Analysis of the relationship between postoperative ophthalmic complications and dialysis time of prekidney transplantation

AIM: To determine the influence of the dialysis time before kidney transplantation on postoperative ophthalmic complications. METHODS: One hundred and eighty three patients who were given the follow-up after kidney transplantation were selected, including 124 males and 59 females. The dialysis time before kidney transplantation was (2.9 +/- 2.1) years. Among them, there were 93 cases having cadaveric renal transplantation and 90 cases having living relative renal transplantation. The conditions of ophthalmic complications in all the patients after kidney transplantation were investigated and the incidence rate on ophthalmic complications having different dialysis time before kidney transplantation was given Chi-square test and Chi-square linear trend test. RESULTS: Among 183 patients with kidney transplantation, 95 patients (51.9%) had at least one ophthalmic complication and the rest 88 patients (48.1%) had no significant abnormality at the eye region. The most common ophthalmic complications were pinguecula/conjunctival degeneration (31 cases), the following was caligo lentis (24 cases). The main manifestations were grayish white granule and plaque turbidity occurred in posterior capsule at the posterior pole of crystaline lens. The angulus iridocornealis of 5 patients (5.3%) with cataract and glaucoma were all open-angle through the detection by gonioscope. Through visual field examination, there were 2 patients with paracentral scotoma, 2 patients with arcuate scotoma and one case with nasal step. CONCLUSION: The experiments verify that the incidence of glaucomawas relates to the dialysis time before kidney transplantation, and the incidence rate might be higher if the dialysis time is longer.

Selection of dialysis methods for end-stage kidney disease patients with diabetes

The increasing prevalence of diabetes has led to a growing population of endstage kidney disease(ESKD)patients with diabetes.Currently,kidney transplantation is the best treatment option for ESKD patients;however,it is limited by the lack of donors.Therefore,dialysis has become the standard treatment for ESKD patients.However,the optimal dialysis method for diabetic ESKD patients remains controversial.ESKD patients with diabetes often present with complex conditions and numerous complications.Furthermore,these patients face a high risk of infection and technical failure,are more susceptible to malnutrition,have difficulty establishing vascular access,and experience more frequent blood sugar fluctuations than the general population.Therefore,this article reviews nine critical aspects:Survival rate,glucose metabolism disorder,infectious complications,cardiovascular events,residual renal function,quality of life,economic benefits,malnutrition,and volume load.This study aims to assist clinicians in selecting individualized treatment methods by comparing the advantages and disadvantages of hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis,thereby improving patients’quality of life and survival rates.

Choice of dialysis modality prior to kidney transplantation:Does it matter?

The population of patients with end stage renal disease(ESRD) is increasing,lengthening waiting lists for kidney transplantation.Majority of the patients are not able to receive a kidney transplant in timely manner even though it is well established that patient survival and quality of life after kidney transplantation is far better when compared to being on dialysis.A large number of patients who desire a kidney transplant ultimately end up needing some form of dialysis therapy.Most of incident ESRD patients choose hemodialysis(HD) over peritoneal dialysis(PD) as the modality of choice in the United States,even though studies have favored PD as a better choice of pre-transplant dialysis modality than HD.PD is largely underutilized in the United States due to variety of reasons.As a part of the decision making process,patients are often educated how the choice regarding modality of dialysis would fit into their life but it is not clear and not usually discussed,how it can affect eventual kidney transplantation in the future.In this article we would like to discuss ESRD demographics and outcomes,modality of dialysis and kidney transplant related events.We have summarized the data comparing PD and HD as the modality of dialysis and its impact on allograft and recipient outcomes after kidney transplantation.

Impact of Dialysis Modality on Kidney Transplantation Outcomes

Survival benefits of renal transplantation over dialysis therapy are well established for patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Transition from one treatment modality to another is common. Understanding the differences in outcomes with the various renal replacement therapies will help nephrologists to provide best advice for dialysis patients. The influence of pretransplant dialysis modality on post-transplant outcomes is not clear. An overview of the various issues related to dialysis modality on kidney transplantation outcomes is discussed in this topic review. These include allograft and recipient survival, the impact of dialysis vintage and choice of dialysis modality on transplant outcomes.

