满文外音字■的词头、词中形式研究

关于满文外音字■《满汉字清文启蒙》只列有其独立形及词尾形■。现已出版的诸满文教材、辞书中,其词头、词中形式多为在下牙上接出长牙,从而书作■、■,甚至将其独立形与词尾形也书作■、■。从发生学角度看,其辅音当来源于■,参照■、■而书为■、■乃顺理成章之举。《五体清文鉴》中藏文、维吾尔文的满文切音、对音拼写及满文诸佛经刻本,乃至御制碑文、殿本刻书等文献中之外族人地名、满人汉名连写,以及清代民间满语文学习范本《抄本初学满文指蒙歌》中,即分别书作■、■,而■、■写法从未一见。作为御制大型辞书,《五体清文鉴》满文注音拼写规范之权威性不容置疑;作为成熟的字母系统,其相应位形应当具有规范性。因此,有必要为满文■之词头、词中形式正形,确立■、■的书写规范。

Variation of sea ice extent in different regions of the Arctic Ocean

Sea ice in the Arctic has been reducing rapidly in the past half century due to global warming. This study analyzes the variations of sea ice extent in the entire Arctic Ocean and its sub regions. The results indicate that sea ice extent reduction during 1979-2013 is most significant in summer, following by that in autumn, winter and spring. In years with rich sea ice, sea ice extent anomaly with seasonal cycle removed changes with a period of 4-6 years. The year of 2003-2006 is the ice-rich period with diverse regional difference in this century. In years with poor sea ice, sea ice margin retreats further north in the Arctic. Sea ice in the Fram Strait changes in an opposite way to that in the entire Arctic. Sea ice coverage index in melting-freezing period is an critical indicator for sea ice changes, which shows an coincident change in the Arctic and sub regions. Since 2002, Region C2 in north of the Pacific sector contributes most to sea ice changes in the central Aarctic, followed by C1 and C3. Sea ice changes in different regions show three relationships. The correlation coefficient between sea ice coverage index of the Chukchi Sea and that of the East Siberian Sea is high, suggesting good consistency of ice variation. In the Atlantic sector, sea ice changes are coincided with each other between the Kara Sea and the Barents Sea as a result of warm inflow into the Kara Sea from the Barents Sea. Sea ice changes in the central Arctic are affected by surrounding seas.