Lateral femoral tunnel preparation and graft fixation for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction–A discussion

This article provides a discussion and commentary around the recent advances in arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction(ACLR),with a focus on the aspects of lateral femoral tunnel preparation and graft fixation techniques.The paper explores and comments on a recently published review by Dai et al,titled"Research progress on preparation of lateral femoral tunnel and graft fixation in ACLR",while providing insight into its relevance within the field of ACLR,and recommendations for future research.

Cyclops syndrome following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: Can relapse occur after surgery?

Symptomatic cyclops lesions are complications that can be seen at rates of up to approximately 10%after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.However,recurrent cyclops lesions have rarely been documented.There are case rare series in the literature regarding the treatment of recurrent cyclops lesion.Future large studies are needed to investigate factors contributing to the development of cyclops lesions and syndrome and treatment options.

Recurrent cyclops lesion after primary anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using bone tendon bone allograft:A case report

BACKGROUND Cyclops lesions are a known complication of anterior cruciate ligament(ACL)reconstruction,with symptomatic cyclops syndrome occurring in up to 11%of surgeries.Recurrent cyclops lesions have been rarely documented;this case study documents the successful treatment of a recurrent cyclops lesion.CASE SUMMARY A 28-year-old female presented following a non-contact injury to the right knee.Workup and clinical exam revealed an ACL tear,and arthroscopic reconstruction was performed.Two years later a cyclops lesion was discovered and removed via arthroscopic synovectomy.Seven months postoperatively,the patient presented with pain,stiffness,and difficulty achieving terminal extension.A smaller recurrent cyclops lesion was diagnosed,and a repeat synovectomy was performed.The patient recovered fully.CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge,this is the first documented case of recurrent cyclops lesion after bone-patellar tendon-bone allograft ACL reconstruction presenting as cyclops syndrome.

Research progress on preparation of lateral femoral tunnel and graft fixation in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

Anterior cruciate ligament(ACL)injury is one of the most common types of sports injuries.People’s need to participate in sports and desire for a high quality of life promotes the continuous development of ACL reconstruction technology.Arthroscopic ACL reconstruction has been recognized as an effective method for the treatment of ACL injuries.This review analyses and summarizes the advantages and limitations of each surgical procedure for arthroscopic ACL reconstruction reported in the relevant literature so as to promote the future development of more relevant techniques.

Effect of suspension training on neuromuscular function, postural control, and knee kinematics in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction patients

BACKGROUND Suspension training(SET)is a method of neuromuscular training that enables the body to carry out active training under unstable support through a suspension therapy system.However,there have been few reports in the literature on the application of SET to anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction(ACLR)patients.It is not clear what aspects of the patient's function are improved after SET.AIM To investigate the effect of SET on the neuromuscular function,postural control,and knee kinematics of patients after ACLR surgery.METHODS Forty participants were randomized to an SET group or a control group.The SET group subjects participated in a SET protocol over 6 wk.The control group subjects participated in a traditional training protocol over 6 wk.Isokinetic muscle strength of the quadriceps and hamstrings,static and dynamic posture stability test,and relative translation of the injured knee were assessed before and after training.RESULTS The relative peak torque of the quadriceps and hamstrings in both groups increased significantly(P<0.001),and the SET group increased by a higher percentage than those in the control group(quadriceps:P=0.004;hamstrings:P=0.011).After training,both groups showed significant improvements in static and dynamic posture stability(P<0.01),and the SET group had a greater change than the control group(P<0.05).No significant improvement on the relative translation of the injured knee was observed after training in either group(P>0.05).CONCLUSION Our findings show that SET promotes great responses in quadriceps and hamstring muscle strength and balance function in ACLR patients.