Residual renal function in peritoneal dialysis with failed allograft and minimum immunosuppression

Immunosuppression(IS) is often withdrawn in patients with end stage renal disease secondary to a failed renal allograft, and this can lead to an accelerated loss of residual renal function(RRF). As maintenance of RRF appears to provide a survival benefit to peritoneal dialysis(PD) patients, it is not clear whether this benefit of maintaining RRF in failed allograft patients returning to PD outweigh the risks of maintaining IS. A 49 year-old Caucasian male developed progressive allograft failure nine years after living-donor renal transplantation. Hemodialysis was initiated via tunneled dialysis catheter(TDC) and IS was gradually withdrawn. Two weeksafter IS withdrawal he developed a febrile illness, which necessitate removal of the TDC and conversion to PD. He was maintained on small dose of tacrolimus(1 mg/d) and prednisone(5 mg/d). Currently(1 year later) he is doing exceedingly well on cycler-assisted PD. Residual urine output ranges between 600-1200 m L/d. Total weekly Kt/V achieved 1.82. RRF remained well preserved in this patient with failed renal allograft with minimal immunosuppressive therapy. This strategy will need further study in well-defined cohorts of PD patients with failed allografts and residual RRF to determine efficacy and safety.

Unplanned hospital readmissions after kidney transplantation among patients in Hefei,China:Incidence,causes and risk factors

Objectives:Unplanned readmissions severely affect a patient's physical and mental well-being after kidney transplantation(KT),which is also independently associated with morbidity.A retrospective study was conducted to identify the incidence,causes and risk factors for unplanned readmission after KT among Chinese patients.Methods:Patients who underwent KT were admitted to the organ transplant center of the Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China(2017-2018).Medical records for these patients were obtained through the hospital information system(HIS).Results:In 518 patients,the incidence of unplanned readmissions within 30 days(n=9)was 1.74%,and 90 days(n=64)was 12.35%.The one-year unplanned readmission rate was 22.59%(n=122).Overall,122 patients were readmitted because of infection,renal events,metabolic disturbances,surgical complications,etc.Hemodialysis(OR=10.462,95%CI:1.355-80.748),peritoneal dialysis(OR=8.746,95%CI:1.074-71.238)and length of stay(OR=1.023,95%CI:1.006-1.040)were independent risk factors for unplanned readmissions.Conclusion:Unplanned readmission rates increased with time after KT.Certain risk factors related to unplanned readmissions should be deeply excavated.Targeted interventions for controllable factors to alleviate the rate of unplanned readmissions should be identified.

Application and management of continuous glucose monitoring in diabetic kidney disease

Diabetic kidney disease(DKD)is a common complication of diabetes mellitus that contributes to the risk of end-stage kidney disease(ESKD).Wide glycemic var-iations,such as hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia,are broadly found in diabetic patients with DKD and especially ESKD,as a result of impaired renal metabolism.It is essential to monitor glycemia for effective management of DKD.Hemoglobin A1c(HbA1c)has long been considered as the gold standard for monitoring glycemia for>3 months.However,assessment of HbA1c has some bias as it is susceptible to factors such as anemia and liver or kidney dysfunction.Continuous glucose monitoring(CGM)has provided new insights on glycemic assessment and management.CGM directly measures glucose level in interstitial fluid,reports real-time or retrospective glucose concentration,and provides multiple glycemic metrics.It avoids the pitfalls of HbA1c in some contexts,and may serve as a precise alternative to estimation of mean glucose and glycemic variability.Emerging studies have demonstrated the merits of CGM for precise monitoring,which allows fine-tuning of glycemic management in diabetic patients.Therefore,CGM technology has the potential for better glycemic monitoring in DKD patients.More research is needed to explore its application and management in different stages of DKD,including hemodialysis,peritoneal dialysis and kidney transplantation.

