血清HE4、CA125、TK1水平在卵巢癌患者中的相关性分析

目的探讨人附睾蛋白4(HE4)、糖类抗原125(CA125)和胸苷激酶1(TK1)联合检测在卵巢癌患者中的相关性。方法选择2022年1月—2023年11月本院收治的通过影像及病理活检被明确诊断为卵巢癌的53例患者(卵巢癌组)和良性肿瘤的29例患者(良性对照组)作为研究对象;另选同期健康管理中心接受体检的100名健康妇女作为健康对照组。采用化学发光法检测血清中HE4、CA125和免疫印迹法检测TK1水平,分别比较三组及卵巢癌不同分期血清HE4、CA125、TK1的水平以及ROC曲线对血清HE4、CA125、TK1及联合检测对卵巢癌诊断效能的价值分析。结果卵巢癌患者血清中HE4、CA125、TK1水平均明显高于良性对照组和健康对照组(P<0.05);卵巢癌组中Ⅲ~Ⅳ期患者血清中HE4、CA125、TK1水平均明显高于Ⅰ~Ⅱ期患者(P<0.05),TK1水平在卵巢癌分组中差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);经ROC曲线分析发现,血清中HE4、CA125、TK1联合检测对卵巢癌诊断效能优于三项单独检测。结论卵巢癌患者血清中HE4、CA125、TK1的水平异常表达,且HE4、CA125、TK1三者联合检测的诊断价值效能明显优于单独检测,有助于提高临床对卵巢癌早期筛查的准确率以及协助卵巢癌患者预后的评估,以期提高患者的生存率。

CheatKD:基于毒性神经元同化的知识蒸馏后门攻击方法

深度学习模型性能不断提升,但参数规模也越来越大,阻碍了其在边缘端设备的部署应用。为了解决这一问题,研究者提出了知识蒸馏(Knowledge Distillation,KD)技术,通过转移大型教师模型的“暗知识”快速生成高性能的小型学生模型,从而实现边缘端设备的轻量部署。然而,在实际场景中,许多教师模型是从公共平台下载的,缺乏必要的安全性审查,对知识蒸馏任务造成威胁。为此,我们首次提出针对特征KD的后门攻击方法CheatKD,其嵌入在教师模型中的后门,可以在KD过程中保留并转移至学生模型中,进而间接地使学生模型中毒。具体地,在训练教师模型的过程中,CheatKD初始化一个随机的触发器,并对其进行迭代优化,以控制教师模型中特定蒸馏层的部分神经元(即毒性神经元)的激活值,使其激活值趋于定值,以此实现毒性神经元同化操作,最终使教师模型中毒并携带后门。同时,该后门可以抵御知识蒸馏的过滤被传递到学生模型中。在4个数据集和6个模型组合的实验上,CheatKD取得了85%以上的平均攻击成功率,且对于多种蒸馏方法都具有较好的攻击泛用性。

SARS-CoV-2重组痘苗病毒疫苗rVTT△TK-RBD的构建、筛选及免疫原性研究

目的 构建重组痘苗病毒载体疫苗rVTT△TK-RBD,并评价其安全性和免疫原性。方法 参考严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2(SARS-CoV-2)基因序列合成受体结合域(RBD)基因,并将其插入自主构建的重组质粒pSTKE的多克隆位点上,构建重组痘苗病毒穿梭载体pSTKE-RBD,并转染到预先感染天坛株痘苗病毒(VTT)的BHK-21细胞内,经多轮的荧光噬斑筛选成功获得重组痘苗病毒rVTT△TK-RBD;通过滴鼻方式免疫小鼠后,检测rVTT△TK-RBD对BALB/c小鼠体质量的影响;通过肌肉免疫小鼠后,分析rVTT△TK-RBD对BALB/c小鼠产生的特异性抗体和中和抗体的水平;通过流式细胞术检测rVTT△TK-RBD对BALB/c小鼠T细胞亚群的影响。结果 利用同源重组、增强型绿色荧光蛋白(EGFP)筛选标记和多次荧光噬斑筛选,成功筛选获得了表达RBD的胸腺激酶(TK)基因缺失型重组痘苗病毒rVTT△TK-RBD,且PCR验证成功。BALB/c小鼠体内实验表明rVTT△TK-RBD具有较好的抗SARS-CoV-2的免疫原性且相比于亲本株VTT明显降低了对机体的毒性作用。结论 成功构建并获得SARS-CoV-2重组痘苗病毒疫苗rVTT△TK-RBD并通过各项试验证明其安全性和免疫原性。