Five Strand Hamstring Tendon Autograft for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Provides No Benefit over the Gold Standard Four Strand Repair for Anterior Stability of the Knee: A Prospective Cohort Study

The Four-Strand Hamstring Tendon Autograft has been long established as the gold standard for surgical reconstruction of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament. Some studies have suggested wider grafts, such as a Five-Strand hamstring graft, may provide greater strength and a larger scaffold for incorporation of the graft into the bone tunnels, leading to greater postoperative anterior stability of the knee. 28 (n = 18 Four-Strand and n = 10 Five-Strand) patients with planned ACL reconstructive surgery by a single surgeon were recruited for this study. The KT-1000 Arthrometer (MED metric, CA, USA) was used to quantify AP translation in the subjects’ knees before (T0) and after surgery at 6 (T1) and 12 (T2) weeks. At 12 weeks there was significantly higher (p = 0.01) mean anterior laxity on Maximum Manual Test in the Five- Strand group (9.1 ± 1.7 mm) than the Four Strand Group (6.9 ± 2.3 mm). Further, there were significantly higher mean side-to-side differences (p = 0.01) on Maximum Manual Test in the Five-Strand cohort (5.1 ± 3.5 mm) compared to the Four-Strand cohort (1.9 ± 2.2 mm). A significantly larger positive mean change in anterior laxity (p = 0.02) from 6 - 12 weeks was evident in the Five-Strand group (1.4 ± 0.9) than the Four-Strand group (-0.3 ± 1.9 mm). No significant correlations were seen between graft widths and measures of anterior stability on KT-1000. This study illustrated that there was no benefit to using a Five-Strand Hamstring Tendon Autograft when compared to the gold standard Four-Strand Repair specifically with regards to anterior stability of the knee.

Biomechanics of the anterior cruciate ligament:Physiology,rupture and reconstruction techniques

The influences and mechanisms of the physiology,rupture and reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament(ACL)on kinematics and clinical outcomes have been investigated in many biomechanical and clinical studies over the last several decades.The knee is a complex joint with shifting contact points,pressures and axes that are affected when a ligament is injured.The ACL,as one of the intra-articular ligaments,has a strong influence on the resulting kinematics.Often,other meniscal or ligamentous injuries accompany ACL ruptures and further deteriorate the resulting kinematics and clinical outcomes.Knowing the surgical options,anatomic relations and current evidence to restore ACL function and considering the influence of concomitant injuries on resulting kinematics to restore full function can together help to achieve an optimal outcome.

Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction using a double bundle hamstring autograft configuration in patients under 30 years

BACKGROUND Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction(ACLR)has a high incidence of re-tear in younger patients.Despite comparable functional outcomes,the incidence of retear using single and double bundle ACLR methods has not been well reported.AIM To hypothesize that double bundle hamstring ACLR has a lower graft rupture rate compared with single bundle hamstring ACLR grafts in young patients.METHODS One hundred and twelve patients<30 years of age at the time of primary double bundle ACLR were eligible for study participation.91(81.3%)could be contacted,with a mean age of 20.4 years(range 13-29)and mean post-operative follow-up time of 59 mo(range 25-107).Telephone questionnaires evaluated the incidence(and timing)of subsequent re-tear and contralateral ACL tear,further surgeries,incidence and time to return to sport,and patient satisfaction.RESULTS Of the 91 patients,there were 6(6.6%,95%CI:1.4-11.7)ACL graft re-ruptures,with a mean time to re-rupture of 28 mo(range 12-84).Fourteen patients(15.4%)experienced a contralateral ACL rupture and 14 patients(15.4%)required further surgery to their ipsilateral knee.fifty patients(54.9%)returned to pre-injury level of sport.Of those<20 years(n=45),4 patients(8.9%,95%CI:0.4-17.3)experienced a re-rupture,with mean time to re-injury 15 mo(range 12-24).Comparative analysis with existing literature and revealed a non-significant Chisquared statistic of 2.348(P=0.125).CONCLUSION A trend existed toward lower graft rupture rates in young patients undergoing double bundle ACLR utilizing a hamstring autograft,compared with rates reported after single bundle ACLR.