Artificial kidney: Challenges and opportunities

This review aims to present the developments occurring in the field of artificial organs and particularly focuses on the presentation of developments in artificial kidneys.The challenges for biomedical engineering involved in overcoming the potential difficulties are showcased,as well as the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration in this marriage of medicine and technology.In this review,modern artificial kidneys and the research efforts trying to provide and promise artificial kidneys are presented.But what are the problems faced by each technology and to what extent is the effort enough to date?

Lipid abnormalities in kidney disease and management strategies

Patients with kidney diseases continue to experience significant cardiovascular disease(CVD) morbidity and mortality. Although there are many important risk factors playing a role in the pathogenesis of CVD in chronic kidney disease(CKD) patients, dyslipidemia(elevated triglycerides, elevated oxidized low-densitylipoprotein and low/dysfunctional low high-density) represents one of the modifiable risk factors. Renal failure patients have unique lipid abnormalities which not only have complex role in pathogenesis of CVD but also cause relative resistance to usual interventions. Most of the randomized trials have been in hemodialysis population and data from CKD non-dialysis, peritoneal dialysis and renal transplant populations is extremely limited. Compared to general population, evidence of mortality benefit of lipid lowering medications in CKD population is scarce. Future research should be directed towards establishing long term benefits and side effects of lipid lowering medications, through randomized trials, in CKD population.

Health literacy in kidney disease: Review of the literature and implications for clinical practice

Health literacy is the capacity of an individual to understand information related to a disease in order to make an informed decision. In patients with kidney diseases, studies have reported increasing impact of limited health literacy on health outcomes. Our paper discusses current literature on health literacy in kidney diseases.

What is the optimal dialysis method for diabetic patients with end stage kidney disease?

Diabetes is one of the most catastrophic diseases ruling every corner of the world,and this has led to elevated incidents of end-stage kidney disease(ESKD).The standard treatment for ESKD is kidney transplantation/replacement,which is limited due to a deficiency of donors.Hence,dialysis has become the second-best option for treating patients with ESKD.Patients with ESKD with underlying diabetes have an additional risk of complications and infections over non-diabetic ESKD patients.Furthermore,these patients also experience variations in blood glucose levels and are more liable to develop malnutrition.This article elaborates on the different dialysis methods for ESKD patients.This editorial highlights the evidence-based studies that include randomized clinical trials,cohort studies,retrospective studies and case-control studies and suggests the most suitable type of dialysis under the following components.

Anemia in ESKD Patient (End-Stage Kidney Disease): The Rare Cause Is in the Forefront

We reported a case of severe anemia in a patient with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) on dialysis. The anemia developed when the patient is switched from hemodialysis (HD) to peritoneal dialysis (PD) when the intra-venous erythropoietin stimulating agent (ESA, Epogen) was changed into subcutaneous injection of darbepoetin. The patient’s hemoglobin dropped 2 grams in about two months during this period. Extensive work-up including, bleeding disorders, hemolysis, iron deficiency, infections including CMV, Epstein-Bar virus, parvo-19 virus infection were unrevealing The anti-Epogen neutralizing antibodies were not measured due to unavailability. Bone marrow biopsy and aspirate were negative for infiltrations or myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). The leukocyte and platelet counts were normal. Even though anti-ESA antibodies were not measured in this case, all tentative causes of his anemia were excluded by laboratory investigations. The patient’s anemia was treated symptomatically with blood transfusion and discontinuation of the ESA treatment. He made a remarkable recovery.