副干酪乳杆菌TK1501后生元的制备及对幽门螺旋杆菌的抑制作用

目的对副干酪乳杆菌(L.paracasei TK1501)发酵大豆产物中的后生元进行分离提取和体内外抑菌活性进行研究,评估该后生元在治疗幽门螺旋杆菌(Hp)感染的作用。方法L.paracasei TK1501在无氧密闭的环境内以37℃、固态发酵参数中料水比1∶1.5,接种量5×107 CFU/mL,培养发酵32 h后,通过大孔树脂XAD-16N吸附法、阳离子交换色谱法、高效液相色谱法分离纯化,对L.paracasei TK1501后生元进行稳定性及抗菌效果分析。将50只C57雄性小鼠随机分为空白组、模型组、阴性对照组、低剂量组(0.02 mL/只)和高剂量组(0.1 mL/只),10只/组,连续灌胃4周。取血清观察胃部炎症因子TNF-α、IL-1β表达水平变化,取小鼠胃组织进行HE染色。结果L.paracasei TK1501后生元易被蛋白酶降解,热稳定性好,对酸碱、有机溶剂等不利因素有较好的耐受性(P<0.05);在体外试验中,对金黄色葡萄球菌、Hp等均有较好的杀灭作用;在动物实验中,与模型组相比,L.paracasei TK1501后生元高剂量组明显改善Hp感染(P<0.05),胃部炎症因子TNF-α、IL-1β表达水平变化明显下降(P<0.05)。结论L.paracasei TK1501后生元对Hp、金黄色葡萄球菌等具有较好的抑制和杀灭效果,而在相同条件下对肠道中的正常菌群则无明显影响。

Heterogeneous Image Knowledge Driven Visual Perception

Dear Editor,This letter is concerned with visual perception closely related to heterogeneous images.Facing the huge challenge brought by different image modalities,we propose a visual perception framework based on heterogeneous image knowledge,i.e.,the domain knowledge associated with specific vision tasks,to better address the corresponding visual perception problems.

黑水城出土文献TK187“16-3右与16-5左”考释

沈澍农先生等对编号TK187的俄藏黑水城文献缀接研究发现:16-3右与16-5左两部分文字存在缀接关系并认为其大约是1个药酒方。经分析,本文判断TK18716-3右与16-5左缀接后的内容应是两首方,前者①~⑨的内容为药酒方;后者为养生食疗方。通过对养生食疗方中所用药物等的详细考证,发现文献中杏仁、川椒、马芹子、茴香、白芷、川芎均属于药食同源之品,几种同用具有预防外感并调理中焦的养生作用,制作时采用在瓮中油浸并密封日晒发酵的方法,极为符合日常制作酱类或腌菜类调味用品的特点。按照两方所制的成品为一酒一酱,既有防病保健之效,又可日常食用。两方同处于TK187文献养生分组之中,都反映了西夏人对健康长寿的追求。

TK50/AP复合物三维纳米网格结构的构筑及其性能研究

为了改善1,1’-二羟基-5,5’-联四唑二羟胺盐(TK50)的释能特性,采用冰模板法构筑了TK50/高氯酸铵(AP)(TK50/AP)复合物三维纳米网格结构。通过场发射扫描电子显微镜、X射线粉末衍射、差示扫描量热仪、比表面积和孔径分析仪、热-红联用仪及激光点火装置对其形貌、微结构、热分解和燃烧性能进行了研究。结果表明,TK50/AP复合物的三维纳米网格结构包含大量的中孔(2~6 nm),比表面积和孔体积分别为7.059m^(2)·g^(-1)和0.09 cm^(3)·g^(-1)。XRD衍射峰强度大大降低,由Scherrer公式计算的平均晶粒度为83.80 nm。DSC曲线有2个放热峰,位于228.1℃处尖锐的强放热峰,其峰温较原料TK50提前12℃,活化能增加144.86 kJ·mol^(-1);位于325.6℃处弱的宽峰,其峰温较原料AP提前105.6℃,活化能增加24.21 kJ·mol^(-1)。热-红联用测试结果表明复合物的热分解速率更快、能量释放更完全。TK50/AP复合物表现出高效稳定的激光点火燃烧(LIC)性能,点火延迟时间从原料TK50的50 ms、混合物的60 ms降低到20 ms,激光点火阈值从原料TK50的25.12 mJ、混合物的12.56 mJ降低到6.28 mJ。复合物的纳米尺寸效应和多孔网格结构优异的传热传质特性是其热分解和LIC性能显著改善的主要原因。

