Density But Not Kinship Regulates the Growth and Developmental Traits of Chinese Tiger Frog (Hoplobatrachus chinensis) Tadpoles

Kinship and density are believed to affect important ecological processes such as intraspecific competition, predation, growth, development, cannibalism, habitat selection and mate choice, In this work, we used Chinese tiger frog Hoplobatrachus chinensis tadpoles as an experimental model to investigate the effects of kinship and density on growth and development of this species over a 73 day period. The results showed that density can affect the growth and developmental traits （survival rate, larval period, size at the limb bud protrusion/metamorphic climax and body mass at different life stages） of H. chinensis tadpoles, while kinship does not. Tadpoles took longer to develop and potential metamorphosis was greater in high density groups of both sibling and non-siblings. The interaction of kinship and density did not significantly influenced growth traits of H. chinensis tadpoles during the experimental period. For coefficient variations of each growth trait, no differences were detected between sibling and non-sibling groups. These findings provide valuable information on the basic ecology of H. chinensis which will be helpful in future studies of other anuran species.

English & Chinese Kinship Terms and Their Cultural Roots

Kinship terms system is one of the most common features in the world,but different countries have different kinship expressions.This paper mainly states the differences between English and Chinese kinship terms and Cultural differences between English and Chinese kinship terms.The cultural differences between English and Chinese kinship terms exist in several aspects.The causes of differences between English and Chinese kinship terms are various,and the major aspects we will consider are history,like different patriarchal clan system;worldview,like different ideas of birth and numbers of birth;different social organization and system changes of social system.

Researches on the Differences of Kinship Systems

Kinship system is the way to determine the family members. Based on the Whorfian Hypothesis, this paper takes Chinese and English kinship terms as the research object to make an analysis about the relationship between language and culture from the perspective of sociolinguistics, expecting to find out the major differences and explore the factors leading to them.

A Study of Kinship Terms in Thai from the Culture and Cognitive Perspectives

The kinship terms of Thai can be divided into native kinship terms and foreign kinship terms based on the source,and can also be divided into civilian kinship terms and royal kinship terms based on the users.Thai kinship terms have different degrees of distinction in the following six dimensions:paternal and maternal,age,gender,the lineal and the collateral,consanguinity and affinity,users and use occasions.The unique use rules of Thai kinship terms reflect Thai people’s concept of the distinctions between superiority and inferiority,seniors and juniors,intimacy and estrangement.In addition,Thai kinship terms reflect the marriage form that the Thais have experienced,and also reflect Thai people’s ethnic cognitive orientation of experience familiarity,cognitive distance and metaphorical thinking.

Inheritance Pattern of Microsatellite Loci and Their Use for Kinship Analysis in the Japanese Scallop Patinopecten yessoensis

The inheritance mode of seven microsatellite markers was investigated in Patinopecten yessoensis larvae from four con-trolled crosses,and the feasibility of using these markers for kinship estimation was also examined. All the seven microsatellite loci were compatible with Mendelian inheritance. Neither sex-linked barriers to transmission nor major barriers to fertilization between gametes from the parents were evident. Two of the seven loci showed the presence of null alleles in two families,suggesting the need to conduct comprehensive species-specific inheritance studies for microsatellite loci used in population genetic studies. However,even if the null allele heterozygotes were considered as homozygotes in the calculation of genetic distance,offspring from four families were all unambiguously discriminated in the neighbor-joining dendrogram. This result indicates that the microsatellite markers used may be capable of discriminating between related and unrelated scallop larvae in the absence of pedigree information,and of investigating the effective number of parents contributing to the hatchery population of the Japanese scallop.

