A new kind of thermoelectric heat pump water heater for kitchens exhaust heat recovery was presented,and its performances were investigated under different operating voltages.The experiment results show that the coeff...A new kind of thermoelectric heat pump water heater for kitchens exhaust heat recovery was presented,and its performances were investigated under different operating voltages.The experiment results show that the coefficient of performance decreases and the temperature difference between the hot and cold sides becomes larger with the increase of the operating voltage,but the heating time becomes short.The higher the temperature of water,the greater the temperature difference between the hot and cold sides,leading to a smaller coefficient of performance.Under an exhaust temperature of 36 ℃,the coefficient of performance decreases from 1.66 to 1.22 when the temperature of water increases from 28 ℃ to 46 ℃ with operating voltage 16 V.Performance tests illustrate that,compared with the conventional electrical water heaters,the new kind of thermoelectric heat pump water heater is more coefficient.展开更多
The Lukeqin structural belt is the main heavy oil accumulation zone in the Turpan-Hami Basin. The recent discovery of light oil in the Triassic indicates that there may be multiple source kitchens contributing to the ...The Lukeqin structural belt is the main heavy oil accumulation zone in the Turpan-Hami Basin. The recent discovery of light oil in the Triassic indicates that there may be multiple source kitchens contributing to the oil accumulation. According to oil geochemical analysis and oil-source correlation, the oil in deep and shallow reservoirs of the Lukeqin Oilfield presents different physical and saturated hydrocarbon mass spectrum characteristics. The Triassic heavy oil is from the northern Upper Permian lacustrine source rocks, and the light oil represented by the Yudong-9 Well is from the northwestern Lower Jurassic coal-measure source rocks. The timing of oil charging was determined by K/Ar isotope dating, reservoir fluid inclusion analysis and the evolution history of different source rocks. In summary, the accumulation process consists of two stages. From the end of Triassic to early Jurassic, the northern Permian source kitchen generated a considerable amount of oil, which was finally degraded to heavy oil, migrated to the south and then accumulated. The northwestern Jurassic coal-measure source kitchen began to generate oil at the end of Cretaceous, while the northern source kitchen could only generate a little hydrocarbon. The heavy oil and the light oil have different source rock locations, migration directions and accumulation times. The migration of hydrocarbon source kitchens affects the distribution of heavy oil and light oil reservoirs at the present time.展开更多
In the hinterland of the Junggar Basin, there are multiple depressions with multiple sets of source rocks. Therefore, the conditions of hydrocarbon sources are complex, and the geochemical characteristics and sources ...In the hinterland of the Junggar Basin, there are multiple depressions with multiple sets of source rocks. Therefore, the conditions of hydrocarbon sources are complex, and the geochemical characteristics and sources of hydrocarbon vary in different structural belts. The evolution of the Che- Mo palaeohigh affected the formation of hydrocarbon source kitchens and hydrocarbon migration. We studied the combination and superimposition of hydrocarbon source kitchens, using as an example the hinterland of the Junggar Basin (including the Yongjin, Zhengshacun, Moxizhuang and Luliang uplift areas). The study was based on geochemical analyses of crude oil and fluid inclusions, and the histories of tectonic evolution and hydrocarbon generation. The results indicated that before the Paleogene there were two hydrocarbon-generating depressions: the Western Well Penl depression and the Changji depression on the south and north sides of the Che-Mo palaeohigh, respectively. The Permian source kitchen had been generating hydrocarbon continuously since Triassic and reached high maturity stage in the Cretaceous period. After Paleogene, the adjustment of the Che-Mo palaeohigh led to the subsidence of the Changji depression and the Jurassic source rocks reached mature stage and became the main source kitchens. However, the Jurassic source rocks in the Western Well Penl depression were still in a low maturity stage and did not generate oil because of the adjustment of tectonic movements. As a result, in the central and southern parts of the Junggar Basin, Jurassic source rocks generated oil, but in the Luliang uplift, the crude oil was from the Permian source rocks in the Western Well Penl depression and the Jurassic source rocks did not contribute. The crude oil in the central Zhengshacun-Moxizhuang belt was from the Permian source rocks in two depressions, and partially from the Jurassic source rocks. The crude oil in the Luliang uplift was from the source rocks of the lower Permian Fengcheng Formation and middle Permian Wuerhe Formation, which is characterized by superimposition of two sets of source kitchens and three accumulation stages. The crude oil in the Yongjin tectonic belt was from the lower Permian, middle Permian and Jurassic source rocks, which is characterized by superimposition of three sets of source kitchens and two accumulation stages. The crude oil in the Zhengshacun tectonic belt was from a combination of source kitchens of lower Permian and middle Permian in the Western Well Penl depression in the early stage and from the superimposition of Jurassic source rocks in the Changji depression in the late stage.展开更多
Continental shale strata in China are rich in petroleum resources and are an important area to strengthen domestic oil exploration and development.Based on the latest progress in geological research and exploration an...Continental shale strata in China are rich in petroleum resources and are an important area to strengthen domestic oil exploration and development.Based on the latest progress in geological research and exploration and development of petroleum inside continental source kitchens of China National Petroleum Corporation exploration areas in recent two years,we have achieved the following results:(1)The geological connotations of continental hydrocarbon accumulation inside source kitchen and"sweet spot"have been proposed.The intra-source petroleum accumulation refers to the accumulation of liquid-rich hydrocarbons retained or captured in the continental organic-rich shale strata,and"sweet spot"refers to the favorable reservoir with higher oil content,better physical properties,easier to stimulate and higher in commercial development value in the overall oil-bearing continental source rock series,they can be divided into three types,interlayer,hybrid sediment and shale.(2)High-quality shale formations in both salt water and freshwater lacustrine basins can generate hydrocarbons on a large scale,shale strata have multiple types of favorable reservoirs with large-scale storage capacity,the intra-source shale strata are overall oil-bearing and large in resource scale,and there are multiple favorable shale series for development.The exploration and development practice is propelling the formation of a series of exploration and development key technologies with"sweet spot exploration"and"volume development"as the core.Some pilot tests of these technologies have provided an important scientific basis for the economic and effective development of hydrocarbon accumulation inside source kitchen,and popularization of these technologies have achieved encouraging results preliminarily.(3)Two types of continental intra-source petroleum resources in China have great potential,including medium-high maturity with liquid-rich hydrocarbons and medium-low maturity with organic-rich matter.The Ordos,Songliao,Bohai Bay and Junggar basins are the main areas of these resources.By addressing the theoretical and technical challenges in the exploration and development,the two types of resources inside continental source kitchens will become the realistic and major strategic replacement oil resources respectively in the future.展开更多
