Geochemistry and multivariate statistical evaluation of major oxides, trace and rare earth elements in coal occurrences and deposits around Kogi east, Northern Anambra Basin, Nigeria

The Cretaceous Mamu Formation coal samples located within the Northern Anambra Basin were collected, analysed and interpreted using multivariate statistical approach to determine the major, trace and rare elements association with a view to determine the source of the terrestrial rocks, palaeoweathering/climatic conditions and tectonic setting. The dominant oxides such as SiO2, A12O3, Fe2O3, TiO2 and CaO were identified in the coal to suggest terrigenous origin. The ratio of SiO2/Al2O3 of 4.8 suggests that the coal was formed from low land peat associated with freshwater continental marine or blackish water with low salinity as indicated by Sr/Ba and CaO + MgO/K2O + Na2。ratios. The major oxides also revealed stable condition of deposition, low degree of tectonic setting but constant subsidence in the basin. The condition of deposition was acidic in nature as indicated by TiO2/Zr plot. Based on the abundance of Zr, Zn, Ba, Ni, Co, Sr, V, and Y, moderate salinity, sub-oxic to oxic bottom water condition was prevalent and also indication of marine influence. Based on the ratios of La/Yb;La/Sm and Gd/Yb, LREE has higher enrichment than HREE. Humid climatic conditions were observed at the coal formation stage while weak laterization to kaolinization was also evidence.

Seroprevalence, Type-Specific of Herpes Simplex Virus and Associated Risk Factors among Women of Child Bearing Age in Kogi State, Nigeria

Background: Viruses of the Herpes viridae family infect 90% of the Earth’s population. Humans are the hosts of at least nine unique herpes viruses. Aim: This study is aimed at evaluating the seroprevalence of type specific herpes simplex virus infection and the associated risk factors in a cross-section of asymptomatic healthy women of childbearing age in Kogi state, Nigeria. Methodology: A total of 330 females of child bearing age (15 - 49 years) participated in this study. They were recruited from various local government areas of three Senatorial districts of Kogi state. Blood samples were collected from participants and analyzed for HSV-1 and HSV-2 antibodies (IgG) quantitatively with ELISA kit. Results: The overall prevalence of HSV was 76.7%. Data further show that majority (96.4%) of the population studied had HSV-1, while 77% had HSV-2 infections. Results also showed that the young adults indicated prevalence of 95.7% for HSV-1 and 74.7% for HSV-2, while in the middle aged, the prevalence were 98.6% for HSV-1, and 84.9% for HSV-2. 99.2% of the married women were positive for HSV-1, while 86.9% were positive for HSV-2. 94.5% of the unmarried women were positive for HSV-1, while 70.5% were positive for HSV-2. The risk of HVS-1 or VS-2 infections was not associated with age, age of first sexual exposure and number sex partners before marriage. Married women were at greater risk for HSV-1 (p = 0.03) and HSV-2 (p ≤ 0.001) infections compared to the unmarried women. Conclusion: The prevalence of the HSV-1 and HSV-2 infections was high among asymptomatic healthy women of childbearing age in Kogi state, Nigeria. Efforts should be made to increase the awareness of HSV infection among the child bearing populace.

The Level of CD4⁺T Cell Count among Reproductive Age Women Coinfected with Human Immune Virus, Hepatitis Surface Antigen and Herpes Simplex Virus in Kogi State, Nigeria

Background: There are pockets of evidence to show the existence of co-infections of viral particles in humans. Aim: The study aimed at evaluating the CD4+ T cell count among women of reproductive age co-infected with human immune virus, hepatitis surface antigen and herpes simplex virusin Kogi state, Nigeria. Methodology: 342 females of reproductive age within the ages of 15 - 49 years participated in this study. They were recruited from various local government areas of three Senatorial districts of Kogi state. Blood samples were collected from participants and analyzed for HSV1/HSV2, HIV, HBsAg and CD4 using different scientific methods and procedures. Results: There was no significant differences in mean CD4+ T cell counts between subjects who tested positive and those who tested negative for only HSV1 (p = 0.61), HSV2 (p = 0.95), HIV (p = 0.48) and co-infection for HSV1, HSV2, HIV (0.68). In contrast, mean CD4+ T cell count was significantly higher in those who tested positive compared with those who tested negative for HBsAg alone (p = 0.03) and those co-infected with HSV1, HSV2, HBsAg (p = 0.01). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated no significant differences in CD4+ T cell counts among the different classes of infections. Conclusion: This study shows no decline in the count of CD4+ T cell on the co-infections of HSV1, HSV2 and HIV, but higher significant difference in those co-infected with HSV1, HSV2 and HBsAg was recorded among the women of child bearing age in Kogi state.

