Several organic acids accumulated in Kochia Scoparia shoots and roots were studied by means of reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography with a C18 column. Five types of binary organic acids were separated....Several organic acids accumulated in Kochia Scoparia shoots and roots were studied by means of reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography with a C18 column. Five types of binary organic acids were separated. The organic acid concentrations were determined in K. Scoparia seedlings stressed by saline （NaCI） and alkaline （NaHCO3） at the same Na^＋ concentration. Concentrations of organic acids are stimulated by alkaline because the cells will adjust their pH values through the accumulation of organic acids, when the environment is basic. The concentrations of oxalic acid and succinic acid are higher than those of other organic acids, including tartaric acid and malic acid, and the concentration of citric acid is the lowest. The concentrations of the organic acids in the roots are higher than those in the shoots under salt（NaCI） stress, but the results are opposite while the roots are under alkali （ NaHCO3 ） stress. This indicates that there are different adaptive strategies for K. Scopar/a seedlings in organic acid metabolism under salt and alkali stress.展开更多
Kochia (Kochia scoparia L. Schrad.), also known as tumbleweed, is an economically important annual C4 broadleaf weed found throughout the US Great Plains. Several herbicides with different modes of action are used in ...Kochia (Kochia scoparia L. Schrad.), also known as tumbleweed, is an economically important annual C4 broadleaf weed found throughout the US Great Plains. Several herbicides with different modes of action are used in the management of kochia. The effect of commonly used herbicides on the expression of their target site(s) and photosynthetic/chloroplastic genes is poorly understood in weed species, including kochia. The objective of this research was to characterize the expression profiles of herbicide target-site genes, KspsbA, KsALS, and KsEPSPS upon treatment with PSII- (e.g. atrazine), ALS- (e.g. chlorsulfuron), and EPSPS- (e.g. glyphosate)-inhibitors, respectively, in kochia. Furthermore, the expression of genes involved in photosynthesis (e.g. KsRubisco, KsCAB, and KsPPDK) was also determined in response to these herbicide treatments. KspsbA was strongly upregulated (>200-fold) 24 h after atrazine treatment. Transcript levels of the KsALS or KsEPSPS genes were 7 and 3-fold higher 24 h after chlorsulfuron or glyphosate treatment, respectively. KsRubisco, a Calvin cycle gene important for CO2 fixation, was upregulated 7 and 2.6-fold 8 and 24 h after glyphosate and chlorsulfuron treatments, whereas it downregulated 8 and 24 h after atrazine treatment. The transcript levels of KsPPDK remained unchanged after glyphosate treatment but increased 1.8-fold and decreased 2-fold at 24 h after chlorsulfuron and atrazine treatments, respectively. KsCAB remained unchanged after chlorsulfuron treatment, but was downregulated after glyphosate and atrazine treatments. The results show that herbicide treatments not only affect the respective target-site gene expression, but also influence the genes involved in the critical photosynthetic pathway.展开更多
