Knowledge and discriminatory attitudes towards HIV/AIDS among the women of reproductive age group of Pakistan using the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey(MICS)

Background Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome(HIV/AIDS)has become a major worldwide public health issue,with a focus on developing nations.Despite having a very low HIV prevalence,South Asia faces serious issues with stigma and false information because of a lack of awareness.This stigma highlights significant gaps in popular awareness while also sustaining unfavorable attitudes towards those living with HIV/AIDS.Pakistan is ranked second in South Asia for the rapidly increasing AIDS epidemic.Thorough information and optimistic outlooks are essential for successful HIV/AIDS prevention,control,and treatment.But false beliefs about how HIV/AIDS spreads lead to negative perceptions,which highlights the need to look into how women’s knowledge and attitudes about HIV/AIDS in Pakistan are influenced by sociodemographic traits and autonomy.Methods The purpose of this study is to evaluate Pakistani women’s discriminatory attitudes and level of awareness on HIV/AIDS.This study used data(the women in reproductive age 15-49 years’dataset)from the Pakistan Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey to conduct an analytical cross-sectional analysis.To represent the respondents’attitudes and knowledge towards people living with HIV(PLHIV),two composite variables were developed and composite scored.Binary logistics regression was used to identify predictor variables and chi-square was used for bivariate analysis.Results The findings reveal that almost 90%of Pakistani women have poor knowledge and attitude with HIV/AIDS.In Punjab,72.8%of rural residents have low knowledge,whereas only 20.6%of young individuals(15-<25 years old)show the least amount of ignorance.Education is shown to be crucial,and“Higher”education is associated with superior knowledge.Urban dwellers in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa typically have more expertise.Knowledge of HIV is positively correlated with education;those with higher education levels know a lot more(odds ratio[OR]=5.419).Similarly,quintiles with greater incomes show a higher likelihood of knowing about HIV(OR=6.745).The study identifies age,wealth index,place of residence,educational attainment,and exposure to contemporary media as significant predictors influencing HIV knowledge and attitudes among women in these provinces.Conclusion The majority of respondents had negative opinions regarding the virus,and the majority of women in the study knew very little about HIV.Individuals who live in metropolitan areas,have higher incomes,are better educated,are exposed to contemporary media,and are generally more aware of HIV and have more positive attitudes towards HIV/AIDS,or PLHIV.The study found that,in comparison to those living in urban environments,those from rural areas with low socioeconomic level have a negative attitude and inadequate understanding.

Assessment of the Level of Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice with Regard to Care of People Living with HIV/AIDS among Nursing and Midwifery Students in Fako, Cameroon

Due to the chronic shortage of health personnel, nurses and midwives now play a fundamental role in the care and treatment of people living with HIV/ AIDS (PLHIV) in Cameroon. This study was therefore designed to assess the level of knowledge, attitude and practice with regard to care of PLHIV among nursing and midwifery students in Fako division of Cameroon. A survey was performed between May and July 2015, among 227 nursing and midwifery students (in their second to final year of study), selected from 8 government accredited training institutions in Fako division of Cameroon. An anonymous self-administered semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data. The Pearson’s chi-square test, univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses adjusting for possible confounders were all performed as part of the statistical analyses. The cutoff of statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. Nursing and midwifery students had a moderate level of HIV/AIDS knowledge (average score of 7.02 on a scale of 11). Attitude towards PLHIV was generally positive (68.7%) but there were some misconceptions and prejudice about PLHIV, with considerable stigmatization (31.3%), unwillingness to share a room with someone infected with HIV (27.7%), and unwillingness to work on PLHIV (23.8%). Good HIV/AIDS knowledge was observed to be the sole independent predictor (p = 0.004) of positive attitude towards PLHIV. Fur-thermore the confidence of the respondents regarding care of PLHIV was generally moderate. Our results suggest the need for the development of a more appropriate education program in nursing and midwifery institutions in Fako division to reduce the discrepancies between the general knowledge, attitude and practice regarding care of PLHIV.

Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Regarding HIV/AIDS among Students in China

HIV/AIDS remains one of the world’s most significant public health challenges, particularly in low and middle-income region. China has witnessed a moderate effect of global HIV/AIDS endemic for which HIV/AIDS awareness and prevention program have been developed and conducted. In China the university students are among the affected target population because of the recent development of casual attitude towards sex, the rapid economic revolution and degradation of traditional value. The purpose of this paper is to describe HIV/AIDS knowledge, attitudes, and practice and identify personal risk behaviors among students in China. Selection of the articles suitable for the review was done from 2007 to 2016 on the basis of their study regarding HIV/AIDS in accordance with different students of schools, undergraduate and postgraduate study. Knowledge of the students is accordance with their education level while attitude have no relation with the knowledge and still there is unsafe sexual practice present among students. Although students have good knowledge regarding HIV/AIDS, they have still negative attitude towards HIV/AIDS patients. There are still misconceptions especially concerning mosquitos and kissing as routes of transmission of HIV. There is difficulty in separating HIV from AIDS by many students. Due to insufficient knowledge regarding HIV/AIDS among school students many of them believe that there is a medicine that can cure HIV/AIDS. Comparatively Students are more focused on knowledge regarding HIV/AIDS rather than developing and maintaining safe sexual behavior among the students. We believe that the review will help to focus further into the more effective attitude based implementation of knowledge and practice among Chinese students.

Basic Knowledge and Attitudes to Promote Safe Behaviours to Grade 8 Learners Concerning Burden of Diseases Including HIV/AIDS

This paper focuses on knowledge and attitudes of Grade 8 pupils about HIV/AIDS and opportunistic diseases. In particular, people need to know what it is, how it is transmitted, how to protect themselves from it, and how to relate to people with the disease. According to the National policy for HIV/AIDS, schools are key settings for educating children about HIV/AIDS and for halting further spread of the infection. It has been noticeable that Grade 8 pupils in the rural areas around Mthatha district are particularly at risk of getting HIV. The focus is often more on Grade 11 and 12 pupils, so female Grade 10 pupils look for boys for attention. This resulted for the female pupils to fall pregnant. The fact that some of them are falling pregnant means they are also more vulnerable to contracting HIV. This shows that little information is available for them and this paper is contributing to that body of knowledge. Prevention therefore is the most effective strategy to combat pregnancy and against the spread of HIV/AIDS in schools. Measures should be taken to remove the social, cultural and political barriers that might block access to HIV/AIDS services and programmes. The results showed that while some Grade 8 pupils are aware of HIV/AIDS, there are others who said it does not exist. It has also been highlighted that the phenomenon of pupils having unprotected sex with older men for money, as well as pupils saying they did not have time to use condoms. It is therefore recommended that pupils need to have role models, people they can look up to. In the absence of parents, it should be teachers＇ responsibility to advise the pupils and inform them about Sexually Transmitted Infections （STIs） and HIV/AIDS in schools.

A Survey on the Current Situation of Prehospital First Aid about Knowledge, Belief and Behavior among University Students in Jingzhou

Objective: To understand the current situation of prehospital first aid knowledge, attitude and behavior of university students in Jingzhou City. Methods: A prehospital first aid knowledge questionnaire and the convenience sampling method were used to survey 307 university students in Jingzhou City. Results: The mean score of prehospital first aid knowledge of university students in Jingzhou City was 12.85 ± 2.643, the mean score of attitude was 50.73 ± 4.114, and the mean score of behavior was 39.05 ± 8.898;There was a statistically significant difference in the scores of prehospital first aid knowledge, attitude, and behavior of university students depending on whether or not they had received prehospital first aid training (P P Conclusion: Jingzhou University students have a positive attitude toward pre-hospital first aid, but the knowledge level and behavior are low, which suggests that the government, society and the school should create good conditions to promote the improvement of pre-hospital first aid knowledge and ability.

