Associations between residence and cognitive function among Chinese older adults: the mediating role of leisure activity

Background:Cognitive function is a current research hotspot,residence may be related to differences in cognitive function,and the mediating role of leisure activities are limited in Chinese research.This study used leisure activities as a mediating variable to investigate the mediating role of leisure activity between place of residence(city-town-rural)and cognitive function among Chinese older,this is where the innovation of the article comes in.Methods:Using cross-sectional data from the 2018 Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey,Pearson correlation analyses were employed to examine the relationships among various indicators.Mediation analyses were conducted using the SPSS PROCESS macro program,version 3.5,written by Hayes,to explore the mediating effects of leisure activity between place of residence and cognitive function in older adults.Results:A total of 10955 older adults were included in this study,with a mean age of(84.23±11.57)years.Among them,2739(24.8%)lived in the city,3627(33.1%)in town,and 4615(42.1%)in rural areas;their leisure activity score was(5.34±3.77),and their cognitive function score was(24.69±6.65).Place of residence,leisure activities,and cognitive function were significantly correlated(P<0.01).Using city as a reference,place of residence is negatively associated with cognitive function,and place of residence not only had a direct effect on cognitive function in older adults:town-cognitive function(effect=–0.399;95%confidence interval(CI)=(–0.685,–0.113));rural-cognitive function(effect=–0.42;95%CI=(–0.698,–0.141)).There were also indirect effects on cognitive function through the pathway of leisure activity:town-leisure activity-cognitive function(effect=–0.17;95%CI=(–0.246,–0.1)),rural-leisure activity-cognitive function(effect=–0.199;95%CI=(–0.272,–0.13)).Conclusion:Leisure activities play a partially mediating role between the impact of place of residence and cognitive function in Chinese older adults,and it is vital to pay attention to the impact of place of residence on the cognitive function of older adults in various aspects,and to increase the participation rate of older adults in leisure activities,which is beneficial to the prevention of cognitive decline and the protection of older adult’s physical and mental health.

A Case-Control Study on Leisure Time Physical Activity (LTPA) during the Last Three Months of Pregnancy and Foetal Outcomes in Italy

The association between Leisure Time Physical Activity (LTPA) during pregnancy and foetal outcomes has been extensively investigated. However, epidemiological studies specifically referred to LPTA in the last months of pregnancy are scarce. We evaluated the association between LPTA and the risk of both preterm delivery and small for gestational age (SGA) during the last three months of pregnancy in Italy. A nationwide case-control study was performed in nine Italian cities. A total of 299 preterm delivery, 364 SGA and 855 controls were enrolled in the study. A self-administered questionnaire was used to assess socio-demographic variables, medical and reproductive history, life-style habits and LTPA referred to the last three months of pregnancy. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed in order to estimate Odds ratios and 95% CI. LTPA during the last three months of pregnancy decreases the risk of preterm delivery (adjusted OR = 0.56;95% CI 0.39 - 0.79). Among the different types of physical activity, walking, the most frequently referred activity, appears significantly protective against preterm delivery (adjusted OR = 0.53;95% CI 0.36 - 0.81). Moreover, a small protective effect of walking was evidenced against SGA (adjusted OR = 0.72;95% CI 0.51 - 1.00). In conclusion, a mild physical activity such as walking in the last three months of pregnancy seems to reduce the risk of preterm delivery and, at a lesser extent, of SGA, confirming the beneficial effects of physical activity along the whole pregnancy.

Physical Activity and Leisure in the Daily Life of Nursing Students

The aim of this paper was to describe the routine of Brazilian nursing students, identifying the activities that are part of their daily life, highlighting how much time they dedicate for physical activity practice in their leisure time. The participants of this cross-sectional study were 141 nursing students from a public university in the State of São Paulo. Data were collected using a sociodemographic questionnaire, three closed questions about physical activities and one open question in which the students described their daily life activities. For analysis, we used the chi-squared-test and content analysis. Although academic, household and work activities take up most of the students’ week, some dedicate a portion of their daily live to enjoy leisure periods with physical activities, sedentary behavior and sociocultural activities. Some options of activities seem to be related to Brazilian cultural aspects that are pointed out in this paper. Some recommendations were made, aiming at improving the health of students as well as the importance of a healthier school environment.