Femoral positioning influences ipsi-and contralateral anterior cruciate ligament rupture following its reconstruction:Systematic review and meta-analysis

AIM To systematically review the incidence of ipsilateral graft re-rupture and contralateral anterior cruciate ligament(ACL) rupture following its reconstruction, with special attention to the femoral drilling technique. METHODS Systematic review and meta-analysis of high-level prospective studies searched in MEDLINE database following PRISMA statement. The rate of ipsilateral graft re-rupture and contralateral rupture in patients submitted to either transtibial(TT) technique(isometric) or anteromedial(AM) technique(anatomic) was compared. RESULTS Eleven studies met the criteria and were included in final analysis. Reconstructions using the AM technique had a similar chance of contralateral ACL rupture when compared to the chance of ipsilateral graft failure(OR = 1.08, P = 0.746). In reconstructions using TT technique, the chance of contralateral ACL rupture was approximately 1.5 times higher than ipsilateral graft failure(OR = 1.49, P = 0.048). Incidence of contralateral lesions were similar among the techniques TT(7.4%) and AM(7.0%)(P = 0.963), but a trend could be noticed with a lower incidence of lesion in the ipsilateral limb when using the TT technique(4.9%) compared to the AM technique(6.5%)(P = 0.081).CONCLUSION ACL reconstruction by TT technique leads to lower incidence of graft re-injury than contralateral ACL lesion. There is no difference between the chance of re-injury after AM technique and the chance of contralateral ACL lesion(native ligament) with either technique.

Revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction:Return to sports at a minimum 5-year follow-up

BACKGROUND Between 43%and 75%of patients who undergo primary anterior cruciate ligament(ACL)surgery return to sport activity.However,after a revision ACL reconstruction(ACLR)the rate of return to sports is variable.A few publications have reported returns to sports incidence between 56%to 100%after revision ACLR.AIM To determine return to sports and functional outcomes after a single-stage revision ACLR with a 5-year minimum follow-up at a single institution.METHODS All patients operated between 2010 and 2016 with a minimum 5 years of followup were included.Type of sport,intensity,frequency,expectation,time to return to sport and failure rate were recorded.Lysholm,Tegner and International Knee Documentation Committee forms were evaluated prior to the first ACLR surgery,at 6 mo after primary surgery and after revision ACLR at 5 years minimum of follow-up.Objective stability was tested with the knee arthrometer test(KT-1000 knee arthrometer,Medmetric Corp).RESULTS A total of 41 patients who underwent revision ACLR during that period of time were contacted and available for follow-up.Median patient age at time of revision was 29 years old[interquartile range(IQR):24.0-36.0],and 39(95.0%)were male.The median time from revision procedure to follow-up was 70 mo(IQR:58.0-81.0).Regarding return to sports,16(39.0%)were at the same level compared to preinjury period,and 25 patients(61.0%)returned at a lower level.Sixty-three percent categorized the sport as very important and 37.0%as important.One patient(2.4%)failed with a recurrent ACL torn.Mean preoperative Lysholm and(SD)16]and 50(SD 11),respectively.At follow-up,mean Lysholm and subjective International Knee Documentation Committee scores were 89(SD 8)and 82(SD 9)(P=0.0001).Mean Tegner score prior to primary ACLR was 6.7(SD 1.3),5.1(1.5 SD)prior to revision ACLR and 5.6(1.6 SD)at follow-up(P=0.0002).Overall,knee arthrometer test measurement showed an average of 6 mm(IQR:4.0-6.0)side-to-side difference of displacement prior to revision ACLR and 3mm(IQR:1.5-4.0)after revision.CONCLUSION Almost 40.0%of patients returned to preinjury sports level and 60.0%to a lower level.These may be useful when counseling a patient regarding sports expectations after a revision ACLR.