HIV and AIDS related knowledge, beliefs and attitudes among rural communities hard to reach in Sudan

Background and Objective: There is a rising concern about Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) related knowledge in rural communities of Sudan. This study focuses on determining the extend of knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes about HIV/ AIDS among rural communities difficult to access in the six States of Sudan. Subjects and Methods: Six thousand and one hundred twenty five respondents were interviewed through the method of house-to-house visits. A structured questionnaire was administered by research assistants recruited from the Faculty of Medicine, Khartoum University during a rural residency campaign in six states of Central, Eastern and Northern Sudan during 2008/2009. Results: Of the total interviewees, 48% were aware of the HIV/AIDS risk;46% reported to have good health seeking behaviors for HIV/AIDS. 54.4% of women reported to have better knowledge about the disease than men (45.6%). 38% (2005) had not heard of safety use of condom whereas 16% (320) had used it. Logistic regression revealed that 5.3% of knowledge about the disease was explained by gender, education and religion adjusted over age of the respondents. Conclusions: Mass media were the most common source of information about the existent risk of HIV/AIDS in rural communities. These findings could assist Sudanese National Aids Programme (SNAP), healthcare providers and policymakers to develop informative materials and health education programs to educate rural community is about the risk of HIV/AIDS.

Sexual Attitudes among College Students: An Approach in Mexico

Objective: To develop a predictive model for HIV/AIDS in the sexual behavior of university students from a public university in the state of Guanajuato. Methodology: Correlational study involved 294 university students from 18 to 19 years of age by stratified random sampling. The instruments used were: attitudes, subjective norms, self-efficacy and intentions for HIV/AIDS and sexual behavior. Descriptive statistics, normality test of Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Spearman correlation and logistic regression was used. Results: In describing sexual behavior of young students at the beginning of sexual life is observed that 61.9% of them have had sexual life, with higher per- centage in men. Of the 182 university students who reported first sexual intercourse used a contraceptive method 138 and 135 specifically used a condom the first time they had sex. The variables that have the ability to predict the sex drive at the start of sexual life, are the attitudes and perceived behavioral control (X2 = 39,638, df = 4, p < 0.000), reporting a 12.6% of explained variance. Conclusions: In general, university students today are perceived as vulnerable to sexual behavior and have safe sex, which leads us to think that protect not get HIV/AIDS and unwanted pregnancies.

四川省凉山艾滋病高发地区育龄妇女和妇幼工作者AIDs／HIV相关知识知晓情况和态度调查

目的了解四川省凉山艾滋病高发地区育龄妇女和妇幼工作者对艾滋病相关知识的知晓情况和态度意识,并为制定有效的艾滋病母婴传播阻断的干预模式提供科学有效的依据。方法在凉山彝族自治州昭觉县选择2个乡共13个村的82名育龄妇女村民和44名各级妇幼工作者共126人,进行一对一双语(彝语或汉语)不记名问卷调查。结果全部调查对象对HIV所有传播途径回答正确的比例为84.9%,但所有非传播途径回答正确的比例仅为38.9%。AIDs知识得分(满分12分),妇幼工作者平均得分9.0±2.4,育龄妇女平均得分8.5±1.7,按3个等级计,可认为育龄妇女知识的掌握与妇幼工作者无明显差异(Z=-1.507,P=0.132)。除县(乡)级妇幼工作者以外,村级妇幼工作者和全部育龄妇女村民对HIV的3种非传播途径、定期服用抗生素不能预防以及目前无有效疫苗或药物预防的知晓率都很低,且对AIDs/HIV感染者歧视现象较严重。结论村级妇幼工作者和全部育龄妇女村民对除传播途径外的艾滋病其他知识相当匮乏,对HIV感染者的歧视、恐惧及过度排斥态度较严重。应加强对该地区基层妇幼工作者和育龄妇女艾滋病知识的培训和教育。

安徽省城市居民HIV/AIDS知识 态度及其与健康教育的关系

目的 了解城市居民艾滋病 (AIDS)知识、态度及其影响因素 ,为深入开展健康教育提供依据。方法 在3个级别的 5个城市中 ,采取连续抽样的方法 ,对 979名居民进行拦截匿名问卷调查 ,内容包括社会人口特征、艾滋病病毒 (HIV) /AIDS知识、对待HIV感染者的态度和接触艾滋病日宣传活动情况。结果 9 6 %的人基本知识得分为满分 ,11 0 %的调查对象无错误认识 ,有 2 2 9%的人对待HIV/AIDS持积极态度。流动人群、文化程度低、女性、未婚和≤ 18岁者AIDS知识薄弱 ;报纸和电视是有效的健康教育途径。结论 充分发挥报纸和电视在居民健康教育中的作用 ,提高居民AIDS知识水平。

