaphthol blue (HNB) dye and agarose gel electrophoresis. The sensitivity was 100 copy numbers. No cross-reactivity related to Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) was demonstrated. The results demonstrated that the RT-LAMP assay is a useful tool for the rapid and sensitive for CSFV detection in swine.

Phylogeny and Homologous Recombination Occurring in Classical Swine Fever Viruses

Classical swine fever virus(CSFV) is the causative agent of classical swine fever, a highly contagious disease of pigs. But there is little information on the recombination in natural populations of CSFVs. Therefore, a phylogenetic analysis of 62 fulllength genome CSFV strains, isolated from all over the world, was performed to detect potential recombination events, with the recombinant sequences being analyzed with the SimPlot and RDP programs. The results identified a mosaic virus, Chinese CSFV HCLV(2)(AF091507.1), which is the one naturally emerged recombinant CSFV with two recombination breakpoints at 2 484 and 2 900 bp of the genome alignment. Its two putative parental-like strains were CSFV Shimen(AF092448.2) and CSFV strain C/HVRI(AY805221.1). This work demonstrated that homologous recombination did occur in natural CSFV populations. It had significant implications for understanding the molecular epidemiology of CSFV, and revealed that recombination was an important factor for high genetic diversities of CSFV.

Development of Reverse Transcriptase Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification for Rapid and Visualized Detection of Classical Swine Fever Virus

[ Objective] To develop a rapid and visualized detection method of classical swine fever virus （CSFV） using reverse transcriptase loopmediated isothermal amplification （RT-LAMP）. [ Method ] A total of six special primers were designed based on the conserved sequences of CSFV gene. After optimizing, the reaction of RT-LAMP was carded out at 63℃ for 45 rain. The RT-LAMP products were analyzed by agarose gel electro- phoresis. The sensitivity, specificity and repeatability were verified, respectively. [ Result] The RT-LAMP method could be used for detecting CSFV rather than six generic viruses. The sensitivity of RT-LAMP was 100 times higher than that of RT-PCR. The detection of 27 clinical samples by RT- LAMP and RT-PCR showed that RT-LAMP is more reliable and convenient. [ Conclusion] The RT-LAMP method is sensitive and reliable for the detection of CSFV.

Primary Selection of MicroRNA Acting on Classical Swine Fever Virus in Swine Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells

The aim of the study was to identify the microRNAs that act on classical swine fever virus (CSFV) in swine umbilical vein endothelial cells (SUVECs). The 3'-and 5'-untranslated regions ( UTR) of CSFV were cloned and then inserted into psiCHECH TM-2 plasmids carrying Firefly and Renilla luciferases reporter genes; microRNAs that acted with CSFV were predicted by bio-informatics analysis; then the recombinant plasmids and inhibitors of the predicted microRNA were co-transfected into SUVECs. The activities of Firefly and Renilla luciferases were detected by luminometry. The PCR products of the CSFV 5'-UTR (373 bp) and 3'-UTR (252 bp) were detected by electrophoresis on 1% agarose gels. Four microRNAs (ssc-miR-let7c, ssc-miR-106a, ssc-miR-18, ssc-miR-139) were screened out and evaluated. The CSFV 3'-UTR is the important target site of microRNA in SUVECs. The four microRNAs mentioned above had different inhibitory effects on the CSFV 3'-UTR, of which the ssc-miR-18 played the most important role.

Classical swine fever virus NS5A protein antagonizes innate immune response by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling

The NS5A non-structural protein of classical swine fever virus(CSFV)is a multifunctional protein involved in viral genomic replication,protein translation,assembly of infectious virus particles,and regulation of cellular signaling pathways.Previous report showed that NS5A inhibited nuclear factor kappa B(NF-κB)signaling induced by poly(I:C);however,the mechanism involved has not been elucidated.Here,we reported that NS5A directly interacted with NF-κB essential modulator(NEMO),a regulatory subunit of the IκB kinase(IKK)complex,to inhibit the NF-κB signaling pathway.Further investigations showed that the zinc finger domain of NEMO and the aa 126–250 segment of NS5A are essential for the interaction between NEMO and NS5A.Mechanistic analysis revealed that NS5A mediated the proteasomal degradation of NEMO.Ubiquitination assay showed that NS5A induced the K27-linked but not the K48-linked polyubiquitination of NEMO for proteasomal degradation.In addition,NS5A blocked the K63-linked polyubiquitination of NEMO,thus inhibiting IKK phosphorylation,IκBαdegradation,and NF-κB activation.These findings revealed a novel mechanism by which CSFV inhibits host innate immunity,which might guide the drug design against CSFV in the future.