远程医疗在慢性肾衰竭病人居家自我管理中的应用研究进展

对国内外远程医疗在慢性肾衰竭病人居家自我管理中的应用研究进行综述,包括远程医疗的概念及发展、远程医疗在慢性肾衰竭病人自我管理中的应用方式及应用效果等,以期为加快肾科远程医疗提供参考,完善慢性肾衰竭病人的自我管理方案。

不同肾替代方法治疗终末期肾病患者焦虑抑郁及认知功能状况调查

目的比较维持性血液透析、腹膜透析及肾移植治疗终末期肾病患者焦虑抑郁及认知功能状况。方法于2015年6月-2017年12月对首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院就诊的418例终末期肾病患者进行调查,其中维持性血液透析患者160例,男性85例,平均年龄(51.1±12.5)岁;腹膜透析患者108例,男性63例,平均年龄(51.3±14.4)岁;肾移植患者150例,男性81例,平均年龄(50.2±16.5)岁;所有对象均完成包括基本信息的一般资料问卷、综合医院焦虑抑郁自评量表(hospital anxiety and depression scale,HADS)、简易智力状况检查表(mini-mental state examination,MMSE)调查。结果肾移植患者的HADS评分(9.43±5.62)显著低于维持性血液透析组(19.01±5.65)和腹膜透析组(16.77±5.21)(P均<0.001),维持性血液透析组的HADS评分高于腹膜透析组(P<0.01)。肾移植患者MMSE评分(27.19±2.23)高于维持性血液透析组(22.14±2.15)和腹膜透析组(25.35±2.44)(P均<0.001),腹膜透析组的MMSE评分高于维持性血液透析组(P<0.05)。结论本研究发现肾移植患者的认知和情绪调节效果优于维持性血液透析和腹膜透析组患者。

透析方式对肾移植术后的影响

目的 探讨不同透析方式对肾移植术的影响。方法 透析时间大于 3个月的肾移植患者 5 16例 ,按照透析方式分为两组 ,血液透析 (HD)组 (n =394 )与腹膜透析 (PD)组 (n =12 2 ) ;记录两组患者肾移植术后 1年内并发症发生情况。结果 HD组与PD组患者肾移植术后超急性排斥的发生率差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 ) ;两组患者急性排斥的发生率分别为 13 5 8%和 2 3 97% (P =0 0 0 5 ) ,细菌感染的发生率分别为 8 4 6 %和 15 7% (P <0 0 5 ) ,活动CMV感染的发生率分别为 2 5 13%和 16 5 3% (P <0 0 5 ) ,CMV肺炎的发生率分别为 7 4 4 %和 2 4 8% ,差异均有显著性 (P <0 0 5 )。HD组患者因超急性排斥切除移植肾 4例 ,急性排斥反应切除移植肾 3例 ,严重感染切除移植肾 1例 ,因败血症死亡 1例 ,因CMV肺炎呼吸衰竭死亡 4例 ,因心力衰竭死亡 2例 ;PD组患者因超急性排斥及急性排斥反应切除移植肾各 1例 ;因化脓性腹膜炎及真菌性败血症死亡各 1例 ;其余患者经治疗预后良好。结论 PD患者的免疫活性高于HD患者 ,并更易发生感染 ,在肾移植术围手术期应注意透析方式造成的影响。

不同透析方法对移植肾功能延迟恢复的影响

目的 比较不同透析方法对肾移植后肾功延迟恢复(DGF)的影响,以期选择合适的透析方法,提高移植效果。方法 观察应用不同透析方法治疗 DGF 患者时血压、细胞因子的变化和疗效。结果 采用高容量血液滤过(HVHF)治疗过程中低血压发生率 4.85%,肾功能恢复时间(9.1±4.3)d,术后感染发生率 9.52%,均较血液透析(HD)组低[低血压发生率 7.8%,肾功能恢复时间(21.4±7.6)d,术后感染发生率 20%];腹膜透析组低血压发生率6.25%,肾功能恢复时间(15. 5±6. 7) d,术后感染发生率 37. 5%,后两项指标高于 HVHF 组; HVHF 组治疗后,TNF- α、IL- 1β和 IL- 6的水平较治疗前明显下降,而HD组治疗前后无明显差异。结论 高容量血液滤过是一种较好的治疗DGF的方法。