Low-Cost Federated Broad Learning for Privacy-Preserved Knowledge Sharing in the RIS-Aided Internet of Vehicles

High-efficiency and low-cost knowledge sharing can improve the decision-making ability of autonomous vehicles by mining knowledge from the Internet of Vehicles(IoVs).However,it is challenging to ensure high efficiency of local data learning models while preventing privacy leakage in a high mobility environment.In order to protect data privacy and improve data learning efficiency in knowledge sharing,we propose an asynchronous federated broad learning(FBL)framework that integrates broad learning(BL)into federated learning(FL).In FBL,we design a broad fully connected model(BFCM)as a local model for training client data.To enhance the wireless channel quality for knowledge sharing and reduce the communication and computation cost of participating clients,we construct a joint resource allocation and reconfigurable intelligent surface(RIS)configuration optimization framework for FBL.The problem is decoupled into two convex subproblems.Aiming to improve the resource scheduling efficiency in FBL,a double Davidon–Fletcher–Powell(DDFP)algorithm is presented to solve the time slot allocation and RIS configuration problem.Based on the results of resource scheduling,we design a reward-allocation algorithm based on federated incentive learning(FIL)in FBL to compensate clients for their costs.The simulation results show that the proposed FBL framework achieves better performance than the comparison models in terms of efficiency,accuracy,and cost for knowledge sharing in the IoV.

A new evolutional model for institutional field knowledge flow network

Purpose:This paper aims to address the limitations in existing research on the evolution of knowledge flow networks by proposing a meso-level institutional field knowledge flow network evolution model(IKM).The purpose is to simulate the construction process of a knowledge flow network using knowledge organizations as units and to investigate its effectiveness in replicating institutional field knowledge flow networks.Design/Methodology/Approach:The IKM model enhances the preferential attachment and growth observed in scale-free BA networks,while incorporating three adjustment parameters to simulate the selection of connection targets and the types of nodes involved in the network evolution process Using the PageRank algorithm to calculate the significance of nodes within the knowledge flow network.To compare its performance,the BA and DMS models are also employed for simulating the network.Pearson coefficient analysis is conducted on the simulated networks generated by the IKM,BA and DMS models,as well as on the actual network.Findings:The research findings demonstrate that the IKM model outperforms the BA and DMS models in replicating the institutional field knowledge flow network.It provides comprehensive insights into the evolution mechanism of knowledge flow networks in the scientific research realm.The model also exhibits potential applicability to other knowledge networks that involve knowledge organizations as node units.Research Limitations:This study has some limitations.Firstly,it primarily focuses on the evolution of knowledge flow networks within the field of physics,neglecting other fields.Additionally,the analysis is based on a specific set of data,which may limit the generalizability of the findings.Future research could address these limitations by exploring knowledge flow networks in diverse fields and utilizing broader datasets.Practical Implications:The proposed IKM model offers practical implications for the construction and analysis of knowledge flow networks within institutions.It provides a valuable tool for understanding and managing knowledge exchange between knowledge organizations.The model can aid in optimizing knowledge flow and enhancing collaboration within organizations.Originality/value:This research highlights the significance of meso-level studies in understanding knowledge organization and its impact on knowledge flow networks.The IKM model demonstrates its effectiveness in replicating institutional field knowledge flow networks and offers practical implications for knowledge management in institutions.Moreover,the model has the potential to be applied to other knowledge networks,which are formed by knowledge organizations as node units.