The Effects of a Lifestyle Modification Program on a Leisure Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior in a Brazilian Low Socioeconomic Community

Regular physical activity benefits the health of the general population, more in those with sedentary behaviors. PURPOSE： To verify the impact of adding leisure-time activities to the existed sedentary behaviors. METHODS： A cross-sectional and a longitudinal analysis were undertaken in an ongoing epidemiological study （＂Move for Health＂） conducted by this Institution. The longitudinal study comprised 1572 subjects older than 35 yrs （53.8 ± 11.1 yrs, 76% women） enrolled during the period of 2004 to 2015. After a baseline assessment, the participants were submitted to a 10-week program of supervised physical exercises training and dietary counseling. The physical exercise protocol was composed by daily sessions （100 min）, 3-5x/wk, including warm up/stretching （20min）, 30 rain walking （60%-80% VO2max）, 40min strength in academy （3x 8-12 rep, 60%-70% 1RM） and stretching and cool down （10 min）. By using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire （IPAQ-way long-version 8）, it was evaluated the time spent on sedentary activities during the week and on weekends （h/day）, in the domains of sedentary transport （h/week） and physical leisure activities （h/week） at baseline （M0） and after 10 weeks （MI） of physical intervention. The Student＇s t test was used to compare moments with a significance level of 5%. RESULTS： I was shown that 18.3% presented lower values than 150 min/wk of physical activity. Lower quartile of leisure domain on weekdays along with more sedentary behavior on weekends were determined by socioeconomic characteristics such as lower income and schooling. The sample referred low income （71% earning less than 5 minimum salary wage）, low schooling （52.6% uncompleted elementary school） but in a good-excellent status of health, according their self-perception. Leisure time-physical activity increased 2.12 （P 〈 0.001）. Behaviors of sedentary transport and sitting time either weekdays or weekends did not change significantly （P 〉 0.05）. CONCLUSION： An inexpensive and institutional-conducted lifestyle modification program like the ＂Move for Health＂ can provide extra energy expenditure, as leisure time, to a low socioeconomic community. However, it has been unsuccessfully proved to change other existing sedentary behavior.

Perceived barriers to leisure time physical activity: What Brazilians have to say?

Background: Physical inactivity is a major public health concern worldwide. Leisure time is an important domain of physical activity that draws the attention of researchers due to its voluntary characteristic. Understanding the barriers that prevent individuals to be engaged in leisure time physical activity should be an ongoing concern that has the potential to lead to better strategies and interventions to promote physical activity in the populations. Objectives: This study explored perceived barriers to leisure time physical activity (LTPA) in Brazilian adults living in a midsize city. Methods: A total of 1213 adults were evaluated on barriers to LTPA. LTPA was assessed using the section four of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Barriers were assessed using a list of 22 factors that prevent individuals engaging in LTPA. Results: Women, insufficiently active men and women, and low incoming individuals reported a higher number of barriers in average compared to their counterparts. Lack of time and feeling too lazy presented the strongest association with being inactive during leisure time. Conclusions: Understanding factors related to physical inactivity can help authorities in creating strategies, and developing effective health promotion programs.

Spatial Structure of Urban Residents’ Leisure Activities: A Case Study of Shenyang, China

The spatial characteristics of residents’ leisure activities not only reflect their demand for urban leisure space but also affect the urban spatial layout. This study takes Shenyang, China as an example and analyzes the characteristics of residents’ leisure activities through questionnaires. On this basis, it uses point of interest data and mobile phone signaling data to identify various types of residential and leisure functional relationships, and uses spatial analysis and community detection to assess the distance characteristics, flow patterns, and community structure of residents’ leisure activities, so as to discuss the spatial structure of residents’ leisure activities in Shenyang. The results showed that: (1) in addition to leisure at home, Shenyang residents mainly went to shopping malls, supermarkets,and parks for leisure activities, and the proportions of residents of the two types of leisure activities were approximately equal;(2) the average distances that residents traveled for shopping and park leisure were near in the middle and far in the periphery, and the travel costs of peripheral residents for centrally located leisure were higher than those for residents in central areas;(3) the flow patterns of the residential-shopping and residential-park functional relationships displayed clustering mode characteristics, and Shenyang presented a significant monocentric structure;and (4) residents’ shopping activities were concentrated in the southern community, and walking in the park activities were concentrated in the western community. Residents’ leisure activities were characterized by centripetal agglomeration,which was prone to problems such as traffic congestion and big city diseases. The spatial expansion process in the city was characterized by obvious directional inheritance and path dependence, and the construction of sub-cities is needed to improve the related service facilities.