终末期肾病治疗方法的比较

终末期肾病是各种病因所致的慢性肾脏疾病的最终阶段。血液透析、腹膜透析和肾移植是目前临床上治疗终末期肾病的主要肾脏替代疗法,针对三者的优缺点,从治疗方式、疗效、费用等方面进行比较,研究结果显示肾移植的治疗效果在整体上优于CAPD和血液透析,持续性非卧床腹膜透析(CAPD)的治疗效果略优于血透,肾移植是成本-效果比最好的ES-RD替代治疗方法。

腹膜透析150例并发症分析

目的讨论腹膜透析并发症发生情况,并分析有关原因。方法对2005年11月至2012年7月收治的150例腹膜透析患者病历资料进行总结分析,并选择同期血液透析患者150例作为对照,比较腹膜透析与血液透析治疗后的并发症情况。将150例腹膜透析患者分为心力衰竭组、非心力衰竭组及感染组和非感染组,以评价有关并发症情况。结果腹膜透析与血液透析在并发症方面差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。心力衰竭组、感染组与非心力衰竭组、非感染组在血液检测、心脏功能及血压检测等指标差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。对于心力衰竭组和感染组,更容易出现高血压、心力衰竭、心肌病、营养不良等并发症。结论对于腹膜透析患者,要密切关注有心力衰竭及各种感染的病患,并进行针对性治疗。

不同透析方式在移植肾功能延迟恢复中应用对比

目的探讨移植肾功能延迟恢复(delayed graft dysfunction,DGF)过渡期透析方式的选择依据。方法回顾性分析154例患者临床资料,比较不同透析方式的治疗效果。结果(1)选择间歇血液透析(HD)138例(89.6%),腹膜透析(PD)12例(7.8%),连续性肾脏替代治疗(CRRT)4例(2.6%);(2)出血、肺部感染、心衰等心血管事件发生率,HD组高于PD组(31.2%vs10.7%,P<0.05)、(21.1%vs3.4%,P<0.05)、(34.1%vs10.7%,P<0.05),HD组移植肾恢复时间长于PD组(20.4dvs14.3d,P<0.05),心理压力高于PD组(7.3分vs4.5分,P<0.05),CRRT组未发现新并发症;(3)PD组肾1年存活率高于HD组,差异有统计学意义(91.7%vs78.5%,P<0.05),PD组人1年存活率与HD组差异无统计学意义(91.7%vs92.3%,P>0.05),CRRT组1年人/肾存活率为100%。结论在DGF过渡期,既往病例大部分选择HD;PD在降低出血、肺部感染、心衰等发生率,减轻心理压力,缩短移植肾功能恢复时间优于HD;DGF合并双肺感染的患者及时采用CRRT治疗取得理想效果;我们应根据患者具体条件选择最合适透析方式。

血液透析、腹膜透析及肾移植对慢性肾衰竭患者尾加压素Ⅱ水平的影响

目的探讨慢性肾衰竭患者血浆及尿液中尾加压素Ⅱ(UrotensinⅡ,UⅡ)水平变化以及血液透析、腹膜透析及肾移植对其的影响。方法采用放射免疫方法,以正常人为对照,分别观察广州医学院第一附属医院肾内科和广东省广州市珠江医院肾移植科慢性肾衰竭未透析患者(ND组)、维持性血液透析患者(HD组)、持续性不卧床腹膜透析患者(CAPD组)、肾移植患者(KT组)血浆及尿液中的尾加压素Ⅱ水平变化。结果ND组、HD组、PD组和KT组患者的血浆UⅡ水平较正常人显著增高(P<0.0001),以HD组最高,ND组次之,PD组再次之,KT组最低;尿UⅡ排泄在ND组、HD组、PD组均显著减少(P<0.05),但在KT组显著增加(P<0.01);结论证实在非糖尿病的慢性肾衰竭患者血UⅡ水平显著增高,尿UⅡ排泄明显减少,血液透析患者和腹膜透析患者变化更为显著;肾移植患者血浆UⅡ水平增高减轻,而尿UⅡ水平显著增加;本研究提示UⅡ是慢性肾衰竭发展过程中一个重要的多肽。