Because of the differences of hydrocarbon accumulation between in-source and out-of-source oil pools, the demand for source kitchen is different. Based on the establishment of source-to-reservoir correlation in the kn...Because of the differences of hydrocarbon accumulation between in-source and out-of-source oil pools, the demand for source kitchen is different. Based on the establishment of source-to-reservoir correlation in the known conventional accumulations, and the characteristics of shale oil source kitchens as well, this paper discusses the differences of source kitchens for the formation of both conventional and shale oils. The formation of conventional oil pools is a process of hydrocarbons enriching from disperse state under the action of buoyancy, which enables most of the oil pools to be formed outside the source kitchens. The source rock does not necessarily have high abundance of organic matter, but has to have high efficiency and enough amount of hydrocarbon expulsion. The TOC threshold of source rocks for conventional oil accumulations is 0.5%, with the best TOC window ranging from 1% to 3%. The oil pools formed inside the source kitchens, mainly shale oil, are the retention of oil and gas in the source rock and there is no large-scale hydrocarbon migration and enrichment process happened, which requires better quality and bigger scale of source rocks. The threshold of TOC for medium to high maturity of shale oil is 2%, with the best range falling in 3%–5%. Medium to low mature shale oil resource has a TOC threshold of 6%, and the higher the better in particular. The most favorable kerogen for both high and low-mature shale oils is oil-prone type of I–II1. Carrying out source rock quality and classification evaluation and looking for large-scale and high-quality source rock enrichment areas are a scientific issue that must be paid attention to when exploration activity changes from out-of-source regions to in-source kitchen areas. The purpose is to provide theoretical guidance for the upcoming shale oil enrichment area selection, economic discovery and objective evaluation of resource potential.展开更多
This study evaluated the hydrocarbon-bearing potential of Upper Jurassic marine source rocks in the Qiangtang (羌塘) Basin through a comprehensive organic geochemical analysis of the samples from a large number of o...This study evaluated the hydrocarbon-bearing potential of Upper Jurassic marine source rocks in the Qiangtang (羌塘) Basin through a comprehensive organic geochemical analysis of the samples from a large number of outcrops in different structural units to predict the location of favorable hydro- carbon kitchens, based on the evaluation standards of Mesozoic marine source rocks in the Qiangtang Ba- sin. Rocks' depositional environment, thickness and organic geochemistry feature were analyzed in this study. The principal controlling factors of the occurrences of favorable source rocks were analyzed. Upper Jurassic Suowa (索瓦) Formation source rocks are mainly platform limestone in the Dongcuo (洞错)-Hulu (葫芦) Lake deep sag and Tupocuo (吐坡错)-Baitan (白滩) Lake deep sag. Lithologically, the Suowa Fro- mation is made up of a suite of marls in intra-platform sags, micrites and black shales, which were all de- posited in the closed, deep and static water depositional environment. Marl could form hydrocarbon-rich source rocks and its organic matter type is mainly II type in mature to highly-mature stage, the limestone forms a medium-level source rock. In addition, the favorable source kitchen of limestone is larger than that of mudstone. This study provides an important reference for the evaluation of Jurassic marine source rocks and for prediction of petroleum resources in the Qiangtang Basin.展开更多
The effects of different human walking patterns on contaminant dispersion in residential kitchens were investigated through computational fluid dynamics simulation with the dynamic mesh method.A tracer gas experiment ...The effects of different human walking patterns on contaminant dispersion in residential kitchens were investigated through computational fluid dynamics simulation with the dynamic mesh method.A tracer gas experiment was performed to verify the feasibility and accuracy of the simulation method.Flow characteristics induced by human walking were minutely described,and the transient capture efficiency of the range hood was adopted to assess the impact of human walking quantitatively.Human walking parallel to a counter,human walking parallel to a counter manned by another human,and human walking toward a counter were studied.Results showed that the mutual effect of the wake and thermal plume caused contaminant dispersion and decreased the performance of the range hood as the human subject walked beside the counter.Even a standing person operated ahead the counter,the wake would affect the thermal plume in a certain extent.The decrement of capture efficiency approached 0.5 in the most unfavorable situation.Moreover,the coaction of the positive/negative pressure zone and impinging air jet drew the thermal plume to the human body.The fluctuation of capture efficiency in this condition was moderate relative to that for the human walking pattern beside the counter.This research could provide a comprehensive overview of different human walking patterns and their impact on residential kitchens and thereby facilitate the maintenance of kitchen air quality.展开更多
Effective emission control of cooking oil fumes(COFs),particularly for grease particles,has always been a cause of great concern for catering industry.The review and evaluation of combinations of purification technolo...Effective emission control of cooking oil fumes(COFs),particularly for grease particles,has always been a cause of great concern for catering industry.The review and evaluation of combinations of purification technology are urgently required.This work presents a literature review and combination strategy evaluation of purification technology of grease particles of commercial kitchens.A variety of mainstream purification technologies,such as mechanical separation(M),filtration(F),washing absorption(W)and electrostatic deposition(E)are discussed.In order to establish a complete and efficient fume purification system for commercial kitchen,this study proposes the four-point principles of combined purification technologies as:(1)from easy to difficult(for grease particle diameter);(2)fire prevention and noise reduction;(3)electrostatic deposition postposition;(4)Absorption and dissolution(by-product from electrostatic).Based on the above principles and separation characteristics,the recommended combinations of purification strategies are M-E,F-E,M-F-E and M-E-F.The combination strategy of M-F-E is adopted as an example to evaluate and optimize COFs purification system use life cycle assessment approach.The results indicate that the optimization of the M-F-E purification system using rotating mesh plate instead of baffle filter can reduce the environmental impact of global warming and eutrophication by about 35%which reduces the emissions of CO_(2)and SO_(2)from 92.533 kg and 0.110 kg to 60.214 kg and 0.072 kg,respectively.Besides the review of relevant purification technologies,the study also proposes the combination of principles of purification technologies and the evaluation and optimization of life cycle assessment for the optimal design of combined purification system.展开更多
