An Encounter between the Qing Dynasty and Khoqand in 1759-1760： Central Asia in the Mid-Eighteenth Century

This paper examines negotiations involving the exchange of envoys between the Qing dynasty and Khoqand in 1759-60. The Qing made contact with Khoqand in order to bring rapid stabilization to the newly acquired western territories. Khoqand, on the other hand, established a relationship with the Qing in order to expand their authority over the Kirghiz, and to advance toward Bukhara. Irdana tried to take advantage of Qing authority for the purpose of expanding his territories, but at the same time, he appealed to the other Central Asian Muslims to engage with him in a ＂holy war＂ against the Qing. It is true that each power in Central Asia shared a sense of crisis in reaction to the Qing＇s sudden expansion to the west. However, we also need to examine the competition for hegemony among the powers under the pretext of opposition to the Qing＇s advance.

18世纪后期清朝与浩罕早期关系史研究

文章利用新近影印出版的满汉文档案,对18世纪后期清朝与中亚浩罕国的早期关系史进行了探讨,指出清朝曾主动争取浩罕国的归附,而浩罕为了寻求政治与经济上的权益,与清朝建立了较为松散的藩属关系。政治上,浩罕意在借助清朝权威号令周边部落,扩大自身地盘,清朝起初对其与布鲁特的地盘纷争采取较为积极的干涉政策,后期逐渐转变为不干涉主义;经济上,浩罕以藩属的身份呈请清朝减免税收,获得使臣所携货物免税、民间贸易减税的许可,大大方便了浩罕国对清朝的东方贸易。

18世纪中后期清朝对浩罕政治军事信息的搜集与认知

18世纪中后期,清朝主动搜集信息,了解浩罕、哈萨克、布鲁特等中亚部族政权的动向。往返于中亚各商镇与喀什噶尔之间的贸易商队和投归清朝的厄鲁特逃人,向清朝提供了关键信息。这些信息的内容包含中亚费尔干纳盆地、塔什干及河中地区的政治、军事、外交动态。文章呈现清代西北边疆信息搜集机制的运作实态,进而探讨清朝对18世纪中后期中亚政局的认知情况等问题。

清朝与布鲁特额德格讷部的最初关系

清朝与布鲁特额德格讷部关系是随着清朝征讨大小和卓叛乱发生的。双方宗藩关系正式建立前,为了攻打和截拿大小和卓,清朝先是与额德格讷部所属哈尔巴噶什部以及额德格讷部主体展开最初接触与互动,随后正式通使。文章依据满文档案记载,对此进行深入考察,分析汉文史籍的不足,纠正现有研究的讹误,揭示有关历史的原委和细节。

英国协助张格尔袭扰南疆真伪考

本文对我国学界有关嘉道时期英国协助流亡和卓张格尔袭扰南疆的论点和论据提出质疑,进而通过分析相关中英俄文献资料论证英国并未直接介入张格尔事件。在此基础上,文章讨论19世纪英俄中亚争霸酝酿时期,部分英国人士从中亚和广州两条渠道搜集张格尔事件情报并予以分析,进而对清朝的新疆治理、浩罕与新疆的关系和中亚局势做出研判,指出英俄向中亚和新疆进行地缘和贸易扩张的前景。英国人士对张格尔事件的讨论为英商促发鸦片战争和推动英属印度中亚扩张提供了参考。