Nutrition Awareness and Knowledge and Body Mass Index in Adolescents in Public Junior Secondary Schools

Background: Non-communicable diseases are increasing among adolescents. The decision about diet is the foundation of eating habits that could persist to adulthood. Dietary decisions, which usually are hard to change later in life, make nutrition education at school paramount to prevent obesity and NCDs, and promote healthy eating. Objectives: To assess level of nutrition awareness and knowledge of healthy eating and food intake behaviors and association with Body Mass Index (BMI) and age. Methods: A cross sectional study that included measures such as age, gender, socioeconomic status, BMI, and nutrition knowledge was conducted in 264 respondents from 18th June 2015 to 9th July 2015. The nutrition knowledge questionnaire was composed of 24 questions divided into food nutrients, food contents, healthiest foods, and energy expenditure and nutrition benefits. CDC BMI chart for 2-20-year-olds was used to plot respondent’s weight and height. Results: The mean age of the respondents was 14.3 years (SD 0.79). Most of the respondents (153/252, 53.6%) had a low socio-economic status as categorized by the present study. The mean (SD) BMI was 20.08 (3.90). Most respondents (56.3%, 142/252) failed the knowledge test and scored below 50% and only two respondents (0.8%) had excellent nutrition knowledge. The mean percentage achieved was 46.1% (SD 15.91) ranging from 8.3% to 87.5%. There was a significant correlation between nutrition knowledge and BMI (p = 0.001). Conclusion: The study shows that adolescents do not have adequate nutrition knowledge, placing them at risk for developing non-communicable diseases later in life. Nutrition education programs are urgently needed for teachers, parents, and children.

Combining Deep Learning with Knowledge Graph for Design Knowledge Acquisition in Conceptual Product Design

The acquisition of valuable design knowledge from massive fragmentary data is challenging for designers in conceptual product design.This study proposes a novel method for acquiring design knowledge by combining deep learning with knowledge graph.Specifically,the design knowledge acquisition method utilises the knowledge extraction model to extract design-related entities and relations from fragmentary data,and further constructs the knowledge graph to support design knowledge acquisition for conceptual product design.Moreover,the knowledge extraction model introduces ALBERT to solve memory limitation and communication overhead in the entity extraction module,and uses multi-granularity information to overcome segmentation errors and polysemy ambiguity in the relation extraction module.Experimental comparison verified the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed knowledge extraction model.The case study demonstrated the feasibility of the knowledge graph construction with real fragmentary porcelain data and showed the capability to provide designers with interconnected and visualised design knowledge.

A Survey of Knowledge Graph Construction Using Machine Learning

Knowledge graph(KG)serves as a specialized semantic network that encapsulates intricate relationships among real-world entities within a structured framework.This framework facilitates a transformation in information retrieval,transitioning it from mere string matching to far more sophisticated entity matching.In this transformative process,the advancement of artificial intelligence and intelligent information services is invigorated.Meanwhile,the role ofmachine learningmethod in the construction of KG is important,and these techniques have already achieved initial success.This article embarks on a comprehensive journey through the last strides in the field of KG via machine learning.With a profound amalgamation of cutting-edge research in machine learning,this article undertakes a systematical exploration of KG construction methods in three distinct phases:entity learning,ontology learning,and knowledge reasoning.Especially,a meticulous dissection of machine learningdriven algorithms is conducted,spotlighting their contributions to critical facets such as entity extraction,relation extraction,entity linking,and link prediction.Moreover,this article also provides an analysis of the unresolved challenges and emerging trajectories that beckon within the expansive application of machine learning-fueled,large-scale KG construction.

Reviewer Acknowledgements

The editors of International Journal of Ophthalmology gratefully acknowledge the members of IJO Editorial Board and reviewers from 57 countries and regions who participated in the peer-reviews and provided their valuable comments between Nov.1^(st),2022 and Oct.31^(st),2023.