In this study,a novel absorpent(MSAR600℃)with a hydrophobic surface and hierarchical porous structure for the removal of kitchen oil was facilely fabricated from the macroalgae,laver(Porphyra haitanensis)by incorpor-...In this study,a novel absorpent(MSAR600℃)with a hydrophobic surface and hierarchical porous structure for the removal of kitchen oil was facilely fabricated from the macroalgae,laver(Porphyra haitanensis)by incorpor-ating high-temperature carbonization and alkyl polyglucosides(APG)and rhamnolipid(RL)surfactants modifi-cation.The characterization results showed MSAR600℃ possessed a louts-leaf-like papillae microstructure with high contact angle(137.5°),abundant porous structure with high specific surface area(23.4 m^(2)/g),and various oxygen-containing functional groups(-OH,C=O,C-O).Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to inves-tigate the effect of adsorption time,temperature,pH,and absorbent dose on kitchen oil adsorption performance.Then the practical application for the removal of kitchen oil using MSAR600℃ was also performed.The results showed that MSAR600℃ had a higher removal efficiency for kitchen oil(75.98%),compared with the commercial detergent(72.3%).This study demonstrates an example of fabricating a green tableware detergent for enhanced removal performance of kitchen oil.展开更多
Studying the covers of the three editions of The Kitchen God’s Wife by Amy Tan,a famous female Chinese American writer,the author finds Chinese cultural elements stood out in publishers’earliest recommendations,but ...Studying the covers of the three editions of The Kitchen God’s Wife by Amy Tan,a famous female Chinese American writer,the author finds Chinese cultural elements stood out in publishers’earliest recommendations,but later were replaced by immigrant mother-daughter relationship,and then were overwhelmed by the concern for human beings.It is interesting that this change fits the changing focuses of Chinese American writers in the 21st century.展开更多
Imagine walking into neat African villages with round decorated kitchens and warm welcoming smiles from African exhibitors offering genuine teas and other beverages,indigenous snacks,music dance and hospitality.
To evaluate the influence of lactic acid on the methanogenesis, anaerobic digestion of kitchen wastes was firstly conducted in a two-phase anaerobic digestion process, and performance of two digesters fed with lactic ...To evaluate the influence of lactic acid on the methanogenesis, anaerobic digestion of kitchen wastes was firstly conducted in a two-phase anaerobic digestion process, and performance of two digesters fed with lactic acid and glucose was subsequently compared. The results showed that the lactic acid was the main fermentation products of hydrolysis-acidification stage in the two-phase anaerobic digestion process for kitchen wastes. The lactic acid concentration constituted approximately 50% of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration in the hydrolysis-acidification liquid. The maximum organic loading rate was lower in the digester fed with lactic acid than that fed with glucose. Volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and COD removal were deteriorated in the methanogenic reactor fed with lactic acid compared to that fed with glucose. The specific methanogenic activity (SMA) declined to 0.343 g COD/(gVSS-d) when the COD loading were designated as 18.8 g/(L-d) in the digester fed with lactic acid. The propionic acid accumulation occurred due to the high concentration of lactic acid fed. It could be concluded that avoiding the presence of the lactic acid is necessary in the hydrolysis-acidification process for the improvement of the two-phase anaerobic digestion process of kitchen wastes.展开更多
Engineering properties of municipal solid waste (MSW) depend largely on the waste's initial compositionand degree of degradation. MSWs in developing countries usually have a high kitchen waste content(called HKWC ...Engineering properties of municipal solid waste (MSW) depend largely on the waste's initial compositionand degree of degradation. MSWs in developing countries usually have a high kitchen waste content(called HKWC MSW). After comparing and analyzing the laboratory and field test results of physicalcomposition, hydraulic properties, gas generation and gas permeability, and mechanical properties forHKWC MSW and low kitchen waste content MSW (called LKWC MSW), the following findings wereobtained: (1) HKWC MSW has a higher initial water content (IWC) than LKWC MSW, but the field capacitiesof decomposed HKWC and LKWC MSWs are similar; (2) the hydraulic conductivity and gaspermeability for HKWC MSW are both an order of magnitude smaller than those for LKWC MSW; (3)compared with LKWC MSW, HKWC MSW has a higher landfill gas (LFG) generation rate but a shorterduration and a lower potential capacity; (4) the primary compression feature for decomposed HKWCMSW is similar to that of decomposed LKWC MSW, but the compression induced by degradation ofHKWC MSW is greater than that of LKWC MSW; and (5) the shear strength of HKWC MSW changessignificantly with time and strain. Based on the differences of engineering properties between these twokinds of MSWs, the geo-environmental issues in HKWC MSW landfills were analyzed, including highleachate production, high leachate mounds, low LFG collection efficiency, large settlement and slopestability problem, and corresponding advice for the management and design of HKWC MSW landfills wasrecommended.展开更多
Different kind of feed can result in development of new meat odors, aroma and texture. The aim of the study was to use flash profile method to determine differences;if any, in sensory traits of Creole turkey meat with...Different kind of feed can result in development of new meat odors, aroma and texture. The aim of the study was to use flash profile method to determine differences;if any, in sensory traits of Creole turkey meat with different alimentation programs. Treatments were kitchen leftovers + fresh forage, commercial feed, kitchen leftovers, commercial feed + fresh forage, and broken maize + fresh forage. Cooked thighs, drumstick and breast were used. For the meat evaluation two different groups of people were recruited. In order to perform the sensory profile of breast six persons were recruited, in a second group nine persons;in both cases they did not know what kind of meat they were evaluating. Each sensory profile had three replicas, previously three training sessions and establishment of sensory attributes criteria were held. Attribute discrimination was evaluated one-way ANOVA. To obtain consensus and treatment mean position, attributes of the subjects a Generalized Procrustes Analysis was used and comparison of treatments through an ascendant hierarchy classification. Thirty five different sensory descriptive were generated. There were differences in meat sensory profile, it can be said that different treatments influenced in different ways the muscle development of Creole turkey, creating new sensory attributes.展开更多
Based on reserve abundance,large gas fields in China can be divided into two types:type one of high abundance large gas fields,dominated by structural gas reservoirs; type two of low abundance large gas fields,domina...Based on reserve abundance,large gas fields in China can be divided into two types:type one of high abundance large gas fields,dominated by structural gas reservoirs; type two of low abundance large gas fields,dominated by stratigraphic and lithologic gas reservoirs.The formation of these two types of large gas fields is related to the highly efficient accumulation of natural gas.The accumulation of high abundance gas fields is dependent on the rapid maturation of the source kitchen and huge residual pressure difference between the gas source kitchen and reservoir,which is the strong driving force for natural gas migration to traps.Whereas the accumulation of low abundance gas fields is more complicated,involving both volume flow charge during the burial stage and diffusion flow charge during the uplift stage,which results in large area accumulation and preservation of natural gas in low porosity and low permeability reservoirs.This conclusion should assist gas exploration in different geological settings.展开更多