Current practice variations in the management of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in Croatia

AIM: To investigate current preferences and opinions on the diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation of patients with anterior cruciate ligament(ACL) injury in Croatia. METHODS: The survey was conducted using a questionnaire which was sent by e-mail to all 189 members of the Croatian Orthopaedic and Traumatology Association. Only respondents who had performed at least one ACL reconstruction during 2011 were asked to fill out the questionnaire. RESULTS: Thirty nine surgeons responded to the survey. Nearly all participants(95%) used semitendinosus/gracilis tendon autograft for reconstruction and only 5% used bone-patellar tendon-bone autograft. No other graft type had been used. The accessory anteromedial portal was preferred over the transtibial approach(67% vs 33%). Suspensory fixation was the most common graft fixation method(62%) for the femoral side, followed by the cross-pin(33%) and bioabsorbable interference screw(5%). Almost all respondents(97%) used a bioabsorbable interference screw for tibial side graft fixation. CONCLUSION: The results show that ACL reconstruction surgery in Croatia is in step with the recommendations from latest world literature.

Effects of higher femoral tunnels on clinical outcomes,MRI,and second-look findings in double-bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with a minimal 5-year follow-up

Background:To perform anatomical anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction(ACLR),tunnels should be placed relatively higher in the femoral anterior cruciate ligament(ACL)footprint based on the findings of direct and indirect femoral insertion.But the clinical results of higher femoral tunnels(HFT)in double-bundle ACLR(DB-ACLR)remain unclear.The purpose was to investigate the clinical results of HFT and lower femoral tunnels(LFT)in DB-ACLR.Methods:From September 2014 to February 2016,83 patients who underwent DB-ACLR and met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were divided into HFT-ACLR(group 1,n=37)and LFT-ACLR(group 2,n=46)according to the position of femoral tunnels.Preoperatively and at the final follow-up,clinical scores were evaluated with International Knee Documentation Committee(IKDC),Tegner activity,and Lysholm score.The stability of the knee was evaluated with KT-2000,Lachman test,and pivot-shift test.Cartilage degeneration grades of the International Cartilage Repair Society(ICRS)were evaluated on magnetic resonance imaging(MRI).Graft tension,continuity,and synovialization were evaluated by second-look arthroscopy.Return-to-sports was assessed at the final follow-up.Results:Significantly better improvement were found for KT-2000,Lachman test,and pivot-shift test postoperatively in group 1(P>0.05).Posterolateral bundles(PL)showed significantly better results in second-look arthroscopy regarding graft tension,continuity,and synovialization(P<0.05),but not in anteromedial bundles in group 1.At the final follow-up,cartilage worsening was observed in groups 1 and 2,but it did not reach a stastistically significant difference(P>0.05).No statistically significant differences were found in IKDC subjective score,Tegner activity,and Lysholm score between the two groups.Higher return-to-sports rate was found in group 1 with 86.8%(32/37)vs.65.2%(30/46)in group 2(P=0.027).Conclusion:The HFT-ACLR group showed better stability results,better PL,and higher return-to-sports rate compared to the LFT-ACLR group.

Anatomy of the anterolateral ligament of the knee joint

Despite remarkable improvements in clinical outcomes after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction,the residual rotational instability of knee joints remains a major concern.The anterolateral ligament(ALL)has recently gained attention as a distinct ligamentous structure on the anterolateral aspect of the knee joint.Numerous studies investigated the anatomy,function,and biomechanics of ALL to establish its potential role as a stabilizer for anterolateral rotational instability.However,controversies regarding its existence,prevalence,and femoral and tibial insertions need to be addressed.According to a recent consensus,ALL exists as a distinct ligamentous structure on the anterolateral aspect of the knee joint,with some anatomic variations.The aim of this article was to review the updated anatomy of ALL and present the most accepted findings among the existing controversies.Generally,ALL originates slightly proximal and posterior to the lateral epicondyle of the distal femur and has an anteroinferior course toward the tibial insertion between the tip of the fibular head and Gerdy’s tubercle below the lateral tibial plateau.