Global systematic review and meta-analysis of knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards dengue fever among the general population

Objective:To determine the global level of knowledge,attitudes,and practices towards dengue fever among the general population.Methods:To complete this systematic review and meta-analysis,a thorough search for pertinent English-language literature was undertaken during the study's extension until October 2023.The search used Google Scholar,Scopus,PubMed/MEDLINE,Science Direct,Web of Science,EMBASE,Springer,and ProQuest.A quality assessment checklist developed using a modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for the cross-sectional study was used to evaluate the risk of bias in the included papers.Inverse variance and Cochran Q statistics were employed in the STATA software version 14 to assess study heterogeneity.When there was heterogeneity,the Dersimonian and Liard random-effects models were used.Results:59 Studies totaling 87353 participants were included in this meta-analysis.These investigations included 86278 participants in 55 studies on knowledge,20196 in 33 studies on attitudes,and 74881 in 29 studies on practices.The pooled estimates for sufficient knowledge,positive attitudes,and dengue fever preventive behaviors among the general population were determined as 40.1%(95%CI 33.8%-46.5%),46.8%(95%CI 35.8%-58.9%),and 38.3%(95%CI 28.4%-48.2%),respectively.Europe exhibits the highest knowledge level at 63.5%,and Africa shows the lowest at 20.3%.Positive attitudes are most prevalent in the Eastern Mediterranean(54.1%)and Southeast Asia(53.6%),contrasting sharply with the Americas,where attitudes are notably lower at 9.05%.Regarding preventive behaviors,the Americas demonstrate a prevalence of 12.1%,Southeast Asia at 28.1%,Western Pacific at 49.6%,Eastern Mediterranean at 44.8%,and Africa at 47.4%.Conclusions:Regional disparities about the knowledge,attitude and preventive bahaviors are evident with Europe exhibiting the highest knowledge level while Africa has the lowest.These findings emphasize the importance of targeted public health interventions tailored to regional contexts,highlighting the need for region-specific strategies to enhance dengue-related knowledge and encourage positive attitudes and preventive behaviors.

Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Practices among Healthcare Workers in a Tertiary Care Hospital on Needle Stick Injury

Purpose: Needle-stick injury (NSI) is one of the most potential occupational hazards for healthcare workers because of the transmission of blood-borne pathogens. As per recent data, around 30 lakh healthcare workers sustain Needle stick injuries each year. This study was conducted to assess healthcare workers’ knowledge, attitude and practices regarding needle stick injury. Materials & Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a Tertiary Care Hospital over the period of 3 months. The study population consisted of Intern Doctors, Post Graduate resident Doctors, Staff Nurses, laboratory technicians of Government Medical College and New Civil Hospital, Surat (n = 300). The data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire via the means of Google Forms. Questionnaire was made with prior review literature. The data obtained were entered and analysed in Microsoft Excel. Results: The prevalence of NSI in our study was 46%, with a higher prevalence among the PG residents (72%). Overall scores regarding knowledge and attitude were better in PG residents (knowledge score > 7 in 71% and Attitude Score > 7 in 68% of PG Residents). Even though the PG residents scored highest in the knowledge category, the majority of them suffered needle stick injuries as a result of poor practice scores. Among those who had NSI (n = 139/300), 70% of study participants had superficial injuries, only 9% reported the incident, 18% got medical attention within 2 hours of the incident, and 7% followed up to recheck their viral markers status. Most incidents of NSI were due to hypodermic needles while recapping needles. Conclusion: Exposure to needle stick injuries and their underreporting remains a common problem. It is imperative that healthcare workers receive regular training on the proper handling of sharp objects. We can also draw the conclusion that preventing NSIs requires putting knowledge into practice.

Investigation on the Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Oral Health among Medical College and University Undergraduate