This paper probes the determination of the main gas-generation phase of marine organic mattes using the kinetic method. The main gas-generation phase of marine organic matters was determined by coupling the gas genera...This paper probes the determination of the main gas-generation phase of marine organic mattes using the kinetic method. The main gas-generation phase of marine organic matters was determined by coupling the gas generation yields and rates in geological history computed by the acquired kinetic parameters of typical marine organic matters (reservoir oil, residual bitumen, lowmaturity kerogen and residual kerogen) in both China and abroad and maturity by the EasyRo(%) method. Here, the main gas-generation phase was determined as Ro%=1.4%-2.4% for type Ⅰ kerogen, Ro%=1.5-3.0% for low-maturity type Ⅱ kerogen, Ro%=1.4-2.8% for residual kerogen, Ro%=1.5-3.2% for residual bitumen and Ro%=1.6-3.2% for reservoir oil cracking. The influences on the main gas-generation phase from the openness of the simulated system and the "dead line" of natural gas generation are also discussed. The results indicate that the openness of simulation system has a definite influence on computing the main gas-generation phase. The main gas-generation phase of type Ⅱ kerogen is Ro%=1.4-3.1% in an open system, which is earlier than that in a closed system. According to our results, the "dead line" of natural gas generation is determined as Ro=3.5 % for type Ⅰ kerogen, Ro=4.4-4.5% for type Ⅱ kerogen and Ro=4.6% for marine oil. Preliminary applications are presented taking the southwestern Tarim Basin as an example.展开更多
Continental shale oil is a general term for liquid hydrocarbons and many kinds of organic matter in continental organic-rich shale series with vitrinite reflectance of more than 0.5%at buried depth of more than 300 m,...Continental shale oil is a general term for liquid hydrocarbons and many kinds of organic matter in continental organic-rich shale series with vitrinite reflectance of more than 0.5%at buried depth of more than 300 m,and is an important type of source-rock oil and gas.Based on the evolution model of oil generation and expulsion in organic-rich shale series controlled by maturity,continental shale oil is divided into two types:medium-high maturity and medium-low maturity.(1)The continental shale series in China develop high-quality source rocks of freshwater and saltwater lacustrine facies,as well as multiple types of reservoirs,including clastic rocks,carbonate rocks,diamictite,tuff and shale,forming a number of"sweet sections"and"sweet areas"of continuous distribution inside or near source rocks,which have large scale resources.(2)Experimental analysis of organic rich shale samples shows that the shale samples with wavy and horizontal beddings have good storage conditions,and the horizontal permeability of shale is tens to hundreds of times of its vertical permeability,which is conducive to the lateral migration and accumulation of shale oil in the source rocks.(3)After evaluation,the geological resources of medium-high maturity shale oil are about 10 billion tons,which can be effectively developed by horizontal drilling and volumetric fracturing,and will be a practical field of oil exploration in recent years.Shale oil with medium and low maturity has huge resource potential,and technological recoverable resources of(70?90)billion tons,making it a strategic alternative resource of oil industry.However,economic development of this type of shale oil needs in-situ conversion technology breakthroughs.Continental shale oil is an inevitable choice in the process of Chinese continental petroleum exploration from"outside source"to"inside source".Making breakthroughs in the core technologies such as"sweet area"evaluation and optimization,horizontal well volume fracturing and in-situ conversion technology and equipment is the key to realizing scale development of continental shale oil economically.展开更多
The performance of the single-stage anaerobic digestion of kitchen wastes was investigated in an anaerobic sequencing batch reactor(ASBR) with gas-phased absorb of CO 2. The ASBR was operated at four chemical oxygen ...The performance of the single-stage anaerobic digestion of kitchen wastes was investigated in an anaerobic sequencing batch reactor(ASBR) with gas-phased absorb of CO 2. The ASBR was operated at four chemical oxygen demand(COD) loading rates, 2.8, 5.1, 6.2 and 8.4 g/(L·d) respectively. The COD loading rate was increased with the TS concentration and HRT changing. At maximum COD loading rate of 8.4 g/(L·d), the COD, total solid(TS) removal rate and methane gas yield were 69%, 68% and 2.5 L/(L·d) respectively. The operation of the reactor with gas-phased absorb of CO 2 was stable in spite of the low pH(2.6—3.9) and high concentration of TS(142 g/L) of input mixture. The output volatile fatty acid(VFA) concentration was between 2.7—4.7 g/L and had no inhibition on the methanogenic microorganism. The reactor without gas-phased absorb of CO 2 became acidified when the total COD loading rate was increased to 5.1 g/(L·d). Stoichiometry of the methanogenesis for kitchen wastes showed a considerable amount of alkaline will be required to keep pH in the appropriate range for the methanogenic microorganism based on theoretical calculation. Gas-phased absorb of CO 2 effectively reduced the alkaline consumption, hence avoided excessive cation into the reactor.展开更多
In this paper, the methods of kitchen waste disposal in recent years were summed up, and the advantages and disadvantages of the current treatment methods were analyzed. At the same time, it has been found that the co...In this paper, the methods of kitchen waste disposal in recent years were summed up, and the advantages and disadvantages of the current treatment methods were analyzed. At the same time, it has been found that the co-processing of kitchen waste and residual sludge not only has dealt with both kitchen waste and residual sludge, but also the carbon and nitrogen ratio and moisture content of the mixture are balanced, and increases the processing efficiency significantly. It has a certain processing advantage. At present, most research is about the anaerobic digestion of kitchen waste and residual sludge, and the process is more mature, but the study of VFAs accumulation is still insufficient. Aerobic composting is still in the early stage of development, and there are few studies on it at home and abroad. Meanwhile, prospects for the kitchen waste recycling were made in this article.展开更多
基金Supported by Hunan Science and Technology Office(06wk3023)National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(2006AA05Z229)Project-sponsored by SRFfor ROCS,SEM
文摘A new kind of thermoelectric heat pump water heater for kitchens exhaust heat recovery was presented,and its performances were investigated under different operating voltages.The experiment results show that the coefficient of performance decreases and the temperature difference between the hot and cold sides becomes larger with the increase of the operating voltage,but the heating time becomes short.The higher the temperature of water,the greater the temperature difference between the hot and cold sides,leading to a smaller coefficient of performance.Under an exhaust temperature of 36 ℃,the coefficient of performance decreases from 1.66 to 1.22 when the temperature of water increases from 28 ℃ to 46 ℃ with operating voltage 16 V.Performance tests illustrate that,compared with the conventional electrical water heaters,the new kind of thermoelectric heat pump water heater is more coefficient.