<i>Fasciola hepatica</i>and Associated Parasite, <i>Dicrocoelium dendriticum</i>in Slaughter Houses in Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria

Fasciola hepatica is a parasite of clinical and veterinary importance which causes fascioliasis that leads to reduction in milk and meat production. Bile samples were centrifuged at 1500 rpm for ten (10) minutes in a centrifuge machine and viewed microscopically to check for F. hepatica eggs. A total of 300 bile samples of cattle which included 155 males and 145 females were collected from the abattoir. Results were analyzed using chi-square (p > 0.05). The prevalence of F. gigantica and Dicrocoelium dentriticum is 33.0% (99) and 39.0% (117) respectively. Age prevalence of F. hepatica revealed that 0 - 2 years (33.7%, 29 cattle) were more infected than 2 - 4 years (32.7%, 70 cattle) while for D. dentriticum age 2 - 4 years were more infected than 0 - 2 years with prevalence of 40.2% (86) and 36.0% (31) respectively. No significant difference (P > 0.05) existed in prevalence in ages of the cattle. Out of the 300 bile samples examined, 22.3% (67 cattle) were co-infected with F. hepatica and D. dendriticum. Males were more co-infected than females having a prevalence of 24.5% (38 cattle) and 20.0% (29 cattle) respectively. Based on the age, samples of age 0 - 2 years were more co-infected than those of age 2 - 4 years with a prevalence of 23.3% (20 cattle) and 22.0% (47 cattle) respectively. The findings of this present study revealed that efforts to alleviate problems of animal health and productivity are yet to make any significant impact as this poses threat on human health. Investigation on the pattern of infections in cattle slaughtered should be strengthened.

Rapid Diagnostic Test Kits Detection of Malaria Parasites among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal in Selected Hospitals in Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria

A study was carried out to determine the status of malaria in four (4) selected hospitals in Anyigba, Dekina Local Government Area, Kogi State. A total of 300 pregnant women attending antenatal were tested for malaria parasite using rapid diagnostic test kits. Blood samples were obtained from finger by pricking and tested for malaria parasites. Structured questionnaires were administered to the pregnant women to obtain relevant information on the clinical and social aspects of malaria. A prevalence of 13.0% (39 women) was observed among pregnant women in Anyigba. Grimard Hospital and Egume General Hospital had the highest prevalence of 14.7% each;Maria Goretti Hospital had a prevalence of 13.3%, while KSUTH had the least prevalence of 9.3%. Age prevalence revealed that women with age < 20 years had the highest prevalence of 29.4% which was significant (p > 0.05) from the other age categories. Unemployed and women in their second trimester had the highest prevalence of 17.1% and 16.0% respectively. On the gravidity of the pregnant women, primigravidae (21.9%) was higher than multigravidae (10.6%) significantly (p < 0.05). Women from a polygamous family had a prevalence of 15.2% higher than those from monogamous family with a prevalence of 12.4%. The findings of this study revealed that malaria continues to exert significant public health and economic burden among pregnant women in parts of Dekina Local Government Area of Kogi State. Continuous efforts at providing necessary information by relevant health organizations are needed to control and reduce incidence of malaria in this area.

朝鲜早期史书辨析

通过对朝鲜早期史书的作者、成书年代和内容的详细的统计和考证可以发现古籍中所提及的“古记”、“乡传”并不是某种特定的史书,而是早从三国时期就出现的数量繁多的史书的通称;这些史书又可分为专门史和通史两大类,其中通史系统源远流长,在三国、统一新罗和高丽初期历经三次大规模改造;“旧《三国史》”是否是三国综合通史的问题目前只能存疑。

滤选与摄取:五山禅僧的《庄子》受容研究

《庄子鬳斋口义》作为新的注本的出现及盛行,体现了以老庄哲学为代表的道家思想在日本文化中经历师承与受容、滤选与摄取的过程,并使其转化成具有日本特色的本体文化。禅僧惟肖是日本最早展开《庄子鬳斋口义》研究的人,此后,重视《庄子》口义本的研究支配了五山,五山禅僧对《庄子》的理解与吸收主要体现在众多语录、文集和传法活动中。惟肖对《庄子鬳斋口义》的重视和研究,大大促进了日本老庄思想研究的繁荣和发展。

儒学日本化的人伦向度与本土契合性逻辑——以伊藤仁斋“道理之辨”为例

儒学日本化,本质上是儒学普遍性意义之于日本的本土性转化与在地化阐释实践。在此一进程中,伊藤仁斋创立古义学,在反思朱子理学与澄明元典古义的学术张力中,聚焦于“孔子之道”的人本伦理意蕴,探寻《论语》在地化学理阐释路向。在此意义上,道理之辨既是古义学与朱熹理学之间的关键性分歧点,也是伊藤仁斋构建日本儒学的逻辑起点。具体而言,其道理之辨在三个层面上次第展开:其一,澄清字义,以解构朱熹理学之道理同一性,从而在形上本体命名意义上非“理”而是“道”;其二,聚焦人本性,将孔子之道的阐释重心复归于人伦之间,进而论定道与人之互为根据、互相涵括的哲学关系,并申说道之贤常公有且皆可由之的公共属性;其三,确证道之普遍性意义,通过有意误读与借题发挥而推演并阐发孔子之道之于日本的本土契合性。质而言之,伊藤仁斋道理之辨的内在逻辑是,在确证孔子之道超时空普遍性意义之基础上,作出汲古以向今、契合于本土的在地化阐释实践,从而藉由《论语》诠释而将源自中国的儒学思想智慧内在化于本土学术文化范畴。在中日儒学学术交流史意义上,伊藤仁斋道理之辨及其古义学,在事实上介入了“整体儒学”体系之形成,并且确证了儒家智慧之具有普适于原生地以及域外的内生性普遍意义。