Objectives: This study aims to investigate the status of knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) of oral health among medical undergraduate students, and provide reference for implementing oral health interventions. Methods: A total of 528 undergraduate students enrolled in Fuzhou Medical College from February 2023 to September 2023 were selected as the research subjects. Their oral health KAP were investigated, and the oral health behavior habits of different types of medical students were compared, and possible influencing factors were analyzed. Results: The total awareness rate of oral health knowledge among medical students is 77.0%, with an average score of 3.85 ± 1.16 points. The overall positive rate of oral health attitudes among medical students is 80.0%, with an average score of 3.19 ± 0.72 points. The total qualified rate of oral health behavior is 65.9%, with an average score of 4.61 ± 1.23 points. The scores of oral health knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors among medical students are related to gender, major, smoking status, and oral health status. The frequency of brushing teeth in the female group was higher than that in the male group, while the habit of brushing teeth before bedtime and the frequency of timely replacement of toothbrushes when deformed were lower, with statistical significance (p 0.05). The frequency of timely replacement of toothbrushes varies among medical students from different majors, and the difference is statistically significant (p 0.05). People who have a habit of eating hot and cold food have a higher frequency of brushing their teeth every day, and the difference is statistically significant (p 0.05). Non smokers have a better habit of brushing their teeth before bedtime and a higher frequency of timely replacement when their toothbrush deforms, with a statistically significant difference (p 0.05). The frequency of using fluoride toothpaste or medicated toothpaste, having a habit of unilateral chewing, and timely replacement of toothbrushes when deformed in patients with existing oral problems is higher than that of those without oral problems, and the difference is statistically significant (p 0.05). Conclusion: The knowledge, attitude, and behavior of oral health among medical students in this school are above average. Students with different genders, dietary and smoking habits, and oral health status have different oral health behavioral habits. It is recommended to include oral health education in mandatory courses for various medical majors.

A cross-sectional study to assess medication safety,knowledge,attitude,and practices regarding nutrition and medication among pregnant women

Objective:To assess pregnant women's knowledge,attitude,and practice regarding nutrition and medication usage,analyse the prescribing pattern,and categorize them based on the Food and Drug Administration(FDA)guidelines.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted with 264 pregnant women in the obstetrics and gynaecology department of a tertiary care hospital from October 2022 to August 2023.A knowledge,attitude,and practice(KAP)questionnaire was prepared in English language by the researchers and validated by an expert panel consisting of 12 members.The validated questionnaire was then translated into regional languages,Kannada and Malayalam.The reliability of the questionnaire was assessed with test-retest method with a representative sample population of 30 subjects(10 subjects for each language).The subjects'knowledge,attitude,and practice were evaluated using the validated KAP questionnaire.The safety of the medication was assessed using the FDA drug safety classification for pregnancy.Results:The mean scores for nutritional and medication usage knowledge,attitude,and practice were 4.14±1.15,4.50±1.09,and 3.00±1.47,respectively.Among 30 prescribed medications,3 belong to category A(no risk in human studies),8 belong to category B(no risk in animal studies),18 belong to category C(risk cannot be ruled out)and 1 drug is not classified.A significant association was observed between medication knowledge and practice(r=0.159,P=0.010).Conclusions:Most of the study population knows the need to maintain good dietary and medication practices during pregnancy.Counselling pregnant women regarding diet and medication usage is crucial in maternal care.

Knowledge of Hospital Acquired Infections (HAIs) among Medical Students in a Tertiary Hospital in Jos North Local Government Area, Plateau State, Nigeria

Background: Hospital Acquired Infections (HAIs) remain a common cause of death, functional disability, emotional suffering and economic burden among hospitalized patients. Knowledge of HAIs is important in its prevention and control. This study seeks to assess the knowledge of Hospital Acquired Infections (HAIs) among medical students in a Tertiary Hospital in Jos North Local Government Area, Plateau State, Nigeria. Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study done in October 2019 among clinical medical students using a Multistage sampling technique. Data was collected using a self-administered structured questionnaire and analyzed using the IBM SPSS 20 (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences). Ethical approval was granted by Bingham University Teaching Hospital, Ethics Committee, Jos, Plateau State. Results: A total of 219 students in the clinical arm of the College of Medicine and Health Sciences were selected. A higher proportion (97.7%) of respondents knew about Hospital Acquired Infections and 85.4% knew that Hospital Acquired infections occur in the hospital, and (86.3%) considered patients contagious with half (58.9%) considered patients as the most important source of HAIs, followed by care givers (13.2%), then doctors including medical students and interns (10.0%) and lastly nurses (8.7%). The majority of respondents (70.8%) considered Surgical Wound Infections to be the most commonly occurring HAI, followed by UTIs (69.9%), RTIs (61.2%), BSIs (37.0%) and others (0.9%). The clinical thermometer was the instrument that most commonly transmits HAIs (82.6%), then followed by stethoscope (62.1%), white coats (53.9%), and blood pressure cuff (51.1%). Most respondents knew the infectious substances, like blood (96.3%), nasal discharge (82.6%), saliva (85.3%), and faeces (79.4%) transmitted HAIs, 72.6% of the respondents said that they were aware of the recommended hand washing techniques by WHO. Conclusion: The majority of students 91.3% had good knowledge while 8.7% had poor knowledge of HAIs. Lower classes had more respondents with poor knowledge. This finding was statistically significant (p = 0.002, Chi-square 12.819). Students are encouraged to keep up the level of knowledge they have about HAIs. These students can help improve the knowledge of those whose knowledge level is low. Government and NGOs should support sponsorship for capacity-building events targeted at HAIs for healthcare workers and medical students.