Inheritance mode of microsatellite loci and their use for kinship analysis in the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas)

Five full-sib families of the Pacific oyster(Crassostrea gigas) larvae were used to study the mode of inheritance at eight microsatellite loci,and the feasibility of these markers for kinship estimate was also examined.All eight microsatellite loci were compatible with Mendelian inheritance.Neither evidence of sex-linked barriers to transmission nor evidence of major barriers to fertilization between gametes from the parents was shown.Three of the eight loci showed the presence of null alleles in four families,demonstrating the need to conduct comprehensive species-specific inheritance studies for microsatellite loci used in population genetic studies.Although the null allele heterozygotes were considered as homozygotes in the calculation of genetic distance,offspring from five full-sib families were unambiguously discriminated in the neighbor-joining dendrogram.This result indicates that the microsatellite markers may be capable of discriminating between related and unrelated oyster larvae in the absence of pedigree information,and is applicable to the investigation of the effective number of parents contributing to the hatchery population of the Pacific oyster.

Blood is not always thicker than water:The limited effect of kin selection on human kinship in the traditional Chinese family

To examine the importance of kin selection in shaping human societies, this study analyzed the kinship system practicedin traditional China for two millennia and teased apart its underlying genetic and other, presumably cultural, components.The results demonstrate that, in the traditional patrilineal Chinese family, both genetic relatedness and the cultural factor of generationwere important in determining kinship status for male agnates (genetically related relatives). For female agnates, however,only genetic relatedness was important. Another surprising finding was that the influence of gender was not as important asgenetic relatedness. The most interesting finding in this study, however, was that kin selection and culture (i.e., seniority in generationand age) played vastly different roles in different lineages in the Chinese family: for collateral (indirect) agnates, geneticrelatedness was the most important factor in determining their kinship status, but for lineal (direct) agnates, its importance wasoverridden by seniority in generation and age, a cultural factor. Several other bio-cultural factors also explained a considerableamount of variance in kinship status. Since kinship profoundly affected, and was often the foundation of, the legal and social systemsin dynastic China, kin selection, while its strength may differ remarkably between lineal and collateral relatives, could act asa selective force in Chinese

Research on Translation of Assumed Kinship Terms

Address terms reflect the diversity of ethnological culture and differences in traditions and customs.Therefore,different nations boast different address systems.The use of assumed kinship terms is a linguistic phenomenon of using kinship terms to address non-kins.In translating assumed kinship terms,we should take the following factors into consideration:the author’s intention,social relationship between the addresser and the addressee,cultural differences in address forms between the source language and the target language.This paper compares the use of assumed kinship terms in Chinese with that in English,explores reasons leading to the differences between the assumed kinship terms in Chinese and English,and discusses strategies of translating assumed kinship terms.

东极黑猪群体遗传结构分析及利用

东极黑猪是在我国东北部发现的一种新黑猪群体,试验旨在了解东极黑猪群体结构和遗传多样性,以期更好地保护和利用东极黑猪遗传资源。通过50k SNP芯片研究426头东极黑猪进行遗传多样性、亲缘关系和家系结构,同时加入20头大白猪及20头民猪数据开展主成分分析(Principal component analysis,PCA)。结果表明,东极黑猪57466个SNPs中有47389个SNPs通过质检;PCA结果显示,3个群体分别聚类,东极黑猪与另外两个猪种区分明显;东极黑猪群体中部分个体遗传关系较近,状态同源(Identity by state,IBS)遗传距离为0.0977~0.3589,平均值为0.2752;连续性纯合片段(Runs of homozygosity,ROH)分析发现该群体平均ROH为317.3 Mb,主要分布在200~300 Mb,群体平均近交系数(FROH)为0.133,说明存在近交情况。根据基因组亲缘关系和聚类分析结果,可将东极黑猪群体分为15个家系。综合分析表明,东极黑猪群体遗传多样性丰富,品种独特,但存在近交,建议引入新血统以防遗传多样性丢失。

“权”观念与帝制中国“大义灭亲”案件的处置

帝制中国始终有大义灭亲事件,但都被视为一时一事不得已之“权”。儒家强调“权”之用,必须在更高层次上合于经,反对以诈行权,但行权主体要求过高、范围不明确,操作性较欠缺。法家则大力提倡权术,变阴谋为阳谋而广泛应用之。随着君权强化,大义几等同于臣民对君之“忠”,经法家权诈观推波助澜,儒家经权论有时充当文饰之具,君臣所实施的“大义灭亲”行为,有滑向“大利灭亲”的趋势。尽管如此,儒家经权论植根于人之心性,尚在持续发生约束作用,“大义灭亲”在整个帝制中国都未完全正当化。