基金supported by the Basic Research Development Program of China "Accumulation mechanisms and distribution patterns of hydrocarbon intypical superimposed basins of west China" (973 Program,No.2006CB202303)
文摘The Lukeqin structural belt is the main heavy oil accumulation zone in the Turpan-Hami Basin. The recent discovery of light oil in the Triassic indicates that there may be multiple source kitchens contributing to the oil accumulation. According to oil geochemical analysis and oil-source correlation, the oil in deep and shallow reservoirs of the Lukeqin Oilfield presents different physical and saturated hydrocarbon mass spectrum characteristics. The Triassic heavy oil is from the northern Upper Permian lacustrine source rocks, and the light oil represented by the Yudong-9 Well is from the northwestern Lower Jurassic coal-measure source rocks. The timing of oil charging was determined by K/Ar isotope dating, reservoir fluid inclusion analysis and the evolution history of different source rocks. In summary, the accumulation process consists of two stages. From the end of Triassic to early Jurassic, the northern Permian source kitchen generated a considerable amount of oil, which was finally degraded to heavy oil, migrated to the south and then accumulated. The northwestern Jurassic coal-measure source kitchen began to generate oil at the end of Cretaceous, while the northern source kitchen could only generate a little hydrocarbon. The heavy oil and the light oil have different source rock locations, migration directions and accumulation times. The migration of hydrocarbon source kitchens affects the distribution of heavy oil and light oil reservoirs at the present time.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program in China (2006CB202300)
文摘In the hinterland of the Junggar Basin, there are multiple depressions with multiple sets of source rocks. Therefore, the conditions of hydrocarbon sources are complex, and the geochemical characteristics and sources of hydrocarbon vary in different structural belts. The evolution of the Che- Mo palaeohigh affected the formation of hydrocarbon source kitchens and hydrocarbon migration. We studied the combination and superimposition of hydrocarbon source kitchens, using as an example the hinterland of the Junggar Basin (including the Yongjin, Zhengshacun, Moxizhuang and Luliang uplift areas). The study was based on geochemical analyses of crude oil and fluid inclusions, and the histories of tectonic evolution and hydrocarbon generation. The results indicated that before the Paleogene there were two hydrocarbon-generating depressions: the Western Well Penl depression and the Changji depression on the south and north sides of the Che-Mo palaeohigh, respectively. The Permian source kitchen had been generating hydrocarbon continuously since Triassic and reached high maturity stage in the Cretaceous period. After Paleogene, the adjustment of the Che-Mo palaeohigh led to the subsidence of the Changji depression and the Jurassic source rocks reached mature stage and became the main source kitchens. However, the Jurassic source rocks in the Western Well Penl depression were still in a low maturity stage and did not generate oil because of the adjustment of tectonic movements. As a result, in the central and southern parts of the Junggar Basin, Jurassic source rocks generated oil, but in the Luliang uplift, the crude oil was from the Permian source rocks in the Western Well Penl depression and the Jurassic source rocks did not contribute. The crude oil in the central Zhengshacun-Moxizhuang belt was from the Permian source rocks in two depressions, and partially from the Jurassic source rocks. The crude oil in the Luliang uplift was from the source rocks of the lower Permian Fengcheng Formation and middle Permian Wuerhe Formation, which is characterized by superimposition of two sets of source kitchens and three accumulation stages. The crude oil in the Yongjin tectonic belt was from the lower Permian, middle Permian and Jurassic source rocks, which is characterized by superimposition of three sets of source kitchens and two accumulation stages. The crude oil in the Zhengshacun tectonic belt was from a combination of source kitchens of lower Permian and middle Permian in the Western Well Penl depression in the early stage and from the superimposition of Jurassic source rocks in the Changji depression in the late stage.
