Chitin is the second most abundant renewable polysaccharide on Earth.The degradation of chitin into soluble and bioactive N-acetyl chitooligosaccharides(NCOSs)and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine(GlcNAc)has emerged as a pivotal...Chitin is the second most abundant renewable polysaccharide on Earth.The degradation of chitin into soluble and bioactive N-acetyl chitooligosaccharides(NCOSs)and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine(GlcNAc)has emerged as a pivotal step in the efficient and sustainable utilization of chitin resources.However,because of its dense structure,high crystallinity,and poor solubility,chitin typically needs pretreatment via chemical,physical,and other methods before enzymatic conversion to enhance the accessibility between substrates and enzyme molecules.Consequently,there has been considerable interest in exploring the direct biological degradation of crystalline chitin as a cost-effective and environment-friendly technology.This review endeavors to present several biological methods for the direct degradation of chitin.We primarily focused on the importance of chitinase containing chitin-binding domain(CBD).Additionally,various modification strategies for increasing the degradation efficiency of crystalline chitin were introduced.Subsequently,the review systematically elucidated critical components of multi-enzyme catalytic systems,highlighting their potential for chitin degradation.Furthermore,the application of microorganisms in the degradation of crystalline chitin was also discussed.The insights in this review contribute to the explorations and investigations of enzymatic and microbial approaches for the direct degradation of crystalline chitin,thereby fostering advancements in biomass conversion.展开更多
Chitin is a widely used important industrial polymer mainly from shrimp shells, but its commercial preparation is under the great challenge of serious pollution due to the requirement of HCl and Na OH.Herein, we demon...Chitin is a widely used important industrial polymer mainly from shrimp shells, but its commercial preparation is under the great challenge of serious pollution due to the requirement of HCl and Na OH.Herein, we demonstrated that high purity chitin can be obtained from waste shrimp shells(WSSs) by cascade separation with transition metal salt aqueous solution and ionic liquid(IL). Firstly, calcium carbonate of WSSs was effectively removed in the metal salt aqueous solution driven by the ion exchange interaction. Subsequently, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride([Bmim]Cl) had bifunctional abilities to remove residual protein and introduced metal salts simultaneously by hydrogen bonding and coordination interactions. The key experimental factors affecting the separation process were systematically studied, including the type of metal salts, temperature, and [Bmim]Cl loading. After sequential treatment with a 20%(mass) Ni SO4aqueous solution at 130 ℃ and [Bmim]Cl at 150 ℃, the purity of a-chitin can be up to 96.5%(mass) that meets commercial requirements. The use of metal salts with higher coordination ability makes the preparation of chitin no longer depend on the commonly acid-base reaction, which is conducive to the preservation of chitin structure.展开更多
对“内涝”和“风险评估”进行关键词检索,以1991—2023年中国知网(CNKI)中文数据库、Web of Science(WOS)核心数据库共2783篇城市内涝风险评估相关文献为基础,采用词频分析、共被引分析、聚类分析等文献计量方法,借助R语言的Bibliomet...对“内涝”和“风险评估”进行关键词检索,以1991—2023年中国知网(CNKI)中文数据库、Web of Science(WOS)核心数据库共2783篇城市内涝风险评估相关文献为基础,采用词频分析、共被引分析、聚类分析等文献计量方法,借助R语言的Bibliometrix包实现数据统计与图谱绘制。结果表明,以内涝风险评估为主题的国内外相关研究近10年呈快速增长趋势,虽然中文文献出现晚于英文文献,但英文文献中,国内研究机构发文量最多;对应国内城市暴雨洪涝灾害发生数量排全球首位,体现出国内城市暴雨内涝灾害影响严重,并已逐渐成为众多学者关注的研究热点;地理信息系统(GIS)是内涝风险评估研究中常用的技术手段,机器学习和遥感技术广泛应用于国际研究,值得国内相关研究学习和借鉴;英文研究热点集中在灾损曲线、脆弱性指标体系和多准则的内涝综合风险分析,而中文研究目前聚焦在基于水文和水力学模型的内涝灾害危险性识别,未来在逐步完善的海绵城市和内涝防治工程建设研究基础上,面向气候变化和韧性城市规划建设的内涝综合风险评估可能会成为新的研究热点。展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2023YFD2401504)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U21A20271,32225039)+2 种基金the Key R&D Program of Shandong Province(No.2022TZXD001)the Earmarked Fund for CARS(No.CARS-48)the Qingdao Shinan District Science and Technology Plan Project(No.2022-3-010-SW).