赋能图书馆效能评估:数据血缘关系驱动的指标管理与应用探析

随着数据的不断增长,传统的指标管理方法面临着巨大挑战,在图书情报领域,探索数据血缘关系是数据治理的有效途径之一。文章基于数据血缘关系的概念,以指标管理为例,分析了数据血缘关系在评估指标管理中的应用场景,并设计了相应的技术路线。通过收集公共文化机构的相关数据,追踪指标之间的依赖关系和数据的流动情况,实现数据关系的有向图表达,并阐述了关键技术,构建了数据血缘关系在指标管理中的原型系统。通过探索数据血缘关系,发现了公共文化评估指标之间复杂而深刻的关系,并以此为基础建立了指标血缘关系,证明了将基于数据血缘关系驱动的方法引入图书馆数据管理的可行性,为数据管理和优化提供了新的视角和途径。

早期中国嫡庶之分与宗法制度形成--基于王国维《殷周制度论》的哲学反思

王国维《殷周制度论》指出,立子立嫡之制是周人对殷商“兄终弟及”王位继承制度的突破和创新。天子在众多公子中选拔接班人,难免任意性、随机性,容易导致祸乱事变。周政的特点是让政治道德化,让道德政治化,使血亲社会化,使社会宗法化。血缘关系是生来如此而并非后天人力所为。把血缘关系上升到一种天定法则的高度予以确认,等于在为“亲亲”之制建构可靠根基。以嫡系长房、长孙为大宗,血缘正统可靠,是“百世不迁之宗”,秉承先祖恩德最隆最多;而以庶子系统、旁支所出为小宗,是先祖余泽播撒。“五世而迁之宗”要求小宗超过五世则剔出丧服范围。“大宗维翰”而具有核心地位,“宗子维城”则能够起到拱卫、守护作用。对别子小宗和别子大宗强调尊过去的祖,无疑是变相要求他们尊现在的王。依据亲亲尊尊法则所建构出的宗法社会,以一种向内挖掘亲和力而不是向外诉诸神力的形上方式,来实现一种具有儒家鲜明特色的王道普遍性。

家族管理权涉入、亲缘关系异质性与企业避税

以2008-2020年A股上市家族企业数据为样本,基于家族高管亲缘关系异质性考察家族管理权涉入对企业避税的影响。研究发现,家族管理权涉入与家族企业避税程度之间显著负相关,家族高管亲缘关系异质性增强能够显著削弱家族管理权涉入对避税程度的负向影响。拓展性检验结果表明,延伸型社会情感财富及第一类代理成本在家族管理权涉入与避税程度之间中具有部分中介效应。面临较高社会信任水平、较稳定的经济政策及较强宗族文化氛围的家族企业中,家族管理权涉入对避税程度的负向影响更为显著。研究结论对于理解亲缘关系对家族企业避税决策的影响具有一定借鉴意义,对于税务部门进行税收征管也有一定参考价值。

“断亲”为何?--试论中国人际关系的变迁

当前中国社会出现的断亲现象,理论上可区分为宏观意义上的一般性解释、中层意义上的跨文化以及社会学本土化中的“关系性”解释。从人情与面子的研究框架出发予以审视,以往的各种理论均倾向于从社会结构角度解释这一现象,即认为“断亲”是由工业化、城市化、市场化所引发的社会流动导致的个体化结果。而人情与面子的研究框架则将此种社会现象指向行动主体的主观意图,即如果一个人的地方社会网络能够给其带来充沛的社会资源,那么他不会采取“断亲”行为;当一个人从其原有的地方网络中无法获得他所要的社会资源,或此资源已派不上用场时,其依附性便随之消失。但这并不意味着关系本身不再重要,因为现代性社会生活会使人们在自己的生活或事业领域重建自己的社会网络,“断亲”只是表示与旧有的亲属网络不再发生联系。