云南省4个地区780名孕产妇预防HIV/AIDS母婴垂直传播知识态度调查

目的 了解云南省艾滋病病毒 (HIV)不同流行地区孕妇时艾滋病 (AIDS)的知识、态度及行为 ,为开展宣传教育、阻断母婴垂直传播自愿咨询、检测提供依据。方法 选择省、地区、县不同地理分布 ,孕妇HIV感染率高、中、低的 4个地区孕产妇为调查对象 ,用问卷调查表收集关于AIDS ,特别是母婴垂直传播有关的知识、态度及行为方面资料。结果 4个地区共调查 780名孕产妇 ,其中 6 41人听说过AIDS ,占 82 2 %,有关三种传播途径的正确回答率为 5 5 0 %～ 83 7%,但 73%的孕产妇认为日常生活中共餐、接吻、握手或入厕等会传播 ,37 2 %的人对婚前性行为的观念表示接受 ,77 2 %～ 81 8%的孕产妇认为婚检及产前检查中应加入HIV检测 ,91 4%的孕产妇愿意医生为其提供有关HIV知识宣传 ;83 6 %～ 84 5 %孕产妇愿意接受人工流产术、剖腹产及降低垂直传播的药物治疗。6 2 1%的孕产妇认识到安全套可预防AIDS传播。结论 孕产妇对AIDS的认识比较低 ,但愿意积极参与降低HIV垂直传播的工作。应加强预防AIDS宣传教育 ,特别是尽快在重点地区探索开展降低孕妇HIV垂直传播的工作 ,以预防AIDS的母婴垂直传播。

护理人员HIV/AIDS知识、态度、技能的干预研究

目的:探讨对护理人员系统进行艾滋病相关知识、态度、技能等培训后,护理人员对HIV/AIDS的认知、态度及实际技能的改变。方法:采用便利抽样的方法,选择三级甲等医院800名护理人员进行培训,进行基线和终期及每期培训前后问卷调查。结果:培训后护理人员有关艾滋病知识、操作技能与培训前有统计学差异(Р<0.01),而护理人员对艾滋病态度与培训前无显著差异(Р>0.01)。结论:对护理人员进行艾滋病相关知识和技能的培训是必要的。

中国部分地区疾病预防控制工作人员HIV/AIDS知识、态度及行为的调查分析

目的了解中国部分地区疾控人员HIV/AIDS知识、态度及行为状况,指导当地开展健康教育。方法采用自填式问卷,分别调查省级、市级和区/县级单位疾控人员,进行流行病学现况研究。结果95%以上的疾控人员对HIV/AIDS相关知识掌握较好;50%左右的疾控人员认为患艾滋病是件不光彩的事情,害怕别人知道;40%左右的疾控人员对由不良行为感染HIV的患者心存厌恶态度;工作中接触到艾滋病患者时,61.8%的疾病控制人员愿意做全部的工作;在自己感染HIV后,68.3%的疾控人员认为能够正常工作生活。不同单位级别间认知程度无明显差别;但态度和行为存在差别,且差别不一致。结论应加强HIV/AIDS态度和行为相关的健康教育,端正疾控人员对艾滋病病人或感染者的态度和行为。

安徽省阜南县中学生HIV/AIDS知识、态度及行为调查

目的:了解中学生对HIV/AIDS知识的掌握程度,探讨针对中学生的有效HIV/AIDS健康教育方式。方法:采用匿名问卷对安徽省阜南县几所中学的学生进行调查。结果:调查的600人中HIV/AIDS总体知识回答正确率平均为52.2%,高中生回答正确率普遍高于初中生,对传播途径认知的得分非常显著地高于非传播途径(P<0.01);对AIDS病人或HIV感染者的态度得分总体偏低。多因素Logistic分析结果显示,以往接受过艾滋病宣传和年龄是中学生艾滋病知识总体知晓率的影响因素。结论:应加强对中学生的HIV/AIDS健康教育,重视从低年级开始开展各种形式的HIV/AIDS宣传教育。