基金Supported by the National Key Basic Research and Development Program(973 Program),China(2014CB239000)China National Science and Technology Major Project(2016ZX05046)
文摘Continental shale strata in China are rich in petroleum resources and are an important area to strengthen domestic oil exploration and development.Based on the latest progress in geological research and exploration and development of petroleum inside continental source kitchens of China National Petroleum Corporation exploration areas in recent two years,we have achieved the following results:(1)The geological connotations of continental hydrocarbon accumulation inside source kitchen and"sweet spot"have been proposed.The intra-source petroleum accumulation refers to the accumulation of liquid-rich hydrocarbons retained or captured in the continental organic-rich shale strata,and"sweet spot"refers to the favorable reservoir with higher oil content,better physical properties,easier to stimulate and higher in commercial development value in the overall oil-bearing continental source rock series,they can be divided into three types,interlayer,hybrid sediment and shale.(2)High-quality shale formations in both salt water and freshwater lacustrine basins can generate hydrocarbons on a large scale,shale strata have multiple types of favorable reservoirs with large-scale storage capacity,the intra-source shale strata are overall oil-bearing and large in resource scale,and there are multiple favorable shale series for development.The exploration and development practice is propelling the formation of a series of exploration and development key technologies with"sweet spot exploration"and"volume development"as the core.Some pilot tests of these technologies have provided an important scientific basis for the economic and effective development of hydrocarbon accumulation inside source kitchen,and popularization of these technologies have achieved encouraging results preliminarily.(3)Two types of continental intra-source petroleum resources in China have great potential,including medium-high maturity with liquid-rich hydrocarbons and medium-low maturity with organic-rich matter.The Ordos,Songliao,Bohai Bay and Junggar basins are the main areas of these resources.By addressing the theoretical and technical challenges in the exploration and development,the two types of resources inside continental source kitchens will become the realistic and major strategic replacement oil resources respectively in the future.
基金Supported by the China National Science and Technology Major Project(2016ZX05046,2017ZX05001)RIPED Scientific Research and Technology Development Project(2018ycq02)。
文摘Because of the differences of hydrocarbon accumulation between in-source and out-of-source oil pools, the demand for source kitchen is different. Based on the establishment of source-to-reservoir correlation in the known conventional accumulations, and the characteristics of shale oil source kitchens as well, this paper discusses the differences of source kitchens for the formation of both conventional and shale oils. The formation of conventional oil pools is a process of hydrocarbons enriching from disperse state under the action of buoyancy, which enables most of the oil pools to be formed outside the source kitchens. The source rock does not necessarily have high abundance of organic matter, but has to have high efficiency and enough amount of hydrocarbon expulsion. The TOC threshold of source rocks for conventional oil accumulations is 0.5%, with the best TOC window ranging from 1% to 3%. The oil pools formed inside the source kitchens, mainly shale oil, are the retention of oil and gas in the source rock and there is no large-scale hydrocarbon migration and enrichment process happened, which requires better quality and bigger scale of source rocks. The threshold of TOC for medium to high maturity of shale oil is 2%, with the best range falling in 3%–5%. Medium to low mature shale oil resource has a TOC threshold of 6%, and the higher the better in particular. The most favorable kerogen for both high and low-mature shale oils is oil-prone type of I–II1. Carrying out source rock quality and classification evaluation and looking for large-scale and high-quality source rock enrichment areas are a scientific issue that must be paid attention to when exploration activity changes from out-of-source regions to in-source kitchen areas. The purpose is to provide theoretical guidance for the upcoming shale oil enrichment area selection, economic discovery and objective evaluation of resource potential.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41372139,41072098,41002027)the National Major Projects of China(Nos.2011ZX05018-001-002,2011ZX05009-002-205)
文摘This study evaluated the hydrocarbon-bearing potential of Upper Jurassic marine source rocks in the Qiangtang (羌塘) Basin through a comprehensive organic geochemical analysis of the samples from a large number of outcrops in different structural units to predict the location of favorable hydro- carbon kitchens, based on the evaluation standards of Mesozoic marine source rocks in the Qiangtang Ba- sin. Rocks' depositional environment, thickness and organic geochemistry feature were analyzed in this study. The principal controlling factors of the occurrences of favorable source rocks were analyzed. Upper Jurassic Suowa (索瓦) Formation source rocks are mainly platform limestone in the Dongcuo (洞错)-Hulu (葫芦) Lake deep sag and Tupocuo (吐坡错)-Baitan (白滩) Lake deep sag. Lithologically, the Suowa Fro- mation is made up of a suite of marls in intra-platform sags, micrites and black shales, which were all de- posited in the closed, deep and static water depositional environment. Marl could form hydrocarbon-rich source rocks and its organic matter type is mainly II type in mature to highly-mature stage, the limestone forms a medium-level source rock. In addition, the favorable source kitchen of limestone is larger than that of mudstone. This study provides an important reference for the evaluation of Jurassic marine source rocks and for prediction of petroleum resources in the Qiangtang Basin.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.50908163).
文摘The effects of different human walking patterns on contaminant dispersion in residential kitchens were investigated through computational fluid dynamics simulation with the dynamic mesh method.A tracer gas experiment was performed to verify the feasibility and accuracy of the simulation method.Flow characteristics induced by human walking were minutely described,and the transient capture efficiency of the range hood was adopted to assess the impact of human walking quantitatively.Human walking parallel to a counter,human walking parallel to a counter manned by another human,and human walking toward a counter were studied.Results showed that the mutual effect of the wake and thermal plume caused contaminant dispersion and decreased the performance of the range hood as the human subject walked beside the counter.Even a standing person operated ahead the counter,the wake would affect the thermal plume in a certain extent.The decrement of capture efficiency approached 0.5 in the most unfavorable situation.Moreover,the coaction of the positive/negative pressure zone and impinging air jet drew the thermal plume to the human body.The fluctuation of capture efficiency in this condition was moderate relative to that for the human walking pattern beside the counter.This research could provide a comprehensive overview of different human walking patterns and their impact on residential kitchens and thereby facilitate the maintenance of kitchen air quality.
基金This research was financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2017YFC0211500).