5种柏科植物叶绿体基因组密码子偏好性分析

【目的】通过叶绿体基因组密码子偏好性,分析5种柏科植物(秃杉、水杉、杉木、福建柏、日本柳杉)的亲缘关系,筛选出与秃杉亲缘相近者作为异种砧木,为秃杉无性繁殖与规模化生产提供理论参考。【方法】通过NCBI下载并筛选5种柏科植物的蛋白编码序列,使用CUSP、CodonW、SPSS、MAFFT等软件分析密码子偏好性形成模式,并构建聚类树和系统发育树。【结果】5种柏科植物叶绿体密码子的A/T碱基均较多,且第3位以A/T结尾为主;有效密码子数基本高于35,密码子使用偏好性总体较弱;由中性绘图分析、ENC-plot分析、PR2-plot分析可得,密码子偏好性的形成同时受自然选择、碱基突变等多种因素影响,且自然选择是主导因素;通过相对同义密码子分析和最优密码子分析确定AAA、CCA、GCU同时为秃杉、水杉、杉木与福建柏的最优密码子,无以G/C结尾的密码子;秃杉与水杉、杉木、福建柏、日本柳杉共有的最优密码子分别为9、7、11、7个,数量上差异较小;基于相对同义密码子使用度与基于蛋白编码序列构建的进化树结构相似,基于全序列和蛋白编码序列构建的系统进化树均显示秃杉与杉木的亲缘关系最为接近。【结论】叶绿体基因组密码子偏好性可用于异砧嫁接中砧木选择方法的优化,杉木与秃杉的亲缘关系相近,推荐使用杉木作为秃杉嫁接的异种砧木。

散杂居情景下文化适应的地理因素分析——基于豫北社亲文化的研究

文化适应研究需要同时考虑人和地2个方面的因素,关注“地理因素”的分析是一个重要的研究方向。为了分析黄河流域中下游地区散杂居情景下社亲文化的产生原因及地理因素在文化适应过程中的作用,以豫北地区的社亲文化为案例,采用文献法、参与观察与半结构访谈等研究方法,对2组文化适应案例进行分析。研究发现:1)豫北不同群体间的社亲文化是在特定的散杂居地理情景下形成的。豫北地区特殊的地理环境、地理区位是社亲村落之间交流的前提,而特定距离范围内的祈雨仪式路线和共同的信仰是维系社亲联系、延续社亲文化的纽带。2)社亲双方在发展过程中基本遵循“分离、碰撞、汇融、延续”的文化适应过程,在维护基层团结、实现社会稳定的过程中,“整合策略”在这种特有的文化适应形式中发挥了重要作用。3)在文化适应的不同阶段,不同的地理要素所发挥的作用不同。对于社亲双方而言,空间距离和文化距离都需在特定范围内才能维系社亲文化。4)在散杂居情景下,同一文化群体与不同村落群体的交流中均采取“整合策略”实现了较好的文化适应效果,拓展了文化适应在特定情景下的适用范围。

基于SNP分子标记的湖羊群体遗传结构分析

旨在运用现代生物信息学技术,评估湖羊群体的遗传结构,构建详细的系谱记录。通过对40只湖羊种公羊进行单核苷酸多态性(SNP)位点检测,基于检测结果进行遗传结构分析、主成分分析和进化树构建。结果:在40只种公羊中,共检测得到952214个SNPs;平均核苷酸多样性在0.2129~0.2425之间,平均观测杂合度大于平均期望杂合度,遗传分化程度值在0.3702~0.4524之间;状态同源(IBS)遗传距离在0.1739~0.2280之间,平均为0.2209;主成分分析和系统进化树的结果一致,最终可以将40只种公羊分为14个家系,湖羊群体中大部分个体间的亲缘关系较远,具有较高的遗传多样性和选择潜力。本研究在全基因组水平上,分析了湖羊种公羊的遗传结构和亲缘关系,完善了系谱记录,为湖羊场后续育种、配种等提供了科学依据。