农村少数民族HIV AIDS知识、态度、行为及相关因素的调查

探索农村普通居民感染艾滋病的危险因素， 为在农村开展艾滋病健康教育提供依据， 对云南省某市农村４８９ 例村民进行艾滋病知识态度行为的定性定量研究， 结果表明目标人群ＨＩＶＡＩＤＳ知识有限， 有待提高， 态度和行为也不容乐观． 其知识、态度、行为受到性别、文化程度、年龄、民族等因素的影响，结果有利于艾滋病预防的一面， 更多的是负性影响． 结果提示要开展多种形式多部门协作、有针对性的综合性健康教育．

广东省广州市4类高危人群HIV/AIDS的知信行调查分析

目的比较广东省广州市4类高危人群的HIV/AIDS知信行,提出针对不同人群特征的HIV/AIDS防治策略。方法采用便利抽样方法,对女性性工作者、戒毒人员、男男同性恋、流动人口4类人群进行HIV/AIDS相关知信行调查。结果 4类高危人群艾滋病总体知晓率为60%～70%。MSMs对HIV感染途径知晓率最高,为94.2%。FDAs对HIV非感染途径和预防知识的了解程度最高,知晓率分别为75.5%和58.8%。FSWs对治疗知识的掌握程度最高,知晓率为50.0%。4类人群最近半年与固定性伴性行为时,不足1/3的受调查者坚持每次使用安全套,在FDAs人群中该比例最低(P<0.01),仅为13.9%。最近一次与固定性伴性行为安全套使用率在各高危人群均不足60%,在FSWs人群中该比例最低(P<0.01),仅为23.0%。最近半年商业性行为调查显示,8.1%的FSWs人群首次商业性行为时未满18岁;FSWs人群在近半年性行为安全套每次都使用率(75.6%)、最近一次安全套使用率(90.8%)上均高于其他3类人群(P<0.01)。72.9%的MSMs首次性行为对象为男性,近半年与同性(固定性伴或临时性伴)发生肛交行为时,仅有36.8%坚持每次都使用安全套。结论 4类高危人群对艾滋病健康相关知识的掌握不平衡,认知与行为存在分离现象,应针对不同人群提出不同的宣传教育策略和干预措施。

306例吸毒者吸毒行为及HIV/AIDS的KAB调查

目的 :了解吸毒者的吸毒行为及有关HIV AIDS的知识、态度和行为情况。方法 :采用自制问卷匿名填表方法于 1998年 6月对昆明市两戒毒机构的戒毒人员进行横断面调查。调查结果用SPSS10 .0版本进行统计分析。结果 :77.1%的吸毒者以静脉注射的方式吸毒 ,其中 ,6 8.3%的人共用过注射器 ,仅 6 .2 %人采用正确方法消毒注射器。吸毒者中 79.6 %的人有两个以上的性伴侣 ,经常或每次使用安全套的人仅占 16 .9%。大多数吸毒者能正确回答艾滋病的传播途径但缺乏预防艾滋病的知识。结论 :吸毒人群感染HIV AIDS的危险行为非常普遍 ,且知晓知识到行为改变仍有很大距离 ,建议开展减少伤害的干预项目。

某医学院校师生HIV/AIDS知识、态度及行为的调查分析

目的了解医学院校教师和医学生HIV/AIDS知识、态度及行为状况,探讨健康教育的方向。方法采用自填式问卷调查,调查某医学院校教师和医学生共110名,进行流行病学现况研究。结果约90%的调查对象对HIV/AIDS相关知识掌握较好;75%左右的调查对象认为患艾滋病是不光彩的事情,害怕别人知道;37.3%的教师和13.7%的医学生对由不良行为感染HIV者心存厌恶态度;工作中接触到艾滋病患者时,仅有32.2%的教师和51.0%的医学生愿意做全部的工作;在自己感染HIV后,仅有55.9%的教师和54.9%的医学生能够正常工作生活。教师和医学生认知程度无明显差别(P>0.05),但态度和行为存在差别(P<0.05),且差别不一致。结论应加强HIV/AIDS态度和行为相关的健康教育,端正医学院校教师和医学生对艾滋病人或HIV感染者的态度和行为。