Low Frequency of Leisure-Time Activities Correlates with Cognitive Decline and Apathy in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease

Objective: The purpose of this study is to investigate habitual leisure-time activities (physical and non-physical leisure activities) in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD), and to determine any potential benefits of these activities on cognitive functions and emotional symptoms. Methods: Thirty-two patients with PD and 25 demographically-matched healthy controls participated in the present study. Neuropsychological tests (Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Trail Making Test, Digit Span Test, Verbal Fluency Test, and Japanese Verbal Learning Test), assessment of emotional sym- ptoms, and interviews for confirmation of habitual leisure-time activities were conducted for all participants. Results: Patients with PD significantly showed the lower frequency of both physical and non-physical leisure activities than healthy controls. Compared to patients who engaged in physical leisure activities, patients who did not engage in such activities performed worse on the Trail Making Test (TMT-B, and TMT-B minus A). Moreover, patients who engaged in non-physical leisure activities were less apathetic than patients who did not engage in such activities. Conclusions: Our preliminary study shows that habitual leisure-time activities correlate with cognitive function and emotions in patients with PD. Reducing sedentary lifestyles and promoting habitual leisure-time activities may be helpful for preventing cognitive decline and apathy.

Improving Urban Retirees’ Well-Being by Leisure Activities

This research is to investigate urban retirees’ needs and suggest the design direction of leisure facilities. Unlike the existing approach based on deterioration of physical ability, this will allow a new type of suggestion to enable the retirees to live their second lives in a more creative way. By analyzing their common memories and events, it was found that they developed their desire for leisure from their experience of wealth and economic growths. Some preceding research pointed out that their actual leisure activities tend to be static and passive in general. Through the interview, however, this research has found that there are 45 indoor activities and 75 outdoor leisure activities, while their potential demands for leisure further extends to 88. With outdoor activities outnumbering indoor activities, the result shows the opposite tendency to the preceding research. On the other hand, their potential demands for leisure further extended to include more intellectually stimulating learning activities.

Twelve weeks of dance exergaming in overweight and obese adolescent girls:Transfer effects on physical activity,screen time,and self-efficacy

Background: Given the low levels of physical activity(PA) among adolescent girls in the US, there is a need to identify tools to motivate increased PA. Although there is limited evidence that adolescents transfer PA from one context to another, exergames(i.e., video games that require gross motor activity) may act as a gateway to promote overall PA outside game play. The purpose of this study was to examine potential transfer effects(i.e., influences on external behaviors and psychological constructs) of a 12-week exergaming intervention on adolescent girls' PA, screen time,and self-efficacy toward PA, as well as the intrinsic motivation of exergaming.Methods: Participants were 37 girls aged 14–18 years(65% African American, 35% white) who were overweight or obese(body mass index ≥ 85 th percentile) and were recruited from the community via school, physicians, news media, and social media websites. Adolescents were randomly assigned to a 12-week group exergaming intervention(thirty-six 60 min sessions of group-based dance exergaming in a research laboratory using Kinect for Xbox360(Microsoft Corporation, Redmond, WA, USA)) or to a no-treatment control group. Outcome variables included objectively measured PA(total) and self-reported leisure-time PA(discretionary time only) 1 week before vs. 1 week after the intervention; selected type and intensity of PA when placed in a gym setting for 30 min("cardio free choice"); screen time; self-efficacy toward PA; and intrinsic motivation toward exergaming.Results: Attendance at the exergaming sessions was high(80%). Compared with the control group, the intervention group self-reported an increase in PA(p = 0.035) and fewer hours watching television or videos(p = 0.01) after the intervention, but there were no significant differences in sedentary, light, moderate, or vigorous PA measured by accelerometry. The intervention group significantly improved self-efficacy toward PA(p = 0.028). The intervention group highly rated intrinsic motivation toward exergaming.Conclusion: Exergaming for 12 weeks was associated with positive impacts on adolescent girls' self-reported PA, television viewing, self-efficacy,and intrinsic motivation. Future research is warranted to leverage exergames as an enjoyable, motivating, and effective PA tool.