文摘Chitin is the second most abundant renewable polysaccharide on Earth.The degradation of chitin into soluble and bioactive N-acetyl chitooligosaccharides(NCOSs)and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine(GlcNAc)has emerged as a pivotal step in the efficient and sustainable utilization of chitin resources.However,because of its dense structure,high crystallinity,and poor solubility,chitin typically needs pretreatment via chemical,physical,and other methods before enzymatic conversion to enhance the accessibility between substrates and enzyme molecules.Consequently,there has been considerable interest in exploring the direct biological degradation of crystalline chitin as a cost-effective and environment-friendly technology.This review endeavors to present several biological methods for the direct degradation of chitin.We primarily focused on the importance of chitinase containing chitin-binding domain(CBD).Additionally,various modification strategies for increasing the degradation efficiency of crystalline chitin were introduced.Subsequently,the review systematically elucidated critical components of multi-enzyme catalytic systems,highlighting their potential for chitin degradation.Furthermore,the application of microorganisms in the degradation of crystalline chitin was also discussed.The insights in this review contribute to the explorations and investigations of enzymatic and microbial approaches for the direct degradation of crystalline chitin,thereby fostering advancements in biomass conversion.
基金support of the Startup Foundation of China(3160011181808)the National Natural Scientific Foundation of China(21878292,81673400)K.C.Wong Education Foundation(GJTD-2018-04).
文摘Chitin is a widely used important industrial polymer mainly from shrimp shells, but its commercial preparation is under the great challenge of serious pollution due to the requirement of HCl and Na OH.Herein, we demonstrated that high purity chitin can be obtained from waste shrimp shells(WSSs) by cascade separation with transition metal salt aqueous solution and ionic liquid(IL). Firstly, calcium carbonate of WSSs was effectively removed in the metal salt aqueous solution driven by the ion exchange interaction. Subsequently, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride([Bmim]Cl) had bifunctional abilities to remove residual protein and introduced metal salts simultaneously by hydrogen bonding and coordination interactions. The key experimental factors affecting the separation process were systematically studied, including the type of metal salts, temperature, and [Bmim]Cl loading. After sequential treatment with a 20%(mass) Ni SO4aqueous solution at 130 ℃ and [Bmim]Cl at 150 ℃, the purity of a-chitin can be up to 96.5%(mass) that meets commercial requirements. The use of metal salts with higher coordination ability makes the preparation of chitin no longer depend on the commonly acid-base reaction, which is conducive to the preservation of chitin structure.
文摘对“内涝”和“风险评估”进行关键词检索,以1991—2023年中国知网(CNKI)中文数据库、Web of Science(WOS)核心数据库共2783篇城市内涝风险评估相关文献为基础,采用词频分析、共被引分析、聚类分析等文献计量方法,借助R语言的Bibliometrix包实现数据统计与图谱绘制。结果表明,以内涝风险评估为主题的国内外相关研究近10年呈快速增长趋势,虽然中文文献出现晚于英文文献,但英文文献中,国内研究机构发文量最多;对应国内城市暴雨洪涝灾害发生数量排全球首位,体现出国内城市暴雨内涝灾害影响严重,并已逐渐成为众多学者关注的研究热点;地理信息系统(GIS)是内涝风险评估研究中常用的技术手段,机器学习和遥感技术广泛应用于国际研究,值得国内相关研究学习和借鉴;英文研究热点集中在灾损曲线、脆弱性指标体系和多准则的内涝综合风险分析,而中文研究目前聚焦在基于水文和水力学模型的内涝灾害危险性识别,未来在逐步完善的海绵城市和内涝防治工程建设研究基础上,面向气候变化和韧性城市规划建设的内涝综合风险评估可能会成为新的研究热点。