桂西地区258例HIV/AIDS患者艾滋病认知行为调查

目的对桂西地区HIV/AIDS患者的艾滋病相关认知水平、态度和行为进行调查和分析,为我地区更好地制定艾滋病防治措施提供参考。方法对桂西地区2014年6月~2015年6月确诊为HIV/AIDS的258例患者进行问卷调查。设计符合该地区实际情况的调查问卷,问卷的内容包含：一般资料,艾滋病知识的认知、态度与行为等。统计并分析调查结果,以便为艾滋病防控措施的制定提供数据支持。结果我地区HIV/AIDS患者对艾滋病知识的认知情况较差,大部分艾滋病知识题目的正确率〈60%,例如对于与艾滋病病人日常行为接触是否感染艾滋病的正确率仅为22.87%;HIV/AIDS患者对艾滋病感染者的相关态度较好,绝大部分患者支持尊重和保护被感染者;HIV/AIDS患者选择安全性行为的比例较低,部分患者经常存在高危性行为。结论桂西地区HIV/AIDS患者对艾滋病相关知识的认知不全面、存在高危性行为。针对我地区HIV/AIDS患者的实际情况,必须进一步加强干预和健康教育,尽可能切断艾滋病的传播途径。

在校大学生对AIDS的认知与对HIV感染者态度调查

目的调查广州市在校大学生AIDS相关知识及对HIV感染者态度现状,为学校更有效地开展大学生AIDS健康教育提供依据。方法采用目的抽样方法,对广州市某高校1200名在校大学生进行关于AIDS相关知识、态度的问卷调查。结果不同年级、生源地,AIDS相关知识差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.01);多数学生对HIV感染者持积极态度,但仅5.73%的学生愿意与HIV感染者共餐;2.70%愿意与感染HIV的同学同住一个寝室。网络是大学生获取AIDS相关知识的最主要途径。结论大学生AIDS相关知识知晓率水平较高,但缺乏系统性和全面性;多数学生对HIV感染者持积极态度,但是一旦与自我卷入较深,即表现出对HIV感染者的回避甚至歧视。高校应加强对大学生AIDS健康教育的系统性、全面性和深刻性,以消除对AIDS的心理恐惧,达到对HIV感染者的零歧视。

中国城市妇女AIDS知识 态度 行为情况调查

目的 了解中国城市妇女对艾滋病 (AIDS)知识、态度及行为现况 ,为制定中国妇女预防与控制AIDS的工作方针与策略提供依据。方法 随机选择 8个AIDS流行率不同的省 ,采取分层整群抽样方式 ,每省抽取 1个城市的 15～ 49岁城市妇女 10 0人 ,共计 80 0人。主要了解中国城市妇女AIDS相关知识、态度、行为的现况 ,AIDS流行及潜在的危险行为因素等。结果 有效表 792份 ( 99 0 % )。 ( 1) 90 %以上的调查对象对性交和输血途径传播AIDS有正确认识 ,而 2 0 %调查对象对母婴传播途径缺乏认识 ;近 1/ 2的调查对象对蚊虫叮咬、干吻等非传播途径存在错误认识 ;( 2 )对艾滋病病毒感染者 (HIV)是否需要隔离 ,是否应继续学习或工作 ,回答正确率仅为 2 7 1%和5 5 3 % ,表明人们对AIDS存在歧视甚至恐惧认识 ;( 3 ) 6 9%的调查对象认为少量毒品对人无危害 ;11 9%的调查对象周围有朋友吸毒 ;0 4%的调查对象明确表示吸毒 ;0 7%的调查对象有吸毒史 (其中 0 0 8%静脉吸毒 ) ;0 7%调查对象的丈夫有吸毒史 (其中 0 0 4%为静脉吸毒 ) ;( 4) 1 1%的调查对象有婚外性伴侣 ;2 5 %拒绝回答该问题 ;( 5 )有 77 7%的调查对象采取宫内节育器及结扎等避孕措施 ,仅 6 2 %调查对象每次性生活都用安全套 ;( 6) 10 8%的调查对象存在生?