A Study on the Participation of Foreign Students in Local Cultural and Folk Activities in Wenzhou

The number of foreign students studying in Wenzhou, China has increased dramatically as a result of the Belt and Road Initiative. Learning the motivations and leisure constraints of foreign students' participation in local cultural and folk activities in Wenzhou is beneficial to promoting cultural adaptation, strengthening Chinese cultural self-confidence, and improving Wenzhou's international image. Based on the hierarchical model of leisure constraints (personal constraints, interpersonal constraints, and structural constraints), this study has tended to focus on the leisure constraints for foreign students participating in local folk and cultural activities in Wenzhou. A total of seven participants were included in the analysis.

数字时代的“老有所乐”:互联网使用与城市老年人休闲生活质量

更高质量的休闲生活是积极老龄化战略的重要议题,也是衡量老年群体健康福祉的关键指标。文章利用2018年中国综合社会调查数据,基于网络增益效应的理论视角,实证检验了互联网使用对城市老年人休闲生活质量的影响及其作用机制。研究发现,目前我国城市老年人的休闲活动可归结为成就型、怡情型、娱乐型、闲散型4种基本类型,且以娱乐型和闲散型为主。互联网使用显著提高了城市老年人的休闲生活质量,使用互联网的城市老年人拥有更高的休闲频率与更多的休闲品类,并且互联网使用显著提高了老年群体参与成就型与怡情型等发展型的休闲活动。社会资本在互联网使用与城市老年人休闲生活质量的影响关系中具有中介作用。互联网使用通过提高城市老年人的社会资本进而促进休闲生活质量的提升。异质性分析结果表明,互联网使用对城市老年人休闲生活质量的促进作用存在显著的异质性,来自东部地区及相对低龄和低经济社会地位的城市老年人从互联网使用中获得了更高质量的休闲生活。研究成果对深入推进积极老龄化战略和开发老年休闲消费市场均具有重要借鉴价值。

休闲活动对城市老年慢病患者生命质量的影响——基于社会支持、慢病数量的中介与调节作用分析

老年人患慢性病比例的上升使得我国人均预期寿命与老年人口平均健康寿命的差距不断扩大。利用2021年西安市老年慢病患者文化活动参与调查数据,通过有调节的中介效应模型,分析了社会支持及慢病数量在不同类型休闲活动对城市老年慢病患者生命质量影响中的作用机制。结果表明,个体休闲活动、团体休闲活动和社会支持对城市老年慢病患者生命质量具有显著提升作用。社会支持在团体休闲活动与生命质量之间起完全中介作用,同时,慢病数量在城市老年慢病患者“团体休闲活动-社会支持”和“社会支持-生命质量”影响路径中起调节作用。研究结果强调了改善社区休闲活动参与环境和构建多层次老年慢病患者社会支持网络对提升城市居民健康寿命的重要性。

社区老年人休闲活动与轻度认知障碍患病风险的关系

目的 探索休闲活动各维度(认知活动、身体活动、社会活动)与老年人轻度认知功能障碍(mild cognitive impairment, MCI)患病风险的关系。方法 以352名社区老年人为研究对象,使用休闲活动问卷和神经心理学量表对他们的休闲活动与认知功能进行评估。采用一般线性模型以及二元Logistic回归模型进行分析。结果 年龄、性别、是否患有糖尿病及认知活动是影响老年人患MCI的因素。随年龄增加,患MCI的风险增大(OR=1.114,P=0.001),老年女性患MCI风险是男性的3.173倍(OR=3.173,P<0.001),而且糖尿病患者MCI风险是非糖尿病患者的2.211倍(OR=2.211,P=0.022)。认知活动指数越高的老年人患MCI风险越低(OR=0.912,P<0.001)。结论 休闲活动中认知活动的低频参与与高MCI风险有关。

老年人休闲活动与心理抑郁的关系研究

休闲活动是老年人日常生活的重要组成部分,探讨老年人休闲活动和心理抑郁的关系具有现实意义。基于2011—2018年中国健康与养老追踪调查(CHARLS)数据,使用HLM回归模型对休闲活动和老年人心理抑郁的关系进行研究。研究发现:老年人心理健康状况不容乐观,有三成以上老人自评处在心理抑郁状态;运动类、社交类、技巧类休闲活动均能显著降低老年人心理抑郁的风险,但效果存在差异。政府应鼓励老年人多参加休闲活动,为老年人开展休闲活动提供空间和物资保障,积极促进健康老龄化。