Aim: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver malignancy and the sixth most common cancer worldwide. The resistance to chemotherapy is a major obstacle in the treatment of HCC, necessitating the...Aim: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver malignancy and the sixth most common cancer worldwide. The resistance to chemotherapy is a major obstacle in the treatment of HCC, necessitating the discovery of additional agents. There is a growing use of anticancer complementary and alternative medicine worldwide. Therefore, the aim of present study was focused on the confirmation of the suitability and validity of the new markers which would be achieved by demonstrating their significant change and reproducible expression during disease and disease management. Methods: HepG2 cell line was used to provide a source for HCC cells. The cell cultures were divided into 4 groups: control untreated group, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) treated group as a standard chemotherapy for HCC (positive control) with the following doses (15.625, 31.2, 62.5, 125, 250 μg/mL), Kochia indica extract treated group with the following concentration (12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200 μg/mL) and the group treated with a combination of 5-FU and Kochia indica in different ratios. Results: Treatment with Kochia indica extract, 5-FU and the combined treatment showed a significant cytotoxicity to HepG2 cells, with different IC50 values, when compared to the control. Regarding toxic effect, 5-FU showed IC50 = 237.56 μg/mL which is lower cytotoxic in compared to Kochia indica with IC50 =120.5 μg/mL. The results also revealed that tumor cells were more resistant to 5-FU. Alternatively, the co-treatment with Kochia indica extract ameliorated the toxicity induced by 5-FU and enhanced its therapeutic potency, either by synergistic effect of both agents and/or due to its flavonoid components that may enhance the physiological properties of the cell membranes, facilitating 5-FU entrance into tumor cells. This decreased its therapeutic dose to less than 250 μg/mL by combination therapy. Conclusion: Present findings assume that Kochia indica extract co-therapy can ameliorate the side effects of 5-FU on HepG2 by enhancing its cellular uptake.展开更多
目的 :对中药地肤子Kochiascoparia的三萜和皂苷成分进行分离和鉴定。方法 :采用不同层析技术进行分离 ,用波谱及化学的方法确定化合物的结构。结果 :分离鉴定了 8个化合物 :齐墩果酸 3 O β D 吡喃木糖 (1→ 3) β D 吡喃葡萄糖醛酸...目的 :对中药地肤子Kochiascoparia的三萜和皂苷成分进行分离和鉴定。方法 :采用不同层析技术进行分离 ,用波谱及化学的方法确定化合物的结构。结果 :分离鉴定了 8个化合物 :齐墩果酸 3 O β D 吡喃木糖 (1→ 3) β D 吡喃葡萄糖醛酸苷 (Ⅰ ) ,3 O β D 吡喃木糖 (1→ 3) β D 吡喃葡萄糖醛酸 齐墩果酸 2 8 O β D 吡喃葡萄糖酯苷 (Ⅱ ) ,齐墩果酸 2 8 O β D 吡喃葡萄糖酯苷 (Ⅲ ) ,齐墩果酸 3 O [β D 吡喃葡萄糖 (1→ 2 ) β D 吡喃木糖 (1→ 3) ] β D 吡喃葡萄糖醛酸苷 (Ⅳ ) ,齐墩果酸 3 O β D 吡喃葡萄糖醛酸甲酯苷 (Ⅴ ) ,齐墩果酸 3 O β D 吡喃木糖 (1→ 3) β D 吡喃葡萄糖醛酸甲酯苷 (Ⅵ ) ,齐墩果酸 (Ⅶ ) ,豆甾醇 3 O β D 吡喃葡萄糖苷 (Ⅷ )。化合物Ⅲ。展开更多
文摘Several organic acids accumulated in Kochia Scoparia shoots and roots were studied by means of reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography with a C18 column. Five types of binary organic acids were separated. The organic acid concentrations were determined in K. Scoparia seedlings stressed by saline （NaCI） and alkaline （NaHCO3） at the same Na^＋ concentration. Concentrations of organic acids are stimulated by alkaline because the cells will adjust their pH values through the accumulation of organic acids, when the environment is basic. The concentrations of oxalic acid and succinic acid are higher than those of other organic acids, including tartaric acid and malic acid, and the concentration of citric acid is the lowest. The concentrations of the organic acids in the roots are higher than those in the shoots under salt（NaCI） stress, but the results are opposite while the roots are under alkali （ NaHCO3 ） stress. This indicates that there are different adaptive strategies for K. Scopar/a seedlings in organic acid metabolism under salt and alkali stress.