2018—2020年福建地区猪瘟病毒E0基因遗传变异分析

为了了解2018—2020年福建地区猪瘟病毒流行及遗传变异情况,收集福建省不同地区临床发病猪的血液和肺脏、脾脏、淋巴结等组织样本1464份,采用RT-nPCR的方法对样品进行CSFV检测,对部分CSFV阳性样品E0基因进行克隆测序。结果显示,CSFV总体阳性率为1.9%(29/1464),并获得13株CSFV E0基因序列。同源性分析发现所得13株CSFV E0基因之间的同源性在82.2%-99.7%,其中11株CSFV E0基因与1.1亚型代表毒株HCLV的核苷酸同源性为99.0%~99.9%,与Shimen株的核苷酸同源性94.1%~95.0%;1株与2.1c型参考毒株HNSD-2012核苷酸同源性为98.2%;1株与2.1d亚型毒株CSFV/JPN/2018核苷酸同源性为99.6%。遗传进化分析发现,10株CSFV与HCLV、C-ZJ-2008、Shimen和Brescia处于同一分支,属于1.1亚型;1株CSFV与HNSD-2012等位于同一分支,属于2.1c亚亚型;1株与CSFV/JPN/2018等位于同一分支,属于2.1d亚亚型。氨基酸序列分析发现,13株毒株与HCLV等代表毒株在重要的Rnase活性位点高度保守,其中2株2.1亚型毒株与HCLV毒株相比,其在第35位非关键氨基酸残基上发生由G→E的突变。结果表明福建地区CSFV流行情况趋向多样化,提示仍需加强对CSFV流行及遗传变异的持续监测,为猪瘟的诊断及有效防控奠定基础。

2005-2023年中国猪群中猪瘟病毒流行报告:Meta分析及系统评价

【目的】全面了解中国猪群中猪瘟病毒(CSFV)的流行感染情况,为后期CSFV的流行病学调查提供证据。【方法】本研究在中国知网、万方、维普、PubMed、Web of Science和Science Direct国内外6种主要数据库中检索中国猪群CSFV流行情况的相关文献,检索时间范围为2005年1月1日-2023年1月1日。通过文献筛选、文献质量评分和CSFV流行率的数据提取,对文献中提取的数据利用StataMP17软件进行Meta分析和系统评价,分析CSFV的整体流行率,利用Meta回归分析和亚组分析CSFV整体流行率的异质性来源和影响因素。【结果】从6种主要数据库中共筛选出55篇CSFV流行情况的相关文献纳入本次Meta分析及系统评价,其中18篇文献被纳为高质量文献,37篇文献纳为中等质量文献。Meta分析结果表明,2005-2023年中国猪群中CSFV的整体流行率为12%(95%CI:0.09~0.15);Meta回归分析和亚组分析结果表明,文献的异质性来源不包括采样时间和猪种类(P>0.05),而影响CSFV流行率的因素包括诊断方法、季节变化、气候因素、海拔高度、纬度因素、经度因素及地区分布(P<0.05)。【结论】本研究从数据上确定了中国猪群中CSFV整体流行情况,其整体流行率不高,流行趋势为地区性的散在流行,以慢性和非典型毒株流行为主。本研究结果对掌握猪群CSFV流行的全局状况和有效防控及猪瘟(CSF)净化有一定的参考意义。

基因缺失杆状病毒载体的构建及应用

为解决杆状病毒表达系统存在的表达量低和毒种种子批代次窄问题,加快杆状病毒表达系统产业化进程。本研究首次通过Red和Cas9两种重组技术,先后对影响蛋白表达的V-cath、ChiA、P10和重组杆状病毒基因组稳定性的FP25K和DA26基因进行缺失。同时基于对CSFV-E2蛋白的结构和糖基化预测分析,突变影响同源二聚体二硫键形成的糖基化位点。最后通过悬浮转染的方式提高拯救病毒的滴度。结果表明对E2基因突变后,表达的E2蛋白95%以同源二聚体形式存在。通过供体质粒优化和病毒载体基因缺失,E2蛋白的表达水平提高约4倍,可稳定表达蛋白的重组杆状病毒毒株代次从P7代延长至P20代。悬浮转染获得的重组杆状病毒滴度提高约70倍,同时获得足量低代次的毒种,有效缩短从毒种构建到蛋白表达时间,有效解决杆状病毒表达系统表达量低和毒种种子批代次窄的问题,为猪瘟亚单位疫苗研发奠定基础。

3种佐剂对猪瘟病毒E2蛋白免疫效果的影响

为筛选猪瘟病毒(Classical swine fever virus,CSFV)亚单位疫苗高效佐剂,将杆状病毒表达系统制备的重组CSFV E2蛋白分别与铝佐剂(胶状)、50V佐剂(W/O)和201佐剂(W/O/W)3种不同佐剂配伍后免疫Balb/c小鼠,经间接ELISA和阻断ELISA测定抗体效价及血清IL2、IL4、IL10和IFN-γ细胞因子水平。结果显示,经Ni-NAT亲和层析纯化获得的重组E2蛋白纯度约95%;免疫后28 d,无佐剂的E2蛋白免疫Balb/c小鼠后抗体效价达到1∶3200,但血清抗体阻断率小于30%;加入佐剂后,抗体效价明显提升,血清抗体阻断率也随之升高,3种不同的佐剂免疫血清抗体阻断率大于40%。其中50V佐剂组抗体效价最高可达1∶204800,其抗体阻断率大于80%,且50V佐剂组免疫血清中IL-4表达量最高为892.23 pg/mL,说明50V佐剂可以有效激发以Th2型免疫应答为主的细胞免疫反应。综合B细胞和T细胞免疫应答结果,50V佐剂对E2蛋白的免疫效果提升明显优于其他佐剂,试验结果为进一步研究高效猪用CSFV亚单位疫苗奠定了基础。