抑制或促进:户外休闲活动对居民再生育意愿的影响——基于CGSS2021数据的分析

提高再生育意愿是我国人口发展面临的现实和迫切需要解决的问题。以休闲理论和人口学理论为基础,从户外休闲活动产生的前置条件和内在价值出发,探讨户外休闲活动对居民再生育意愿的影响机理,并利用CGSS2021数据实证分析了户外休闲活动和居民再生育意愿的关系。结果显示,户外休闲活动能够促进居民再生育意愿,在控制了内生性因素后,结果仍然稳健。机制分析表明,户外休闲活动通过健康效应与和谐效应对再生育意愿产生影响。研究旨在为优化生育配套政策提供决策依据。

以田园式旅居养老丰富活力老人的休闲生活研究

随着时代的发展,田园式旅居养老将成为积极老龄化的一种新趋势。研究田园式旅居养老对老人群体休闲生活的影响发现,田园式旅居养老可以使老年人身心愉悦、延长健康寿命,助推乡村振兴、促进资源的开发利用,满足老年人多元化的养老需求。在活力老人群体中开展田园式旅居养老能够丰富该群体的休闲生活形式,对我国活力老人休闲事业的发展起到助推作用,促进社会资源的开发、整合与利用。当前,田园式旅居养老模式发展还有较大的提升空间,应通过加强监管,扩大宣传,培养人才,优化基础设施,打造特色产品等路径加以改善,以期为积极应对人口老龄化,实现健康老龄化提供参考。

闲暇挤占与风险诱导:学习压力与青少年身体健康关系的研究——基于CEPS数据的实证分析

青少年的学习压力和身体健康越来越成为社会关注的热点议题。根据CEPS 2014-2015数据,本文发现:学习压力与青少年的身体健康之间存在直接的因果关系。学习压力可以通过减少睡眠时间、降低社交频率以及诱使风险行为等方式间接影响青少年的健康。同时,受社会结构分化及生理作用差异等因素影响,睡眠、社交在精英家庭学生中的中介效应更加明显;风险行为在非精英学生中的中介效应更加明显;社交、风险行为在男生中的中介效应更加明显;睡眠在女生中的中介效应更加明显。未来的青少年工作不仅要努力减轻学习压力,还应该关注家庭背景和性别所蕴含的内在差异,以保障青少年能更好地健康成长。

休闲娱乐活动参与缓解了我国老年人健康脆弱性吗?

基于我国人口老龄化和老年健康问题日趋严峻的基本现实,文章聚焦老年人健康脆弱性问题,利用2018年中国老年健康影响因素跟踪调查(Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey,CLHLS)数据,构建结构方程模型,考察休闲娱乐活动参与对老年人健康脆弱性的影响。研究结果显示,参与休闲娱乐活动既能直接缓解老年人健康脆弱性,又能通过提高老年人的自评健康水平来减轻其健康脆弱性,并且存在“休闲娱乐活动→健康水平→生理健康脆弱性→心理健康脆弱性”等多重中介路径。同时,休闲娱乐活动参与在缓解城市老年人生理健康脆弱性方面作用更为显著,对缓解镇区和乡村两个区域老年人的心理健康脆弱性效果更佳。在此基础上,应重点完善城市区域公共休闲场所适老化建设,建立镇区和乡村区域老年心理干预体系,完善普惠性养老服务体系,缩小城乡差距。

城市公园满足居民休闲体力活动需求评价及优化策略——以菏泽环城公园为例

以菏泽环城公园为例,采用模糊综合评价法评估其满足居民休闲体力活动需求的功能性。通过文献查阅、现场调研,从“环境安全性”“环境舒适性”等角度出发,考察了公园的各项功能是否可以满足居民休闲体力活动的需求,并构建一个包括4个准则层、28个指标层的评价体系,用于权重判定、数据分析。结果表明:菏泽环城公园基本满足居民休闲体力活动需求,但仍存在一些不足,据此提出优化安全防护及服务设施、丰富植被景观,提供城市公园出行便利,营造多维活动空间等可行性策略。旨在提高居民参与休闲体力活动的积极性,并为未来健康导向下城市公园的规划建设、空间配置、供需决策等提供参考。