文摘Kochia (Kochia scoparia L. Schrad.), also known as tumbleweed, is an economically important annual C4 broadleaf weed found throughout the US Great Plains. Several herbicides with different modes of action are used in the management of kochia. The effect of commonly used herbicides on the expression of their target site(s) and photosynthetic/chloroplastic genes is poorly understood in weed species, including kochia. The objective of this research was to characterize the expression profiles of herbicide target-site genes, KspsbA, KsALS, and KsEPSPS upon treatment with PSII- (e.g. atrazine), ALS- (e.g. chlorsulfuron), and EPSPS- (e.g. glyphosate)-inhibitors, respectively, in kochia. Furthermore, the expression of genes involved in photosynthesis (e.g. KsRubisco, KsCAB, and KsPPDK) was also determined in response to these herbicide treatments. KspsbA was strongly upregulated (>200-fold) 24 h after atrazine treatment. Transcript levels of the KsALS or KsEPSPS genes were 7 and 3-fold higher 24 h after chlorsulfuron or glyphosate treatment, respectively. KsRubisco, a Calvin cycle gene important for CO2 fixation, was upregulated 7 and 2.6-fold 8 and 24 h after glyphosate and chlorsulfuron treatments, whereas it downregulated 8 and 24 h after atrazine treatment. The transcript levels of KsPPDK remained unchanged after glyphosate treatment but increased 1.8-fold and decreased 2-fold at 24 h after chlorsulfuron and atrazine treatments, respectively. KsCAB remained unchanged after chlorsulfuron treatment, but was downregulated after glyphosate and atrazine treatments. The results show that herbicide treatments not only affect the respective target-site gene expression, but also influence the genes involved in the critical photosynthetic pathway.
文摘Aim: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver malignancy and the sixth most common cancer worldwide. The resistance to chemotherapy is a major obstacle in the treatment of HCC, necessitating the discovery of additional agents. There is a growing use of anticancer complementary and alternative medicine worldwide. Therefore, the aim of present study was focused on the confirmation of the suitability and validity of the new markers which would be achieved by demonstrating their significant change and reproducible expression during disease and disease management. Methods: HepG2 cell line was used to provide a source for HCC cells. The cell cultures were divided into 4 groups: control untreated group, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) treated group as a standard chemotherapy for HCC (positive control) with the following doses (15.625, 31.2, 62.5, 125, 250 μg/mL), Kochia indica extract treated group with the following concentration (12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200 μg/mL) and the group treated with a combination of 5-FU and Kochia indica in different ratios. Results: Treatment with Kochia indica extract, 5-FU and the combined treatment showed a significant cytotoxicity to HepG2 cells, with different IC50 values, when compared to the control. Regarding toxic effect, 5-FU showed IC50 = 237.56 μg/mL which is lower cytotoxic in compared to Kochia indica with IC50 =120.5 μg/mL. The results also revealed that tumor cells were more resistant to 5-FU. Alternatively, the co-treatment with Kochia indica extract ameliorated the toxicity induced by 5-FU and enhanced its therapeutic potency, either by synergistic effect of both agents and/or due to its flavonoid components that may enhance the physiological properties of the cell membranes, facilitating 5-FU entrance into tumor cells. This decreased its therapeutic dose to less than 250 μg/mL by combination therapy. Conclusion: Present findings assume that Kochia indica extract co-therapy can ameliorate the side effects of 5-FU on HepG2 by enhancing its cellular uptake.
文摘目的 :对中药地肤子Kochiascoparia的三萜和皂苷成分进行分离和鉴定。方法 :采用不同层析技术进行分离 ,用波谱及化学的方法确定化合物的结构。结果 :分离鉴定了 8个化合物 :齐墩果酸 3 O β D 吡喃木糖 (1→ 3) β D 吡喃葡萄糖醛酸苷 (Ⅰ ) ,3 O β D 吡喃木糖 (1→ 3) β D 吡喃葡萄糖醛酸 齐墩果酸 2 8 O β D 吡喃葡萄糖酯苷 (Ⅱ ) ,齐墩果酸 2 8 O β D 吡喃葡萄糖酯苷 (Ⅲ ) ,齐墩果酸 3 O [β D 吡喃葡萄糖 (1→ 2 ) β D 吡喃木糖 (1→ 3) ] β D 吡喃葡萄糖醛酸苷 (Ⅳ ) ,齐墩果酸 3 O β D 吡喃葡萄糖醛酸甲酯苷 (Ⅴ ) ,齐墩果酸 3 O β D 吡喃木糖 (1→ 3) β D 吡喃葡萄糖醛酸甲酯苷 (Ⅵ ) ,齐墩果酸 (Ⅶ ) ,豆甾醇 3 O β D 吡喃葡萄糖苷 (Ⅷ )。化合物Ⅲ。