肌内效贴对前交叉韧带重建后康复疗效的Meta分析

目的:一些研究显示肌内效贴在提升前交叉韧带重建后患者肌肉力量、改善关节稳定性、减轻疼痛及水肿方面具有积极效应,然而现有研究关于肌内效贴的临床疗效存在相互矛盾的结果。文章采用Meta分析方法,系统评价肌内效贴对前交叉韧带重建术后康复疗效的影响。方法:应用计算机检索PubMed、Web of Science、Embase、The Cochrane Library、EBSCO、中国知网、万方、维普数据库,搜集有关肌内效贴对前交叉韧带重建后患者影响的随机对照试验,检索时限均从各数据库建库至2022-12-06,结局指标包括股四头肌力量、腘绳肌力量、膝关节肿胀、膝关节活动度、Lysholm膝关节功能评分、目测类比评分6个连续型变量。运用EndNote X9.1筛选文献,采用Cochrane风险偏倚评估工具和Jadad量表评估纳入文献质量,采用RevMan 5.3软件进行Meta分析。结果:①共纳入6项随机对照试验,包括252例前交叉韧带重建后患者,其中对照组126例,肌内效贴组126例;②Meta分析结果显示,与对照组相比,肌内效贴组患者腘绳肌力量显著增加[SMD=0.68,95%CI(0.12,1.23),P=0.02]、目测类比评分显著降低[MD=-0.56,95%CI(-1.04,-0.08),P=0.02],两组患者间股四头肌力量、膝关节肿胀、膝关节活动度及Lysholm膝关节功能评分比较差异均无显著性意义(P>0.05)。结论:当前证据显示,肌内效贴可能有助于提升前交叉韧带重建后患者腘绳肌力量、减轻患者疼痛,然而并不能显著改善患者股四头肌力量、膝关节肿胀、膝关节活动度和功能评分。

镜下前交叉韧带重建联合固定平台单髁置换术的早中期临床疗效观察

目的 探讨单髁置换手术(unicompartmental knee arthroplasty, UKA)联合前交叉韧带重建手术(anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, ACLR)对单间室膝骨关节炎(unicompartmental knee osteoarthritis, UKOA)合并前交叉韧带缺失(anterior cruciate ligament deficient, ACLD)患者的早期临床疗效结果。方法 选取2018年1月至2022年6月广西中医药大学附属桂林市中医医院采用同期UKA联合ACLR治疗的UKOA合并ACLD的12例患者进行回顾性研究。评估术前和末次随访的VAS、IKDC、Lysholm评分,并随访观察并发症及翻修的发生情况。结果 所有患者随访6~55个月,平均随访(24.58±10.48)个月。所有患者的平均住院时间为(13.67±6.20)d,平均出血量为(43.33±39.44)mL,平均切口长度为(9.25±0.43)cm。末次随访时的VAS评分较术前明显降低(P<0.05);Lysholm评分平均为(67.17±22.96)分、IKDC评分平均为(59.87±8.77)分,分别较术前平均(51.33±14.99)分、(48.95±13.68)分明显提高(P<0.05)。结论 早中期的临床数据显示,同时进行ACLR联合UKA对UKOA合并ACLD手术治疗的临床疗效显著,可有效改善患者的膝关节不稳定和内侧间室疼痛,提高患者本体感觉,患者并发症发生率较低,值得临床推广应用,但应严格把握手术的适应证。