文摘Effective emission control of cooking oil fumes(COFs),particularly for grease particles,has always been a cause of great concern for catering industry.The review and evaluation of combinations of purification technology are urgently required.This work presents a literature review and combination strategy evaluation of purification technology of grease particles of commercial kitchens.A variety of mainstream purification technologies,such as mechanical separation(M),filtration(F),washing absorption(W)and electrostatic deposition(E)are discussed.In order to establish a complete and efficient fume purification system for commercial kitchen,this study proposes the four-point principles of combined purification technologies as:(1)from easy to difficult(for grease particle diameter);(2)fire prevention and noise reduction;(3)electrostatic deposition postposition;(4)Absorption and dissolution(by-product from electrostatic).Based on the above principles and separation characteristics,the recommended combinations of purification strategies are M-E,F-E,M-F-E and M-E-F.The combination strategy of M-F-E is adopted as an example to evaluate and optimize COFs purification system use life cycle assessment approach.The results indicate that the optimization of the M-F-E purification system using rotating mesh plate instead of baffle filter can reduce the environmental impact of global warming and eutrophication by about 35%which reduces the emissions of CO_(2)and SO_(2)from 92.533 kg and 0.110 kg to 60.214 kg and 0.072 kg,respectively.Besides the review of relevant purification technologies,the study also proposes the combination of principles of purification technologies and the evaluation and optimization of life cycle assessment for the optimal design of combined purification system.
基金This study was supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for Zhejiang Provincial Universities and Research Institutes(No.2021J004)the Scientific Research Fund of Zhejiang Provincial Education Department(No.Y202044721).
文摘In this study,a novel absorpent(MSAR600℃)with a hydrophobic surface and hierarchical porous structure for the removal of kitchen oil was facilely fabricated from the macroalgae,laver(Porphyra haitanensis)by incorpor-ating high-temperature carbonization and alkyl polyglucosides(APG)and rhamnolipid(RL)surfactants modifi-cation.The characterization results showed MSAR600℃ possessed a louts-leaf-like papillae microstructure with high contact angle(137.5°),abundant porous structure with high specific surface area(23.4 m^(2)/g),and various oxygen-containing functional groups(-OH,C=O,C-O).Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to inves-tigate the effect of adsorption time,temperature,pH,and absorbent dose on kitchen oil adsorption performance.Then the practical application for the removal of kitchen oil using MSAR600℃ was also performed.The results showed that MSAR600℃ had a higher removal efficiency for kitchen oil(75.98%),compared with the commercial detergent(72.3%).This study demonstrates an example of fabricating a green tableware detergent for enhanced removal performance of kitchen oil.
基金USST International Professional Certification and All-English Course Construction,USST Postgraduate Teaching Construction Project.
文摘Studying the covers of the three editions of The Kitchen God’s Wife by Amy Tan,a famous female Chinese American writer,the author finds Chinese cultural elements stood out in publishers’earliest recommendations,but later were replaced by immigrant mother-daughter relationship,and then were overwhelmed by the concern for human beings.It is interesting that this change fits the changing focuses of Chinese American writers in the 21st century.
文摘Imagine walking into neat African villages with round decorated kitchens and warm welcoming smiles from African exhibitors offering genuine teas and other beverages,indigenous snacks,music dance and hospitality.
文摘To evaluate the influence of lactic acid on the methanogenesis, anaerobic digestion of kitchen wastes was firstly conducted in a two-phase anaerobic digestion process, and performance of two digesters fed with lactic acid and glucose was subsequently compared. The results showed that the lactic acid was the main fermentation products of hydrolysis-acidification stage in the two-phase anaerobic digestion process for kitchen wastes. The lactic acid concentration constituted approximately 50% of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration in the hydrolysis-acidification liquid. The maximum organic loading rate was lower in the digester fed with lactic acid than that fed with glucose. Volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and COD removal were deteriorated in the methanogenic reactor fed with lactic acid compared to that fed with glucose. The specific methanogenic activity (SMA) declined to 0.343 g COD/(gVSS-d) when the COD loading were designated as 18.8 g/(L-d) in the digester fed with lactic acid. The propionic acid accumulation occurred due to the high concentration of lactic acid fed. It could be concluded that avoiding the presence of the lactic acid is necessary in the hydrolysis-acidification process for the improvement of the two-phase anaerobic digestion process of kitchen wastes.
基金Financial support provided by the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Project)(Grant No.2012CB719806)
文摘Engineering properties of municipal solid waste (MSW) depend largely on the waste's initial compositionand degree of degradation. MSWs in developing countries usually have a high kitchen waste content(called HKWC MSW). After comparing and analyzing the laboratory and field test results of physicalcomposition, hydraulic properties, gas generation and gas permeability, and mechanical properties forHKWC MSW and low kitchen waste content MSW (called LKWC MSW), the following findings wereobtained: (1) HKWC MSW has a higher initial water content (IWC) than LKWC MSW, but the field capacitiesof decomposed HKWC and LKWC MSWs are similar; (2) the hydraulic conductivity and gaspermeability for HKWC MSW are both an order of magnitude smaller than those for LKWC MSW; (3)compared with LKWC MSW, HKWC MSW has a higher landfill gas (LFG) generation rate but a shorterduration and a lower potential capacity; (4) the primary compression feature for decomposed HKWCMSW is similar to that of decomposed LKWC MSW, but the compression induced by degradation ofHKWC MSW is greater than that of LKWC MSW; and (5) the shear strength of HKWC MSW changessignificantly with time and strain. Based on the differences of engineering properties between these twokinds of MSWs, the geo-environmental issues in HKWC MSW landfills were analyzed, including highleachate production, high leachate mounds, low LFG collection efficiency, large settlement and slopestability problem, and corresponding advice for the management and design of HKWC MSW landfills wasrecommended.
文摘Different kind of feed can result in development of new meat odors, aroma and texture. The aim of the study was to use flash profile method to determine differences;if any, in sensory traits of Creole turkey meat with different alimentation programs. Treatments were kitchen leftovers + fresh forage, commercial feed, kitchen leftovers, commercial feed + fresh forage, and broken maize + fresh forage. Cooked thighs, drumstick and breast were used. For the meat evaluation two different groups of people were recruited. In order to perform the sensory profile of breast six persons were recruited, in a second group nine persons;in both cases they did not know what kind of meat they were evaluating. Each sensory profile had three replicas, previously three training sessions and establishment of sensory attributes criteria were held. Attribute discrimination was evaluated one-way ANOVA. To obtain consensus and treatment mean position, attributes of the subjects a Generalized Procrustes Analysis was used and comparison of treatments through an ascendant hierarchy classification. Thirty five different sensory descriptive were generated. There were differences in meat sensory profile, it can be said that different treatments influenced in different ways the muscle development of Creole turkey, creating new sensory attributes.