RepDNet:A re-parameterization despeckling network for autonomous underwater side-scan sonar imaging with prior-knowledge customized convolution

Side-scan sonar(SSS)is now a prevalent instrument for large-scale seafloor topography measurements,deployable on an autonomous underwater vehicle(AUV)to execute fully automated underwater acoustic scanning imaging along a predetermined trajectory.However,SSS images often suffer from speckle noise caused by mutual interference between echoes,and limited AUV computational resources further hinder noise suppression.Existing approaches for SSS image processing and speckle noise reduction rely heavily on complex network structures and fail to combine the benefits of deep learning and domain knowledge.To address the problem,Rep DNet,a novel and effective despeckling convolutional neural network is proposed.Rep DNet introduces two re-parameterized blocks:the Pixel Smoothing Block(PSB)and Edge Enhancement Block(EEB),preserving edge information while attenuating speckle noise.During training,PSB and EEB manifest as double-layered multi-branch structures,integrating first-order and secondorder derivatives and smoothing functions.During inference,the branches are re-parameterized into a 3×3 convolution,enabling efficient inference without sacrificing accuracy.Rep DNet comprises three computational operations:3×3 convolution,element-wise summation and Rectified Linear Unit activation.Evaluations on benchmark datasets,a real SSS dataset and Data collected at Lake Mulan aestablish Rep DNet as a well-balanced network,meeting the AUV computational constraints in terms of performance and latency.

Rabies by Dog Bites in Benin: Determinants of Good Knowledge of the Rabies Risk among Subjects Exposed in the Plateau Department in 2023

Rabies, a viral zoonosis, is one of the neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) that mainly affects poor and vulnerable populations. Human rabies is endemic in Benin. Although listed among the notifiable diseases, it nevertheless remains a neglected and under-reported disease. The objective of this study was to investigate the determinants of knowledge of rabies risk among subjects exposed to human rabies by dog bites in the Plateau department of Benin. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study with an analytical aim which involved a sample of 900 people aged at least 18 years old chosen randomly and residing in the Plateau department for at least six months. A pre-tested and validated digital questionnaire served as a data collection tool. Data analysis was done with R 3.4.1 software. The prevalence ratio was used as a measure of association. The confidence threshold was set at 5%. We carried out a multiple logistic regression using the likelihood ratio (top-down approach) in order to identify the main factors which influenced the good knowledge of human rabies in the population of Plateau. Results: In the study population, 80.89% of the subjects surveyed lived in a rural area. The sex ratio (Male/Female) was 1.11. The average age of the subjects was 40.24 ± 14.52 years. The prevalence of dog bites was 4.11% (95% CI = [3.00;5.63]) or 37 subjects bitten. After evaluation of knowledge of rabies risk in the study population, the main factors which positively influenced good knowledge of human rabies were age (p linear trend 0.01), residence of the subject in the municipality of Pobè (ORa = 8.34;95% CI = 0.83 - 1.23;p < 0.01), individual dwelling (ORa = 17.95;95% CI = 13.12 - 49.58;p < 0. 01), educational level of at least secondary (ORa = 5.53;CI 95 = 3.06 - 10.15;p = 0.01), the existence of a veterinary center (ORa = 3.66;CI 95 = 1.07 - 12.43 p = 0.01) and knowledge of a dog bites victim (ORa = 6.55;95% CI = 2.73 - 8.25;p < 0.01). Conclusion: This population study confirms that human rabies remains a public health problem with a need to raise awareness among populations on good prevention practices against human rabies after a dog bite in the Plateau department. This could help to improve strategies surveillance for the control and eradication of human rabies through the implementation of the One Health approach.