运动疗法对前交叉韧带重建后康复疗效影响的网状Meta分析

目的:运动干预被认为是前交叉韧带重建后康复的基础。然而,关于何种运动疗法在改善前交叉韧带重建后患者膝关节肌肉力量和功能方面更有效,目前仍未得出明确结论。为此,文章采用网状Meta分析方法,比较运动疗法治疗前交叉韧带重建后的疗效,为选择最佳运动疗法提供循证医学依据。方法:计算机检索PubMed,Web of Science,Embase,The Cochrane Library及EBSCO数据库运动疗法治疗前交叉韧带重建后的随机对照试验,检索时限均从建库至2023-11-20。结局指标包括股四头肌肌力、腘绳肌肌力、膝关节功能评分3个连续性变量。运用EndNote X9.1软件筛选文献。采用Cochrane风险偏倚评估工具对纳入的文献进行质量评价,根据GRADE评分对文章结果的证据强度进行评级,采用Stata 16.0进行网状Meta分析。结果:①共纳入36项随机对照试验,包括1179例前交叉韧带重建后患者,纳入文献整体质量中等;涉及9种运动疗法:等速训练、交叉训练、离心训练、水中康复、血流限制训练、运动控制训练、增强式训练、全身振动训练和综合训练;对照措施为常规康复训练。②网状Meta分析结果显示:与常规康复训练相比,离心训练(SMD=2.08,95%CI:0.56-3.60,P=0.007)对前交叉韧带重建后患者股四头肌肌力的改善效果最佳,其次是综合训练(SMD=1.69,95%CI:0.11-3.27,P=0.249)和全身振动训练(SMD=0.81,95%CI:0.11-1.51,P=0.042);在提升患者腘绳肌肌力方面,综合训练(SMD=2.08,95%CI:0.30-3.86,P=0.022)效果最佳,其次是增强式训练(SMD=1.51,95%CI:0.18-2.84,P=0.026)和等速训练(SMD=1.37,95%CI:0.06-2.67,P=0.039);综合训练(SMD=4.60,95%CI:2.40-6.80,P<0.001)改善膝关节功能评分最有效,其次是离心训练(SMD=1.75,95%CI:0.24-3.25,P=0.023)和水中康复(SMD=1.65,95%CI:0.07-3.24,P=0.041)。结论:低到中等强度的临床证据证实,在改善前交叉韧带重建后患者膝关节肌肉力量和功能方面,综合训练可能是最有效的运动疗法,其次是离心训练、增强式训练、等速训练、全身振动训练、水中康复。未来仍需更多高质量的临床随机对照试验来验证结论的可靠性。

Posttraumatic incarceration of medial collateral ligament into knee joint with anterior cruciate ligament injury

Medial collateral ligament of the knee is an important coronal stabiliser and often injured in isolation or as combination of injuries. The article reports a case of incarcerated medial collateral ligament （MCL） injury in combination with anterior cruciate ligament （ACL） injury in 20 year old male who presented to us 4 weeks after injury. Clinical examination and MRI was correlated to complete ACL tear with torn distal MCL and incarceration into the joint. Patient was taken up for ACL hamstring graft reconstruction with mini-arthrotomy and repair of the torn MCL. Patient was followed up with dedicated rehabilitation protocol with good functional results. At one year follow-up, patient exhibited full range of motion with negative Lachman, Pivot shift and valgus stress tests. This article highlights the rare pattern of MCL tear and also reviews the literature on this pattern of injury.

关节镜下全内技术半腱肌重建前交叉韧带的临床疗效分析

目的:探讨关节镜下全内技术半腱肌重建前交叉韧带(ACL)的临床疗效。方法:选取2022年3—9月于江苏大学附属宜兴医院行ACL重建术的患者60例作为研究对象,根据随机数字表法分为两组,各30例。对照组行关节镜下传统技术重建ACL术,观察组行关节镜下全内技术半腱肌重建ACL术。比较两组并发症发生情况、膝关节功能、膝关节稳定性。结果:两组术后均未发生关节感染、韧带再断裂。术前,两组Lysholm、国际膝关节文献委员会主观膝关节形态量表(IKDC)评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);术后,两组Lysholm、IKDC评分高于术前,且观察组高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组Lysholm分级优良率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组Lachman试验、轴移试验阴性率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。结论:关节镜下全内技术半腱肌重建ACL的临床疗效显著,能够提高患者膝关节功能和稳定性。