基金sponsored by the National Key Basic Research Program of China(2007CB2095)
文摘Based on reserve abundance,large gas fields in China can be divided into two types:type one of high abundance large gas fields,dominated by structural gas reservoirs; type two of low abundance large gas fields,dominated by stratigraphic and lithologic gas reservoirs.The formation of these two types of large gas fields is related to the highly efficient accumulation of natural gas.The accumulation of high abundance gas fields is dependent on the rapid maturation of the source kitchen and huge residual pressure difference between the gas source kitchen and reservoir,which is the strong driving force for natural gas migration to traps.Whereas the accumulation of low abundance gas fields is more complicated,involving both volume flow charge during the burial stage and diffusion flow charge during the uplift stage,which results in large area accumulation and preservation of natural gas in low porosity and low permeability reservoirs.This conclusion should assist gas exploration in different geological settings.
文摘This paper probes the determination of the main gas-generation phase of marine organic mattes using the kinetic method. The main gas-generation phase of marine organic matters was determined by coupling the gas generation yields and rates in geological history computed by the acquired kinetic parameters of typical marine organic matters (reservoir oil, residual bitumen, lowmaturity kerogen and residual kerogen) in both China and abroad and maturity by the EasyRo(%) method. Here, the main gas-generation phase was determined as Ro%=1.4%-2.4% for type Ⅰ kerogen, Ro%=1.5-3.0% for low-maturity type Ⅱ kerogen, Ro%=1.4-2.8% for residual kerogen, Ro%=1.5-3.2% for residual bitumen and Ro%=1.6-3.2% for reservoir oil cracking. The influences on the main gas-generation phase from the openness of the simulated system and the "dead line" of natural gas generation are also discussed. The results indicate that the openness of simulation system has a definite influence on computing the main gas-generation phase. The main gas-generation phase of type Ⅱ kerogen is Ro%=1.4-3.1% in an open system, which is earlier than that in a closed system. According to our results, the "dead line" of natural gas generation is determined as Ro=3.5 % for type Ⅰ kerogen, Ro=4.4-4.5% for type Ⅱ kerogen and Ro=4.6% for marine oil. Preliminary applications are presented taking the southwestern Tarim Basin as an example.
基金Supported by the China National Science and Technology Major Project(2016ZX05046)
文摘Continental shale oil is a general term for liquid hydrocarbons and many kinds of organic matter in continental organic-rich shale series with vitrinite reflectance of more than 0.5%at buried depth of more than 300 m,and is an important type of source-rock oil and gas.Based on the evolution model of oil generation and expulsion in organic-rich shale series controlled by maturity,continental shale oil is divided into two types:medium-high maturity and medium-low maturity.(1)The continental shale series in China develop high-quality source rocks of freshwater and saltwater lacustrine facies,as well as multiple types of reservoirs,including clastic rocks,carbonate rocks,diamictite,tuff and shale,forming a number of"sweet sections"and"sweet areas"of continuous distribution inside or near source rocks,which have large scale resources.(2)Experimental analysis of organic rich shale samples shows that the shale samples with wavy and horizontal beddings have good storage conditions,and the horizontal permeability of shale is tens to hundreds of times of its vertical permeability,which is conducive to the lateral migration and accumulation of shale oil in the source rocks.(3)After evaluation,the geological resources of medium-high maturity shale oil are about 10 billion tons,which can be effectively developed by horizontal drilling and volumetric fracturing,and will be a practical field of oil exploration in recent years.Shale oil with medium and low maturity has huge resource potential,and technological recoverable resources of(70?90)billion tons,making it a strategic alternative resource of oil industry.However,economic development of this type of shale oil needs in-situ conversion technology breakthroughs.Continental shale oil is an inevitable choice in the process of Chinese continental petroleum exploration from"outside source"to"inside source".Making breakthroughs in the core technologies such as"sweet area"evaluation and optimization,horizontal well volume fracturing and in-situ conversion technology and equipment is the key to realizing scale development of continental shale oil economically.
文摘The performance of the single-stage anaerobic digestion of kitchen wastes was investigated in an anaerobic sequencing batch reactor(ASBR) with gas-phased absorb of CO 2. The ASBR was operated at four chemical oxygen demand(COD) loading rates, 2.8, 5.1, 6.2 and 8.4 g/(L·d) respectively. The COD loading rate was increased with the TS concentration and HRT changing. At maximum COD loading rate of 8.4 g/(L·d), the COD, total solid(TS) removal rate and methane gas yield were 69%, 68% and 2.5 L/(L·d) respectively. The operation of the reactor with gas-phased absorb of CO 2 was stable in spite of the low pH(2.6—3.9) and high concentration of TS(142 g/L) of input mixture. The output volatile fatty acid(VFA) concentration was between 2.7—4.7 g/L and had no inhibition on the methanogenic microorganism. The reactor without gas-phased absorb of CO 2 became acidified when the total COD loading rate was increased to 5.1 g/(L·d). Stoichiometry of the methanogenesis for kitchen wastes showed a considerable amount of alkaline will be required to keep pH in the appropriate range for the methanogenic microorganism based on theoretical calculation. Gas-phased absorb of CO 2 effectively reduced the alkaline consumption, hence avoided excessive cation into the reactor.
基金Supported by Science and Technology Plan Project of Zhoushan City(2014C11006,2016C41006)Zhejiang Public Welfare Technology Application Research Project(2016C33054)
文摘In this paper, the methods of kitchen waste disposal in recent years were summed up, and the advantages and disadvantages of the current treatment methods were analyzed. At the same time, it has been found that the co-processing of kitchen waste and residual sludge not only has dealt with both kitchen waste and residual sludge, but also the carbon and nitrogen ratio and moisture content of the mixture are balanced, and increases the processing efficiency significantly. It has a certain processing advantage. At present, most research is about the anaerobic digestion of kitchen waste and residual sludge, and the process is more mature, but the study of VFAs accumulation is still insufficient. Aerobic composting is still in the early stage of development, and there are few studies on it at home and abroad. Meanwhile, prospects for the kitchen waste recycling were made in this article.