移植物类型对前交叉韧带重建后患者膝关节功能的影响

背景:临床上常采用移植物重建前交叉韧带,而不同移植物类型又影响着患者术后膝关节功能和康复方案的制定。目的:回顾分析不同移植物类型对前交叉韧带重建后患者肌力、关节稳定性、功能性活动及重返运动的影响。方法:在PubMed、Web of Science、Cochrane、中国知网、万方数据库中进行检索,中文检索词为“前交叉韧带重建术,自体移植物,同种异体移植物,人工韧带,骨-髌腱-骨,股四头肌肌腱,腘绳肌肌腱,腓骨长肌肌腱,康复训练,重返运动”;英文检索词为“anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction,autografts,allografts,artificial ligaments,bone-patellatendon-bone,quadriceps tendon autograft,hamstring tendon autograft,peroneus longus tendon autograft,rehabilitation,exercise,protocol,return to sport”。结果与结论:选用骨-髌腱-骨移植物的患者应加强股四头肌离心收缩练习,康复后期应关注股四头肌耐力和爆发力的恢复。与骨-髌腱-骨移植物和腘绳肌肌腱移植物相比,选用股四头肌肌腱移植物的患者在5-8个月内符合回归标准的患者明显更少,应制定较长时间的训练计划,训练周期尽量持续到3年以上。选用腘绳肌肌腱移植物应强化多角度下腘绳肌力量训练,尤其是屈膝60°以上的周期至少持续至术后18周。选用腓骨长肌肌腱移植物的患者后续应加强踝关节周围肌肉力量,以足底肌肉力量为主。选用同种异体移植物应注意移植物经低剂量辐射消毒后其抗张力性降低20%,因此应关注膝关节稳定性训练。选用人工韧带移植物的患者3-6周内可渐进性增强股四头肌和腘绳肌力量训练,重视早期本体感觉练习,对平衡、跳跃及灵活性进行针对性训练。

切开复位空心钉锚钉与关节镜下带袢钢板固定后交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折的疗效比较

目的:比较后内侧入路切开复位空心钉联合锚钉固定与关节镜下Endobutton带袢钢板固定后交叉韧带(posterior cruciate ligament,PCL)胫骨止点撕脱骨折的临床疗效。方法:回顾性分析2020年7月至2021年12月收治的38例PCL胫骨止点撕脱骨折患者的临床资料,根据固定方式分为切开复位内固定组(后内侧入路空心钉锚钉系统固定)和关节镜固定组(关节镜下Endobutton带袢钢板固定)。切开复位内固定组20例,男16例,女4例;年龄26~74(42.9±18.8)岁;左侧13例,右侧7例;骨折Meyers-McKeever分型,Ⅱ型12例,Ⅲ型8例;后抽屉试验Ⅱ度14例,Ⅲ度6例。关节镜固定组18例,男11例,女7例;年龄24~70(53.5±13.4)岁;左侧11例,右侧7例;骨折Meyers-McKeever分型,Ⅱ型10例,Ⅲ型8例;后抽屉试验Ⅱ度11例,Ⅲ度7例。比较两组手术时间、出血量、术后即刻复位质量,并于术后6个月时比较膝关节活动度、膝关节后抽屉试验、国际膝关节文件编制委员会(International Knee Documentation Committee,IKDC)主观膝部评分表分级、KT2000稳定性评价及膝关节Lysholm功能评分。结果:38例患者获得随访,时间8~16(12.3±1.9)个月。所有患者未出现切口感染、骨折畸形愈合及不愈合、内固定松动等并发症。术后6个月膝关节X线片示撕脱骨折均已达到影像学愈合标准。切开复位内固定组手术时间、出血量分别为(56.4±7.1)min、(63.2±10.2)ml,关节镜固定组分别为(89.9±7.4)min、(27.7±8.7)ml,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组术后即刻复位质量(χ^(2)=0.257,P=0.612),术后6个月膝关节活动度(t=0.492,P=0.626)、膝关节后抽屉试验(χ^(2)=0.320,P=0.572)、膝关节IKDC分级(χ^(2)=0.127,P=0.938)、KT2000稳定性评价(χ^(2)=0.070,P=0.791)和膝关节Lysholm功能评分(t=0.092,P=0.282)比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:后内侧入路空心钉锚钉系统固定与关节镜下Endobutton带袢钢板固定PCL胫骨止点撕脱骨折均能取得满意的临床效果,且关节镜下手术出血更少,但同样学习曲线较长,手术时间较传统切开手术更长,术者需根据患者的临床情况及自身的手术倾向做出选择。